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D – Definitions |
Declaration of Alma-Ata, 1978
“On September 12, 1978, at Alma-Ata in Soviet Kazakhstan, representatives
of 134 nations agreed to the terms of a solemn Declaration pledging urgent action
by all governments, all health and development workers, and the world community
to protect and promote the health of all people of the world. This international
conference urged other international organizations, agencies, non-governmental
organizations, funding agencies, all health workers and the whole world community
to support national and international commitment to primary health care and to
channel increased technical and financial support to it” (World Health
Organization, 1978). |
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Declaration of Independence:
“The Declaration of Independence of the Thirteen Colonies In CONGRESS,
July 4, 1776: On July 2, 1776, in Philadelphia, the Continental Congress adopted
the resolution, introduced by Richard Henry Lee and John Adams, which actually
declared independence from Great Britain. [It declared, in part, ``that these
United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states, that
they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political
connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally
dissolved.'' The Declaration, which explained why the Colonies (now States) declared
their independence, was adopted by the Continental Congress July 4, 1776. The
leading draftsman was Thomas Jefferson, assisted by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin,
Robert R. Livingston, and Roger Sherman]” (Henderson, 2001).
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deculturalize:
"As a result of residential schools many
children became 'deculturized,' losing both their ability
to be culturally 'Indian' and the ability to provide good parental
role models to their own children"
(Waldram, Herring, & Young, 1995, p. 16). |
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demographics:
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denigrate:
“disparage, pour scorn on, put down, degrade” (Thesaurus, 2003). |
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Department of Indian Affairs, 1868:
“The Department of Indian Affairs established its administrative structure
in 1868. With its assimilative policies, legislation was passed which decreed
that Indian status could only be passed through the male line” (Aboriginal
Women, Industry Canada, 2003). |
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Department
of Indian Affairs and Northern Development:
Department of National Health and Welfare
Act: Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources: |
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deprecate:
“Denounce, deplore, condemn, disapprove, denigrate” (Thesaurus,
2003).
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diabetes mellitus:
“The medical community defines diabetes mellitus as an endocrine disorder “characterized
by chronic hyperglycemia and disturbances of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
Two major types of diabetes mellitus exist: type I and type II” (Kinney,
Dunbar, Brooks-Brunn, Molter & Vitello-Cicciu, 1998, p. 849).
diabetes mellitus:
“Diabetes Mellitus is defined as two types of a highly variable disorder
in which abnormalities in the ability to make and/or use the hormone insulin
interfere with the process of turning dietary carbohydrates into glucose, the
body's fuel. Type I is known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, and type
II is known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus” (National Human
Research Genome Institute, 2003).
diabetes mellitus “gestational”:
“Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy. Glucose levels may return
to normal, remain high, or progress to diabetes after pregnancy. The onset is
in “2% of all pregnancies, 60% will develop diabetes within 15 years of
gestation” (Mosby’s Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary,
1998, p. 477).
diabetes “Type 1 diabetes”
or “Insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus”:
“Type 1 diabetes is diagnosed when the pancreas is not able to produce
insulin to regulate the metabolism of glucose and other processes needed in the
metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in the blood (Mosby’s Medical,
Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary, 1998). These individuals are required to
take insulin injections daily aided by blood glucose level and dietary intake
monitoring. The onset of type 1 diabetes is seen in children around the age of
puberty. “It affects about one out if every ten people with diabetes” (Canadian
Health Network, 2000).
diabetes “Type I”:
”Type I diabetes occurs when the pancreas no longer produces insulin.
Approximately 10 percent of people with diabetes have Type I diabetes” (Canadian
Diabetes Association, 2003).
diabetes “Type II”:
“Type II diabetes is diagnosed when the pancreas does not produce enough
insulin or when the body does not use the insulin that is produced effectively,
90 percent of people with diabetes have this type” (Canadian Diabetes Association,
2003).
diabetes “Type II”
“Type 2 diabetes is when the pancreas produces an insufficient amount
of insulin or does not use the available insulin adequately (Canadian Health
Network, 2000). These individuals are given a number of options to control glucose
levels such as antihyperglycemic medications, dietary planning, and insulin injections.
The onset of type 2 diabetes is seen in adults over the age of 45 years. It “affects
about nine out of every ten people with diabetes” (Canadian Health Network,
2000).
diabetes “Type II”:
“Type II diabetes is the most common type of diabetes,
usually appears after age 40, but can occur at a younger
age, especially in high risk populations. It tends to be
associated with obesity and is not an autoimmune reaction” (unlike
type I). “It can be managed by changes in diet, physical
activity and monitoring blood sugar, some require insulin
and oral medication” (Saskatchewan Advisory Committee
on Diabetes, 2000, p. 133)
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diet:
“ Food and drink regularly provided or consumed; habitual nourishment;
the kind and amount of food prescribed for a person or animal for a special reason” (Merriam
Webster Dictionary, 2003).
diet:
“ It is evident that for most of Canada, including the Artic and Subarctic
areas,
Aboriginal peoples lived primarily by hunting small and large game and by gathering
plant foods, berries, lichens, nuts and other seasonally available land foods” (Waldram,
Herring, & Young, 1995, p. 9, 18). |
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discourses:
“Discourses are defined by Shore and Wright (1997) as configurations of
ideas which provides the threads from which ideologies are woven and are viewed
as patterns of thinking that overlap and reinforce each other while closing off
alternate avenues of thinking” (Browne & Smye, 2002). |
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disease:
“Disease
is differentially understood by Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal
people. Disease is perceived as situational
and in a Western context, isolated from holistic health and
reviewed on a case-by-case basis" (Kelm, 1998, as cited
in Lindberg, 2001).
disease:
“In the Aboriginal context, the disease is the symptom
and living out of balance is the disease. In many Aboriginal
societies, disease is perceived as animate and as an entity
in and of itself. It is an indicator of a larger problem" (Kelm,
1998, as cited in Lindberg, 2001).
disease:
“Diseases are measurable, recognizable physical/emotional/mental dysfunctions
which may or may not be caused by an external agent, bacteria or virus, etc,
and leads to symptoms” (Woods, 2003). |
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diseases “communicable”:
“Transmittable disease, word origin 1534” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary,
2003).
diseases “contagious”:
“Not all infectious diseases are ‘contagious’ in the non-technical
sense of the word, meaning easily passed from person to person” (Waldram,
Herring, & Young, 1995, p. 74).
diseases “infectious”:
“Infectious refers to a disease cause by micro-organisms, such as bacteria
or viruses. Not all infectious diseases are ‘contagious’ in the non-technical
sense of the word, meaning easily passed from person to person” (Waldram,
Herring, & Young, 1995, p. 74).
diseases “transmittable”:
“Transmittable disease, word origin 1534” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary,
2003). |
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’disk list system’:
“In the 1920s, a suggestion was made by one doctor that a universal system
of identifying Inuit would greatly facilitate the keeping of medial records and
vital statistics. Each Inuit would wear a tag around his or here neck or wrist
with an unique identification number” (Waldram, Herring, & Young, 1995,
p. 169). “By the 1960s it was evident that Governments attempts to implement
a “disc list” system, a means of keeping track of Inuit names whose
Inuktitut names were incomprehensible to them, were largely a failure” (D.
G. Smith, 1993, as cited in Waldram, Herring, & Young, 1995, p. 169). |
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disparage:
“ Belittle, laugh at, sneer at, criticize, ridicule, mock, pour scorn on,
put down” (Thesaurus, 2003). |
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dispossession:
“ When speaking about Aboriginal people in Australia, this refers primarily
to their loss of land. Given the spiritual ties which Indigenous people have
to their land, its removal also led to the loss of their culture, language and
religions, identity and economic independence (New South Wales ALC [NSWALC],
2002).
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid):
"DNA is the genetic material contained in the cells of the human body which
acts like a genetic blueprint providing a plan for development unique to each
individual" (Redmayne, 1998).
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid):
"Word origin 1944; any of various nucleic acids that are usually the molecular
basis of heredity, are localized especially in cell nuclei, and are constructed
of a double helix held together by hydrogen bonds between purine and pyrimidine
bases which project inward from two chains containing alternate links of deoxyribose
and phosphate -- compare Recombinant DNA (Merriam-Webster's Dictionary online,
2003). |
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dream catcher:
“ The dream catcher is part of a traditional legend. The web constructed
within a perfect circle has a hole in the center. The web will catch the persons
good ideas and the bad ones will go through the hole, helping the person reach
their goals, and make good use of their ideas, dreams and visions (Alaskan Reflections,
2001).
dream catcher:
The Legend of the dream catcher…. “Long ago when the world was
young, an old Lakota spiritual leader was on a high mountain and had a vision.
In his vision, Iktomi, the great trickster and teacher of wisdom, appeared
in the form of a spider and spoke the following… ‘The web is a
perfect circle with a hole in the center. Use the web to help your people reach
their goals, making good use of their ideas, dreams and visions. If you believe
in the great spirit, the web will catch your good ideas and the bad ones will
go through the hole’. The elder passed on his vision to the people and
now many Indian people hang a dream catcher above their bed to sift their dreams
and visions" (Alaskan Reflections, 2001). |
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dreaming:
“The Dreaming has different
meanings for different Aboriginal groups. To Australia Aboriginals
the Dreaming can be seen as an embodiment of Aboriginal creation
which gives meaning to everything. It establishes the rules
governing relationships between the people, the land and
all things” (NSWALC, 2002).
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dreams (Ojibwe):
“ Hallowell (1966) explained that dreams in the Ojibwe culture were more
integrated into waking experiences than in Western societies. Thus, Ojibwe dream
experiences are "as direct, straightforward and tangible as those of one's
waking life" (Overholt, 1982). Sacred dreams, unlike ordinary dreams, are
not discussed in casual conversation (Grim, 1983). It is common for the Ojibwe
people to describe how they came to know something from a dream” (Reynolds
Turton, 1997). |
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For the full
references of works cited above, please see the Glossary
References page >> |
Aboriginal
Health & 
