From: IN%"MATTHEWSL@ruakura.cri.nz" 7-AUG-1995 19:54:07.29 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Beak trimming and space Thanks to all of you who responded to my request for information on the above topic. The information has certainly been helpful in the development of our welfare code on layer hens. Lindsay Matthews ******************************************************** Animal Behaviour and Welfare Research Centre AgResearch Ruakura Private Bag 3123 HAMILTON New Zealand MatthewsL@agresearch.cri.nz ********************************************************* From: IN%"bjarne.braastad@nlh10.nlh.no" 11-AUG-1995 03:25:56.88 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: PhD courses in applied or pure ethology?? Dear colleagues, If any of you are aware of a PhD course (1-2 weeks or longer) in some aspects of applied ethology or pure ethology during the next two years, preferably somewhere in Europe, I would appreciate receiving an address or information about it. I am currently working on a PhD education plan for one of my students. Best regards, Bjarne Bjarne O. Braastad Dept. of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, P.O. Box 5025, N-1432 Aas, Norway e-mail: bjarne.braastad@ihf.nlh.no fax: +47 64 94 79 60 phone: +47 64 94 79 80 From: IN%"mrenner@wcupa.edu" "Renner, Michael" 12-AUG-1995 04:07:51.36 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "'Applied Ethology List'" CC: Subj: Career opportunities? Forwarded from: WEIRDNUZ.389 (News of the Weird, July 21, 1995) by Chuck Shepherd LEAD STORY * During May and June, the following animals were spotted out and about in public: four pigs, roaming through the New York City boroughs of Queens and Staten Island; a five-month old kangaroo (a circus escapee) running loose in Minneapolis; a deer, which sauntered through the terminal at the Kansas City airport; a monkey meandering through a Hollidaysburg, Pa., neighborhood; two elephants that walked out of their cage in the Toledo (Ohio) Zoo and took a stroll around the grounds; and a goose that snatched a golfer's 8-iron at Pebble Creek Golf Course in Cincinnati and fled. [N. Y. Times, 6-16-95; San Jose Mercury-News-Minneapolis Star Tribune, Jun95; San Francisco Examiner-AP, 6-2-95; Columbus Dispatch-AP, Jun95; Cincinnati Enquirer, 5-19-95] From: IN%"pdkaio@pobox.ruu.nl" 15-AUG-1995 03:04:42.46 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: chicken ethogram To all the chicken-experts on the net, What is a good paper or book describing chicken behaviour (a complete ethogram)?. Any recommendations are welcome. Heleen van de Weerd * Department of Laboratory Animal Science * * Utrecht University * * PO. Box 80.166, 3508 TD Utrecht ( ) ( ) * * The Netherlands 0 0 * * phone: ++ 31 30 532033 = o = * * fax: ++ 31 30 537997 * * e-mail: pdkaio@pobox.ruu.nl * * Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of Animal Experiments * From: IN%"BJORN.FORKMAN@bbsrc.ac.uk" "Bjorn Forkman" 15-AUG-1995 04:57:56.55 To: IN%"applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: chicken ethogram Hello Heleen, In my opinion the best description of chicken behaviour is the one found in the paper of Jaap Kruijt. Kruijt J.P., 1964.Ontogeny of social behaviour in Burmese Red Jungle Fowl. (XII supplement to Behaviour) If you find any which you think are better I would be very interested in those references. Cheers, Bjorn e-mail: bjorn.forkman@bbsrc.ac.uk From: IN%"pdkaio@pobox.ruu.nl" 15-AUG-1995 06:05:52.32 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: chicken ethogram (2) Hi, To be a bit more specific: I am looking for an ethogram of laying hens, individually housed in a preference test system. They have a choice between two cages. Any ethogram available? Ta. Heleen van de Weerd * Department of Laboratory Animal Science * * Utrecht University * * PO. Box 80.166, 3508 TD Utrecht ( ) ( ) * * The Netherlands 0 0 * * phone: ++ 31 30 532033 = o = * * fax: ++ 31 30 537997 * * e-mail: pdkaio@pobox.ruu.nl * * Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of Animal Experiments * From: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" 15-AUG-1995 06:57:09.13 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: IN%"rushenj@ncccot.agr.ca" Subj: Conservation Ecology- electronic journal >The following post was on TWS newsgroup. Fo those wha do not subscribe: >Conservation Ecology is a new electronic peer-reviewed >scientific journal which is still in the development stage. We >anticipate that our initial call for papers will be in late >summer/early fall 1995 and that publication will commence in >early 1996. As a subscriber you will be automatically notified >of these events. > > The journal's mandate reads: "Conservation Ecology is an >electronic, peer-reviewed, scientific journal devoted to the rapid >dissemination of current research. Papers on original research >findings in the following areas will be considered for >publication: the ecological bases for (1) the conservation of >ecosystems, landscapes, species, populations and genetic >diversity; (2) the restoration of ecosystems and habitats; and >(3) the management of resources. We encourage papers on the >above topics that also integrate the biological and physical >sciences, the natural and social sciences, science and policy, >and across space and time scales. Content of the journal ranges >from the applied to the theoretical. On-line access and >subscriptions are offered without charge. Article PREPARATION, >SUBMISSION, REVIEW and PUBLICATION will be ENTIRELY ELECTRONIC." > > Conservation Ecology is intended to meet a critical need for >timely and cost-effective delivery of information in its field. >Our aim is to supplement, rather than supplant, the suite of >journals that already exist in this field. Conservation Ecology >is the newest journal of the Ecological Society of America (ESA) >and will be the first ESA journal to be available electronically. >The journal will be peer-reviewed; support text, figures and >equations; and will permit searching of all issues by keyword, >author or issue number. It will be available free of charge. >Subscription information is available at the end of this >document. > > Articles will be published in a publicly accessible >"issue-in-progress" as they are accepted. The issue-in-progress >will be converted automatically to an official issue on a regular >schedule (quarterly to begin) at which time the table of contents >will be sent to all subscribers. At this time Conservation >Ecology is considering accepting articles up to fifty pages in >length. While articles for our journal need not be as brief as >those submitted to other journals they should still be clearly >organized and well written. Copyright of published articles will >remain with the author. > > On-line access to the journal will be via World-Wide-Web >(WWW), Gopher, and Electronic mail (e-mail) over the INTERNET--a >world-wide network of computers. Virtually all universities, >many government offices and other public institutions, as well as >many private corporations are connected to this network. >Conservation Ecology is an international journal. Our list of >subscribers already includes representation from countries as >diverse as the Philippines, Norway and Australia. Please feel >free to circulate this information package to others who would be >interested in our journal. This will help publicize the journal >and encourage our development as a truly international forum for >conservation biology research. > > Conservation Ecology can be found by browsing the WWW and >searching under "Electronic Journals" or by connecting directly >to URL-- >http://journal.biology.carleton.ca/Journal/Overview.html . When >we are up and running you will also be able to connect by gopher >at journal.biology.carleton.ca for text-only access. Finally, we >plan to support email access to the journal, but this service has >not yet been constructed. > >To subscribe to Conservation Ecology, send an e-mail message to: > > subscribe@journal.biology.carleton.ca >that contains the following line in the body of the text: > subscribe conservation-ecology >This will add you to our list of subscribers. From: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" 15-AUG-1995 12:46:31.35 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" Subj: Deer Net Dear Net, those interested in the management and conservation of wild ungulates should check out DeerNet at: http://cervid.forsci.ualberta.ca Jeff Rushen From: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" 16-AUG-1995 13:06:43.07 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: electronic journals Dear All, at the recent meeting of the ISAE in Exeter there was renewed discussion of the ISAE launching its own journal, with an electronic version. For those interested, the following functional electronic journals, although unrelated to our field, serve as examples (with pictures!) of what electronic publishing would look like. Astrophysical Journal letters http://www.aas.org/Epubs/eapjl/eapjl.html Journal of Biological Chemistry http://www-jbc.stanford.edu/jbc Jeff Rushen From: IN%"bssimpsn@nando.net" "bssimpsn" 16-AUG-1995 19:59:33.67 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: New subscriber I am a new subscriber to the applied ethology network and have been asked to introduce myself to the network. My name is Barbara Simpson and I am a veterinary behaviorist, with previous graduate training in ethology and behavioral ecology. Other interests include normal behavior and behavior problems of companion animals and their relatives, including equids, also birds, and the behavior and welfare of laboratory animals. I teach animal behavior to veterinary students at NCSU as an adjunct faculty member, do some research and consulting, and have a veterinary behavior referral practice. Thank you for including me in the applied ethology network. Barbara S. Simpson in Southern Pines, North Carolina, bssimpsn@nando.net From: IN%"signoret@tours.inra.fr" 21-AUG-1995 05:24:33.40 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: address requested I would like to have the e-mail address of georgia MASON (department of Zoology, Oxford) for informations concerning the winter meeting of applied ethology in London. Thanking you in advance. J.P. Signoret J.P. Signoret From: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" 23-AUG-1995 11:19:30.64 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" Subj: me on the web! Dear Netters, I am on the web! at the user-unfriendly address of: http://res.agr.ca/PUB/CDRN/portfoli/private/jeff/jeff.html You can get an on-line copy of a Review of Veal Calf Welfare I wrote last year at: http://res.agr.ca/PUB/CDRN/portfoli/private/jeff/calfrev.html although I haven't yet figured out how to put the tables on. There is also (hopefully temporary) space for the ISAE, but with nothing on it. Any ideas? My parent directory is the Canadian Dairy Research Network, which you can see at http://res.agr.ca/PUB/CDRN/engmain.html (Note: all the above are under development, so some of the links almost certainly won't work). The Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada web server is at: http://res.agr.ca/home.html Happy surfing. Jeff Rushen From: IN%"alp18@cus.cam.ac.uk" 23-AUG-1995 12:11:17.86 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Jeff Web Rushen Thank goodness, my days of anguish are over...Jeff Rushen has a web site. But can all of he fit on just one site???:) Hmmm.... Anthony Podberscek (still recovering from Pit Bull Terrier attack) From: IN%"AG3260000@NCCCOT.AGR.CA" "LENNOXVILLE" 23-AUG-1995 12:15:27.41 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: IN%"rushenj@em.agr.ca" Subj: ISAE Special issue of AABS- how to order Dear All, the 1st special issue of Applied Animal Behaviour Science (contents below), being edited by the ISAE will soon be published by Elsevier. Individual copies of the journal may be purchased *BY ISAE MEMBERS* directly from the publishers at a price of Dfl. 75.- (Dutch guilders), which includes mailing costs. Europeans must also add VAT, and I assume Canadians must add GST (?). This translates roughly into 30 pounds stirling or US$45.00, although the publishers must receive the full price in Guilders. Orders MUST be received, with pre-payment, by 15th September. Please send your order, with cheque or credit card information, to: Ken Plaxton, Elsevier Science B. V., Animal/Veterinary Sciences Section, PO Box 181, 1000AD Amsterdam, The Netherlands. email: K.Plaxton@elsevier.nl (although I wouldn't recommend sending credit card information by email!). CONTENTS: I.Editorial: J. Rushen II. Special topic: New Approaches to the Study of Social Behaviour 1. C. Nicol. The Social Transmission of Information and Behaviour. 2. J. Mench and M. M. Shea-Moore. Moods, Minds, and Molecules: The Neurochemistry of Social Behavior. 3. M. Mendl and J. M. Deag. How useful are the concepts of alternative strategy and coping strategy in applied studies of social behaviour? 4. D. Fraser, D. L. Kramer, E. A. Pajor and D. Weary. Conflict and cooperation: Sociobiological principles and the behaviour of pigs. 5. D. Weary and D. Fraser Signalling need: costly signals and animal welfare assessment. 6. L. Keeling. Spacing behaviour and an ethological approach to assessing optimum space allocations for groups of laying hens. 7. W. R. Stricklin, J. Z. Zhou and H. W. Gonyou. Selfish animats and robot ethology: using artificial animals. III. Plenary papers presented at the 28th. International Congress of the ISAE, Foulum, Denmark, 1994. 1. I. J. H. Duncan The D. G. M. Wood-Gush Memorial Lecture: An Applied Ethologist Looks at the Question "Why?": 2. E. von Borell. Neuroendocrine integration of stress and significance of stress for the performance of farm animals. 3. R. Newberry. Environmental enrichment: Bringing nature to captivity 4. P. Jensen Individual Variation in Behaviour- Noise or Functional Strategies? IV. Abstracts of spoken papers presented at the 28th. International congress of the ISAE. Jeff Rushen rushenj@em.agr.ca From: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" 23-AUG-1995 13:11:17.42 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Jeff Web Rushen -REPONSE >Thank goodness, my days of anguish are over...Jeff Rushen has a >web site. >But can all of he fit on just one site???:) >Hmmm.... >Anthony Podberscek >(still recovering from Pit Bull Terrier attack) He's just jealous! In fact I take up so little of the space available that I am looking for things to do with the rest. I thought an on-line directory of home pages of ISAE members might be a good idea. Therefore if any of you have a home page, please send me the URL and I will start a directory (assuming that there aren't too many at the moment!). Jeff (rushenj@em.agr.ca) From: IN%"gicweaning@sask.usask.ca" 23-AUG-1995 13:30:01.68 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: I am involved in a project concerning pre-feeding activities, and I am interested in hearing other peoples' experiences with pre-feeding anticiptation (in livestock species :) ). Any references would also be gladly accepted! I am particularly interested in sows awaiting entry to an electronic, individual feeder. Thank-you. J. Kish From: IN%"harrism@sask.usask.ca" 23-AUG-1995 14:34:37.20 To: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Jeff Web Rushen -REPONSE Somehow Jeff, I don't think you're in too much danger of being overrun by home pages... Then again maybe I'm wrong -- perhaps we aren't all old dinosaurs after all! - Moira On Tue, 22 Aug 1995, Jeff Rushen wrote: > >Thank goodness, my days of anguish are over...Jeff Rushen has a > >web site. > >But can all of he fit on just one site???:) > >Hmmm.... > >Anthony Podberscek > >(still recovering from Pit Bull Terrier attack) > > He's just jealous! In fact I take up so little of the space available that I am > looking for things to do with the rest. I thought an on-line directory of > home pages of ISAE members might be a good idea. Therefore if any of > you have a home page, please send me the URL and I will start a > directory (assuming that there aren't too many at the moment!). > > Jeff > > (rushenj@em.agr.ca) > > > > > From: IN%"ujhhtpo@ucl.ac.uk" "ujhhtpo" 24-AUG-1995 08:46:00.29 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Animal Welfare August Contents Animal Welfare ISSN 0962-7286 Volume 4 Number 3 August 1995 CONTENTS EDITORIAL 161 INVITED ESSAY Genetically modified animals, welfare and UK legislation 163 R Hubrecht ARTICLES Successful mother- and group-rearing of a newborn capuchin monkey 171 (Cebus capucinus) following emergency major surgery J R Anderson, E Andr and P Wolf The welfare of free-living wild animals in Europe: harm caused by human activities 183 A W Sainsbury, P M Bennett and J K Kirkwood Effects of environmental enrichment on behaviour and productivity 207 of growing pigs V E Beattie, N Walker and I A Sneddon Restraint methods of laboratory non-human primates: a critical review 221 V Reinhardt, C Liss and C Stevens The importance of age/sex class relationships for captive-breeding - 239 a review of Macropodoidea (kangaroos, wallabies and rat-kangaroos) as a case study U Ganslober SHORT COMMUNICATION A questionnaire survey of the correction methods for vaginal 251 prolapse in ewes P R Scott, N D Sargison, C D Penny and W D Strachan REPORTS AND COMMENTS 255 Good shooting practice Animals and medical research: discussion packs Laying hens - the Swiss experience European hedgehog New Zealand slaughter standards BOOK AND VIDEO REVIEWS 259 Care of the Wild Feathered and Furred: the Essential Guide to Wildlife Handling and Care The Badger Here's the Catch: An Animal Aid Investigation Research Animal Anesthesia, Analgesia and Surgery Fair Game: The Law of Country Sports and the Protection of Wildlife, New revised edition Creative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive Animals BOOKS RECEIVED 267 LETTER 269 The killing of wild birds in research revisited: nature, numbers, speed and ethics Published by Universities Federation for Animal Welfare 8 Hamilton Close, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QD, UK Tel: 01707 658202 Fax: 01707 649279 Subs 40 pounds sterling, US$80 UFAW members 50 pounds sterling, US$100 for others and libraries From: IN%"esa099@ed.sac.ac.uk" 24-AUG-1995 09:37:21.64 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: IN%"esa099@ed.sac.ac.uk" Subj: Feeding behaviour of dairy cows Here is a question to get you out of the 'end-of-summer-holiday' lull (or, for the antipodeans, the 'almost-Spring-extasy'): How many dairy cows per trough space can you have without compromising the ad libitum feeding schedule? And if you want to give the cows a choice of two diets, how does/can trough availability affect the freedom of choice? Even more important - how can you "prove" or "disprove" whether the animal is truely choosing freely, or being forced by lack of availability to one kind of food? (122 days to Christmas) Birte Nielsen Genetics and Behavioural Sciences Dept. Bush Estate Penicuik EH26 0QE Scotland, UK Phone +131 535 3235 Fax +131 535 3121 Email esa099@ed.sac.ac.uk From: IN%"STOOKEY@sask.usask.ca" 28-AUG-1995 12:24:52.71 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Castration and dehorning Dear All, I have been asked to solicit your input inorder to help gather accurate information which is relevant to any proposed or current guidelines, restrictions or legislation, you may have in your country concerning castration and dehorning in cattle. When answering this request would you please keep in mind the following questions concerning castration and dehorning in cattle: Are there any age restrictions? Do either of these procedures require veterinary supervision? Are analgesics required or recommended? Are there specific techniques or tools that can or cannot be used? Are polled sires available in most breeds and are producers switching voluntarily towards polled sires? Are there future plans to amend or change current guidelines? Presently in Canada: ------------------------------------ No current or proposed legislation specific to castration or dehorning. No age restrictions on castration or dehorning. No use of analgesics required, nor is veterinary supervision required. All *routine* methods of castration and dehorning are acceptable. (However, the manufacturer of a chemical method of castration has voluntarily withdrawn the product from Canada.) Based upon the number of polled Charolasis and polled Hereford bulls at bull test stations within Saskatchewan, over the last 10 years, beef producers appear to be voluntarily switching to polled sires. This trend is not as evident in Alberta. I am unfamiliar with trends in beef cattle within other Canadian Provinces. There is very little use of polled sires within the dairy industry. The Recommended Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Farm Animals: Beef Cattle recommends: 10.1.4. " Minor surgical practices must be conducted only by competent personnel using proper equipment and accepted techniques. Castration and dehorning should be performed at an early age, preferably before weaning, when recovery time is relatively short". The wording takes into account that veterinary supervision is not readily available under most range conditions or in remote areas. Traditionally, beef producers in Canada have performed minor surgical procedures (with considerable expertise) without veterinary supervision. The Codes of Practice are voluntary. They are intended for use as a guide and educational tool in promoting sound husbandry and welfare practices. They were published in 1991 and will be reviewed and updated from time to time. --------------------------------------------------- Please post your response to the entire network (if your country has not been previously represented) so that other interested subscribers can also become aware of your country's policy. Thank you in advance. Joe Stookey -------------------------------------- Joseph M. Stookey Department of Herd Medicine and Theriogenology Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0 Canada stookey@sask.usask.ca ------------------------------------- From: IN%"LPINHEIRO@APS.UoGuelph.CA" 28-AUG-1995 15:31:52.54 To: IN%"STOOKEY@sask.usask.ca", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Castration and dehorning Dear all: Answering Dr. Stookey's question: Regarding BRAZIL: > Dear All, > > I have been asked to solicit your input inorder to help > gather accurate information which is relevant to any proposed or current > guidelines, restrictions or legislation, you may have in your country > concerning castration and dehorning in cattle. I am not aware of any guidelines or legislation in Brazil concerning castration and dehorning in cattle. > > When answering this request would you please keep in mind the following > questions concerning castration and dehorning in cattle: > > Are there any age restrictions? No, but most of the producers castrate and dehorn before weaning. However, this is not very rare to find bulls being castrated and/or dehorned at 1 year old or older. In Brazil, basically all beef males are castrated (except bulls for reproduction, of course...), thought most of the beff farms are extensively managed on pasture, and slaughter age is 4-5 years. > Do either of these procedures require veterinary supervision? No. > Are analgesics required or recommended? No. > Are there specific techniques or tools that can or cannot be used? No. > Are polled sires available in most breeds and are producers switching > voluntarily towards polled sires? I don't have any "statistics", but I think yes. Even in zebu cattle we have polled breeds as "Mocho Tabapua" and "Nelore mocho". > Are there future plans to amend or change current guidelines? There are no current guidelines. Best regards, Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado Filho Univ. Federal de Santa Catarina University of Guelph CCA - Dep. de Zootecnia Dep. of Animal & Poultry Sci. Florianopolis, SC - BRASIL 88040-900 Guelph, ONT - CANADA N1G 2W1 FAX:(55-48) 234-2014 FAX:(519) 836-9873 Bolsista CNPq - Brasil Sponsored by CNPq - Brazil From: IN%"AFISHER@gr3180.teagasc.ie" 29-AUG-1995 04:49:58.40 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Castration and dehorning Irish style In response to Joe Stookey's query regarding castration and dehorning, here is some information about the situation in the Republic of Ireland. > Are there any age restrictions? There are no age restrictions other than those relating to anaesthesia. There is a law which states that cattle which go through markets must have no horns, so dehorning of horned breed cattle at a young age is the norm. > Do either of these procedures require veterinary supervision? Where anaesthesia is required, this effectively means veterinary supervision. > Are analgesics required or recommended? Under the Protection of Animals (Amendment) Act 1965, castration of a male calf under the age of 6 months (or a male lamb under 3 months) does not require an anaesthetic. Otherwise, "the use of an anaesthetic so administered as to prevent any pain" is required. There is a separate subsection which deals with rubber rings exempting "the application of a rubber ring or other device to an animal within 7 days after its birth for the purpose of constricting the flow of blood to the scrotum" from the general provision for anaesthesia in operations on animals. The "cauterisation of the horn buds of a calf within 14 days after its birth" is exempt from the requirement for anaesthesia, otherwise anaesthesia is required for dehorning. "Anaesthesia" effectively includes administration of local anaesthetics under the interpretation of the law. > Are there specific techniques or tools that can or cannot be used? All routine methods are acceptable. The burdizzo method is recommended in the official Advisory Service Booklet. No chemical or immunological castration products are licensed. > Are polled sires available in most breeds and are producers switching voluntarily towards polled sires? Polled sires are generally not used/available in the common breeds such as Charolais > Are there future plans to amend or change current guidelines? No. Changes could possibly come in the future via European Union Directives. Andrew Fisher Grange Research Centre Ph. +353 46 25214 Dunsany Fax +353 46 25187 Co. Meath Email afisher@hq.teagasc.ie Ireland ______________________________________________________________________ TEAGASC Agriculture and Food Development Authority Headquarters: 19, Sandymount Avenue Phone: 353-1-6688188 Ballsbridge FAX: 353-1-6688023 Dublin, 4 Ireland ______________________________________________________________________ From: IN%"GJM10@phoenix.cambridge.ac.uk" 29-AUG-1995 15:32:29.38 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: age & castration Dear all, I am curious to know of the rationale behind allowing horrible things to happen to young but not old animals without anaesthetic. Is this because pain sensitivity increases with age? Or merely because it allows current practise conveniently to continue? Or because removing horns/testicles from adults is a much more difficult job, and so more likely to involve severe pain? Georgia Mason (new e-mail address: georgia.mason@zoology.oxford.ac.uk) From: IN%"christison@admin.usask.ca" 29-AUG-1995 16:53:43.23 To: IN%"GJM10@phoenix.cambridge.ac.uk" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: age & castration In addition to perception of pain, memory of pain may be relevant to the non-use of anaesthetic at a young age. Humans who were circumcised as adults have unpleasant memories of the event although anaesthetic was used, whereas those mutilated without anaesthetic as newborns do not. Is this a worthwhile consideration for other species? Iain Christison Christison@admin.usask.ca From: IN%"MAPPLEBY@srv0.bio.ed.ac.uk" "Mike Appleby" 30-AUG-1995 07:00:58.97 To: IN%"GJM10@phx.cam.ac.uk" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: age & castration Dear Georgia et al. The new findings on beak trimming of young birds are relevant here: recent work on turkeys has shown that contrary to the major and long-lasting effects when carried out in adult or near-adult birds (including neuroma formation and therefore long-term 'stump' pains), if beak trimming is carried out before 3 weeks of age behavioural effects are few and short-lived and there is no evidence of neuroma formation (Grigor et al 1995 Veterinary Record 136, 257-265; Gentle et al 1995 Research in Veterinary Science 58, 158-162). This presumably relates to the fact that the nervous system is still growing in new-hatched birds. This is leading to the conclusion that the UK Welfare Codes recommendation - that beak trimming should only be carried out as a last resort - is wrong. Beak trimming remains undesirable - it is a mutilation leading to considerable sensory deprivation - but it seems that if it is likely to be needed to prevent severe cannibalism or other damage it is probably better to do it on chicks than later (see Hughes and Gentle 1995 World's Poultry Science Journal 51, 51-61). British dog breeders are making similar arguments for tail-docking of puppies, on the grounds that some breeds regularly damage their tails if they are left entire and that tail docking is a major trauma for an adult dog. They claim that docking puppies causes very little trauma, backing this by quoting information on the relatively undeveloped nervous system of the altricial puppy. Mike Appleby From: IN%"STOOKEY@sask.usask.ca" 30-AUG-1995 10:35:25.17 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Pain, age, castration and dehorning > Dear all, > I am curious to know of the rationale behind allowing horrible things to > happen to young but not old animals without anaesthetic. Is this because > pain sensitivity increases with age? Or merely because it allows current > practise conveniently to continue? Or because removing horns/testicles > from adults is a much more difficult job, and so more likely to involve > severe pain? > Georgia Mason I think the questions Georgia have raised here and more recently by Mike A. are excellent topics for discussion. We go through a similar exercise for our 1st year vet students each year. Some of the additional questions we pose include: Is it due to species differences in anatomy or pain sensitivity, client sensitivity, scientific information, or tradition that influences the differences we practice in castrating our companion animals (dogs and cats) versus our food animals (pigs, sheep and cattle)? Do we recommend analgesics for older animals to increase the ease of restraint during the procedure or does pain sensitivity increase with age? If a younger animal heals quicker from the same procedure (compared to an older animal) does that imply that the *total* amount of pain experienced is more for older animals because the healing process takes longer? These are questions worth discussing and I hope to learn more, however, I was hoping that, before we got too caught up in the discussion, I would at least learn the answers to the original questions I posed. Originally, I asked if people could post any relevant information about your country's current (or proposed) guidelines on castration and dehorning. If you are posting a message about pain sensitivity as it relates to castration and dehorning could you at least tell me what your country allows (if no one else from your country has already done so)? Believe me, I am fascinated with any discussions on the topic, but I fear I will never know the answer to my original question. The way I see it, all the Canadians, Irish and Brazilians are free to discuss pain sensitivity, but the Brits are still out. Just kidding of course, but I do hope the original questions get answered. Joe ---------------------------------------- Joseph M. Stookey Department of Herd Medicine and Theriogenology Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0 Canada stookey@sask.usask.ca From: IN%"GJM10@phoenix.cambridge.ac.uk" 30-AUG-1995 14:02:41.05 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: UK winter meeting Dear all, I broadcast this a week ago, but it seems to have got lost in the ether (sorry). 1) The UK winter meeting of the ISAE is in London on the last Wed. of November. It's theme is the use of behaviour to assess welfare, be it choice behaviour, demand, etc. or 'abnormal' behaviour like stereotypies. There will also be a session of free papers. If you would like to give a talk, pleas send an sbstarct to me by Oct. 1st. This does not have to be in any particular format at this stage - it's just so that if I get more offers than there are slots (which I very much hope to!), I can pick the most varies programme. If you'd just like to come, then simply turn up (address wtc. in next ISAE newsletter). There's no registration in advance, though we will prise a small fee out of you at the door to cover the programme, coffee, wtc. 2) My current e-mail address is defunct as of tomorrow. My new address is georgia.mason@zoo.ox.ac.uk - or georgia.mason@zoology.oxford.ac.uk However, I've been having some problems with it, so if it doesn't work, my good ol' fashioned fax no. is 01865 - 310447 Georgia Mason Animal Behaviour Reserach Group, Dept of Zoology, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS From: IN%"BORELL@mluitzs1.landw.uni-halle.de" "Herr Prof. von Borell" 31-AUG-1995 00:38:55.46 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: castration and dehorning Dear Joe, Here are some rules regarding manipulations on animals from the German Animal Protection Law (version from 1993). I don't think that you need this information from all european countries (of course, you need that of Great Britain). As far as I know the European Community pretty much has the same guidelines regarding this matter. In general, animals have to be anaesthetized for procedures causing pain. The following procedures are exemptions: - Castration of cattle, pigs, goats, sheep and rabbits when younger than 2 months of age (this will change into one month according to the european regulations) - Dehorning in cattle until the age of six weeks - Tail docking in pigs until the age of 4 days, in sheep and dogs until 8 days of age - Debeaking in poultry (no age restriction) - Clipping claws of broiler chicks that are later kept as roosters in breeding herds during the first day of life In case you need more details, just ask. Ebby von Borell From: IN%"menke@ezinfo.vmsmail.ethz.ch" 31-AUG-1995 04:37:40.28 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Dehorning Dear all: In response to Joe Stookey's query regarding dehorning, here is some information about the situation in Switzerland. Today in Switzerland the dehorning procedure is allowed till 2 month without any anaesthesia. In consideration to the investigation of TASCHKE/FOELSCH (Effects of electrical dehorning on behaviour and on salivary cortisol in calves, Proc.Int.Congr.Appl.Ethol., Berlin, 1993) in the new revision of the law to animal welfare a general obligation of the anaesthesia for dehorning is in discussion. Another investigation in Switzerland showed that keeping of horned dairy cows in loose housing is possible without any danger for the stockman and the cows (MENKE/WAIBLINGER/FOELSCH, 1993; Proc.Int.Congr.Appl.Ethol., Berlin). Therefore a lot of farmers try to keep horned dairy cows in loose housing with success. In concerning to the pain for the animals in Germany the uses of rubberrings for dehorning is not permitted ('6,Abs.2). Christoph Menke, ETH-Z/HCW B12, CH-8092 Zurich From: IN%"R0039586@haac.ac.uk" "PEARCE G" 31-AUG-1995 08:08:26.77 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Castration & dehorning in the UK As I understand it the present legal position relating to cattle in the UK is as follows Castration: (1) rubber ring(or device to constrict the flow of blood to the scrotum) can be used without anaesthetic by an unqualified person over 18 years of age during the first week of life only (2) other methods of castration can be used (a) up to 2 months of age without an anaesthetic by an unqualified person over 18, (b) 2 months and over only by a veterinary surgeon with the use of an anaesthetic. De-horning: Can be carried out at any age by an unqualified person but only with the use of anaesthetic (Disbudding of calves: (a) during the first week of life can be carried out by chemical cauterisation by unqualified personnel without anaesthetic, (b) older animals require the use of an anaesthetic but unqualified personnel may carry it out Hope this is of use/interest to the network. Dr Gareth Pearce, MRCVS Senior Lecturer in Animal Health, Harper Adams College, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB UNITED KINGDOM e-mail gpearce@haac.ac.uk fax UK 01952 814783 From: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" 31-AUG-1995 10:04:22.06 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" Subj: Pain, age, castration and dehorning -REPONSE >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > Dear all, > I am curious to know of the rationale behind allowing horrible things to > happen to young but not old animals without anaesthetic. Is this because > pain sensitivity increases with age? Or merely because it allows current > practise conveniently to continue? Or because removing horns/testicles > from adults is a much more difficult job, and so more likely to involve > severe pain? > Georgia Mason Certainly it is often assumed that younger animals can deal with such procedures more easily than older animals. There is some evidence that younger animals can recover more easily from such practices, but this tends to be circumstantial evidence e.g. Winks et al. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husbandry 1977 17:16 found that dehorning of mature steers did cause problems like weight loss, infections etc. Laden et al. J. Dairy Sci. 1985 68:3062 found no such problems for 8 week old calves. However, I would like to know of direct comparisons that have been made between ages in the response of cattle to dehorning etc. I suspect that such age differences are more likely to be found in how well the animals recover from the procedure rather than in their immediate perception of or aversion to the procedure. Jeff Rushen From: IN%"menke@ezinfo.vmsmail.ethz.ch" 31-AUG-1995 11:19:58.01 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Dehorning J. Rushen Dear Jeff Rushen, 4 month ago my colleague Alexander Taschke has finished his dissertation at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute for Animal Sciences. He investigated the reaction (ethology and cortisol in saliva) of calves and cows of different ages to dehorning. Here is the summary of his work: Dehorning cattle is widespread in animal farming. The present study investigated the stress and specifically the pain experience of cattle when being dehorned. The focal point was the pain calves (3-8 weeks of age) experience when being dehorned using a thermocauter without anaesthesia. The innervation of the area around the hornbud was examinated in 20 calves of different ages (newborn until 3-4 months old). The behaviour of the calves was evaluated during (n=73) and after (n=28) thermical dehorning without anaesthesia. Cortisol in saliva (n=68) was measured as a physiological indicator of stress. Additionally, the influence of dehorning cows with a wire-saw under anaesthesia on behaviour (n=6), cortisol in saliva (n=23), and the milk yield was examinated. A simulation of dehorning was carried out as a control in most of the animals. Independent of the age of the animals (3.-8. weeks of age), dehorning without anaesthesia was a painful experience for all calves. During dehorning calves showed distinct pain and defense reactions as tripping, tail wagging, and rearing. After dehorning various pain reactions as head shaking, running backwards, scratching with the hind leg, and standing with the head held low were observe. All reactions were observe more often when the calves were dehorned as when dehorning was simulated. The cortisol in saliva was significantly increase for two hours after dehorning. Independent of the calves age, the horn bud and the surrounding hairy area was well innervated. In summary, we have to conclude that calves have a well developed nocicepive system from birth on. Therefore calves should only be dehorned using anaesthesia. Despite the anaethesia,.dehorning was stressful for the cows, as measured by a significant increase of cortisol in saliva. Moreover, cows showed pain reactions when the effects of the anaethesia diminished. Dehorning had only a short effect on the milk yield of the cows. Christoph Menke From: IN%"sline@isnet.is.wfu.edu" "Scott Line" 31-AUG-1995 14:48:29.28 To: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca", IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" Subj: RE: Pain, age, castration and dehorning -REPONSE On Wed, 30 Aug 1995, Jeff Rushen wrote: > However, I would like to know of direct comparisons that have been > made between ages in the response of cattle to dehorning etc. There is an article in the most recent issue of Applied Animal Behaviour Science that bears on this issue. Although the authors don't directly compare different ages, they did note that dehorning in 4 and 8 week old calves appears to cause at least temporary pain which can be reduced by use of a local anesthetic. The full reference is: Morisse JP, Cotte JP, Huonnic D. Effect of dehorning on behaviour and plasma cortisol response in young calves. Appl Anim Beh Sci 43:239-247, 1995. Scott Line, DVM, PhD sline@isnet.is.wfu.edu Dept of Comparative Medicine Bowman Gray School of Medicine Medical Center Blvd. Winston-Salem NC 27157-1040 From: IN%"morrisji@gov.on.ca" "Jim Morris" 31-AUG-1995 18:14:01.74 To: IN%"rushenj@em.agr.ca" "Jeff Rushen" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca", IN%"rushenj@em.agr.ca" Subj: RE: Pain, age, castration and dehorning -REPONSE Could there be a critical period for a conscience remembering of a painful procedure. I do not remember any pain associated with me being circumcised but I do remember the pain of a tonsillectomy at 5 years of age. Does this have any bearing on the discussion and if so has there been any work with animals relating to the memory of painful procedures? On Wed, 30 Aug 1995, Jeff Rushen wrote: > >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> > > > Dear all, > > I am curious to know of the rationale behind allowing horrible things to > > happen to young but not old animals without anaesthetic. Is this > because > > pain sensitivity increases with age? Or merely because it allows > current > > practise conveniently to continue? Or because removing > horns/testicles > > from adults is a much more difficult job, and so more likely to involve > > severe pain? > > Georgia Mason > > Certainly it is often assumed that younger animals can deal with such > procedures more easily than older animals. > There is some evidence that younger animals can recover more easily > from such practices, but this tends to be circumstantial evidence e.g. > Winks et al. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husbandry 1977 17:16 found that > dehorning of mature steers did cause problems like weight loss, > infections etc. Laden et al. J. Dairy Sci. 1985 68:3062 found no such > problems for 8 week old calves. > However, I would like to know of direct comparisons that have been > made between ages in the response of cattle to dehorning etc. > > I suspect that such age differences are more likely to be found in how > well the animals recover from the procedure rather than in their > immediate perception of or aversion to the procedure. > > Jeff Rushen > > From: IN%"l.fell@uws.edu.au" 31-AUG-1995 20:20:24.14 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Surgical procedures at different ages Dear All, Regarding recent postings about whether young animals are less affected by routine surgical procedures - We reported (Fell and Shutt 1989 Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci 22:283) a greater behavioural and physiological response to mulesing in 6-7 month old weaner sheep than in 3-5 week old lambs (Shutt et al 1987 Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 40:97) - admittedly in separate experiments. Also Barrowman et al (1953 and 1954 Empire J. Exp. Agric. 21:193 and 22:189) said that the discomfort caused by rubber rings in lambs could be reduced by using the rings within a few days of birth. Regards, Lloyd Lloyd Fell (EMAI Camden 2570 NSW Australia) l.fell@uws.edu.au Fax 61 46 293 300 From: IN%"l.fell@uws.edu.au" 31-AUG-1995 20:20:44.49 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Castration and Dehorning Dear All, The situation in Australia regarding dehorning and castration of cattle is as follows: The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (1979) is now subject to review, but a new Act is not imminent. I understand that the intention is to at least refer to the official Codes of Practice in the new Act, but not necessarily to write those details into legislation. Therefore, the Code of Practice provides guidelines only and will probably continue to do so. The 1979 Act essentially says that castration of cattle over 6 months of age without anaesthetic or dehorning of cattle over 12 months of age without anaesthetic can render you liable for prosecution. The Code of Practice (1992) essentially says that: Castration by knife or burdizzo without analgesic/anaesthetic should be confined to calves at their first muster, preferably under 6 months of age. Only under exceptional circumstances (eg range management of older, previously unmustered bulls) should castration of older bulls be performed and then preferably by a veterinarian. Also castration by rubber rings is only recommended for calves up to 2 weeks of age. Horned cattle should be dehorned as young as possible and prior to weaning and at a suitable time to reduce fly worry. After dehorning, cattle should be inspected regularly for the first 10 days and any infected wounds treated. Dehorning without analgesics should be confined to animals at the first muster, preferably under 6 months of age. Older animals may be tipped without anaesthetic. Dehorning by means of chemicals should be performed by a competent operator within a few days of birth. The recommended methods for dehorning are heat cautery, scoop dehorners or gouging knife, as soon as horn buds are detectable. Breeding for polled cattle is recommended. In recent years I don't think there has been much of a trend towards using polled sires, probably because of the conservative influence of some of the Breed Societies, but the extraordinary expansion of the beef feedlot industry may be causing producers to think about it now, because many feedlot cattle buyers say they prefer them without horns. Regards, Lloyd Lloyd Fell (EMAI Camden 2570 NSW Australia) l.fell@uws.edu.au Fax 61 46 293 300 From: IN%"jchurch@pris.bc.ca" "John Church" 1-SEP-1995 01:26:46.28 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Age and Castration Dear all, The paradigm that appears to be in vogue is that if an animal is not old enough to remember the painful experience, then it is more desirable. An analogy that has been presented by a lot of male ethologists is that circumcision didn't seem to have any deleterious effects latter in life and is therefore more desirable. I am not sure if I buy it. Forgive me if I am off base, but I think I need to respond. Unfortunately, I'm old enough that circumcision was still in fashion when I was an infant, I too have no recollection of the experience; But, I am not sure that lack of recall should marginalize the suffering that probably occurred at the time. I have a married friend who was recently trying to solve an infertility problem via the removal of his foreskin (that was a year ago now), and although it wasn't a fun experience at the time, he has informed me that he is not suffering unbearably today. In addition, I have a colleague who is originally from Kenya and was circumcised as an adolescent (with no anesthesia I might add) during a tribal rite into manhood, and he too does not seem to be scarred by the experience. However, he informs me that it is definitely a procedure of a sufficient intensity that his welfare was compromised, and that a person does not want to have to endure that level of severity more than once in life, once is sufficient. Perhaps the administration of amnestic drug could reproduce the same experience in older animals (forgetting the painful experience). Just because an animal can no longer remember the painful procedure does not necessarily justify to me that the suffering is any less, the welfare of the animal at that time is just as compromised. I believe the question should reflect more on what is the level of severity of the suffering or the length of the suffering. IUm not yet convinced that remembering the experience is as important Sincerely, John S. Church University of Alberta From: IN%"'dr a j.rook'@bbsrc.ac.uk" "ROOK" 1-SEP-1995 07:23:50.10 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Feeding behaviour of dairy cows Birte Nielsen wrote: >How many dairy cows per trough space can you have without compromising >the ad libitum feeding schedule? And if you want to give the cows a >choice of two diets, how does/can trough availability affect the freedom >of choice? Even more important - how can you "prove" or "disprove" >whether the animal is truely choosing freely, or being forced by lack >of availability to one kind of food? There is plenty in the literature on the effect of trough space on ad-libitum intake of one food. e.g. Leaver and Yarrow 1977, J.Brit. Grass. Soc 32:165-169. It seems that the effect on daily intake is quite small. However, the question related to ad-libitum feeding schedule, presumably meaning meal patterns etc. These appear to have been perturbed in Leaver and Yarrow's work. More generally, what does ad-libitum mean. At liberty from what and to do what? Freedom to express unconstrained daily intake or an unconstrained meal pattern or an unconstrained complete time budget? If animals are in groups, is freedom from facilitation to be regarded as ad-libitum or conversely freedom from the effects of isolation? (These latter considerations make me somewhat doubtful of the real value of Calan-Broadbent doors.) Basically the answer depends on what you are trying to study. Regarding effects on selection. A. J. Parsons, J. A. Newman and co-workers have defined preference as selection subject to minimal physical constraints. The definition of minimal will depend on the system being studied. Resource depletion is clearly a key issue here. As for how you prove any of this ??? Andrew Rook Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB UK. rook@bbsrc.ac.uk