From: IN%"olokbo@yahoo.com" "lieve Bijnens" 17-AUG-2001 02:19:40.69 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: wood shavings as bedding for horses Hi everyone! We are looking for information regarding the prevalence of the use of wood shavings (as opposed to straw) as a bedding material for horses in different countries (Europe mainly, but others are welcome!). Has anyone any suggestions? Thank you very much in advance! Lieve Meers and Simona Normando __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Make international calls for as low as $.04/minute with Yahoo! Messenger http://phonecard.yahoo.com/ From: IN%"DMills@dmu.ac.uk" "Daniel Mills" 17-AUG-2001 02:26:21.70 To: IN%"olokbo@yahoo.com" "'lieve Bijnens'", IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: wood shavings as bedding for horses See Harris 1999, Equine Vet J. Supplement 29 46-54. REview of equine stable management and feeding practices in the UK concentrating on the last decade of the 20th century or Mills et al 2000, Animal Science 70: 95-106. Thoroughbred bedding preferences, associated behaviour differencfes and their implictaions for equine welfare. Daniel Mills BVSc MRCVS Principal Lecturer in Behavioural Studies & Animal Welfare Animal Behaviour, Welfare and Cognition Group De Montfort University Lincoln Caythorpe Campus Caythorpe Lincs NG32 3EP UK Tel 44(0)1400 275629 e-mail dmills@dmu.ac.uk web-page http://www.dmu.ac.uk/ln/Agriculture/staffcvs/DanielS.Mills.htm -----Original Message----- From: lieve Bijnens [mailto:olokbo@yahoo.com] Sent: 17 August 2001 09:19 To: Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca Subject: wood shavings as bedding for horses Hi everyone! We are looking for information regarding the prevalence of the use of wood shavings (as opposed to straw) as a bedding material for horses in different countries (Europe mainly, but others are welcome!). Has anyone any suggestions? Thank you very much in advance! Lieve Meers and Simona Normando __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Make international calls for as low as $.04/minute with Yahoo! Messenger http://phonecard.yahoo.com/ From: IN%"kelly_moyes@hotmail.com" "Kelly Moyes" 21-AUG-2001 04:59:58.70 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Voluntary work I have just graduated from the University of Reading with a 1st (hons) in Zoology. I am now taking a year out and am trying to get as much field experience as possible. I am interested in any large mammals and am willing to travel anywhere for as long as I am needed. I am very dedicated when involved in field projects and feel I would be a valuable member of a research group. I am willing to work alone or in a team and in a wide range of conditions. I have had some experience in field work - such as with my dissertation and the varied field courses I took part in. I have also helped with a study of bottle nosed dolphin behaviour in Scotland which I found to be very rewarding. If anyone has any suggestions as to where I could apply to for field experience, I would be very grateful. Thank you Kelly Moyes kelly_moyes@hotmail.com 31 Eastwood Road Sittingbourne Kent ENGLAND RG6 1DL +44 (0)7930 627 277 _________________________________________________________________ Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com/intl.asp From: IN%"billcamp@cdsnet.net" "Bill Campbell" 21-AUG-2001 12:25:26.48 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: ISAE 2001 Meeting papers/abstracts Greeting from Oregon, Does anyone have a source for obtaining copies of some of the landmark presentations at the UC Davis ISAE conference? Thanks, with high hopes, Bill Campbell P.O. Box 1658 Grants Pass, OR 97528 http://www.webtrail.com/petbehavior tel 541-476-5775 fax 541-476-5523 From: IN%"joseph.stookey@usask.ca" 21-AUG-2001 18:56:24.26 To: IN%"ISAEnet-l@usask.ca", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Foal imprinting: Why should it work? Dear All, Bill Campbell just sent a message to the group asking about copies of the ISAE abstracts presented at the ISAE meetings in Davis and I could not help but think of all the conversations I wanted to have and all the questions that I wish I would have asked at the meeting. For example, I noticed two papers this year that dealt with the question of whether foals would benefit or change their behaviour towards people at a later date if exposed, handled or "imprinted" onto people shortly after birth (Oral paper by Sondergaard and Jago; Poster paper by Williams, Friend, Toscano, Sisto and Nevill). The horse industry is quite high on the idea and I see and read all kinds of information by horse people proclaiming the advantage of handling foals shortly after birth. In our area, the first thing horse people ask other horse owners (when a proud owner boasts about a prized mare having foaled) is, "Did you imprint the new foal and handle the foal shortly after birth?" The horse people here ask each other this question as if you would be a fool NOT to IMPRINT the foal! However, I am now aware of at least 3 scientific attempts to look at this question (I heard another student project presented at a Cornell, NY meeting several years ago) and so far none of them have shown conclusive evidence that there is any real advantage gained from handling newborn foals. My comment/question/point is this: Surely imprinting in the classical Lorenzian style works, but handling a foal for a few hours shortly after birth seems to me to be very far removed from the classical imprinting work. Chicks, ducklings and goslings that imprint onto people do so in the absence of their own mother. Is there any evidence or work that shows chicks, ducklings or goslings will imprint onto their mother AND a human? As a young boy we separated many young ducklings from their mothers to prevent them from being eaten on our lake by snapping turtles and predators and all of the ducklings would imprint onto us after being removed from their mother shortly after hatching. They did this with very short exposures to us during feeding and watering, but I never saw ducklings or chicks imprint onto their mother AND us! Isn't the absence of the mother a key ingredient in making the whole imprinting phenomenon work between newly hatched poultry and people? What evolutionary advantage would there be for a neonate to imprint onto its mother and any other creature that happened by during the first few days after birth? I suspect that young animals gain some information as they grow, about the creatures that also occupy their world, but that is not the same as imprinting. Perhaps foals would form very strong attachments to humans in the absence of the mare, but personally I would not expect a couple hours of handling after birth or for the first couple of days to have any impact on the foal's response to humans 6 months later, if the foal was reared by its own mother during the first 6 months of its life. I am all in favor of taming and offering continuous positive human exposure to young animals (and the sooner one starts the process - probably the better the end results), but we are experiencing a whole culture of dreamers within the horse industry who believe that a few hours of intensive handling of foals shortly after birth has major payoffs down the road. Not only has the science been unable to show any major advantage by handling foals for a few brief hours shortly after birth, but the whole idea of foal imprinting, to me, seems a bit off the mark. Doesn't it? I am not trying to be critical of scientists investigating this area. On the contrary, I think science is the best way to show the horse industry (or skeptics like me) that it does or does not work. But I am being critical of horse people who automatically assume it should work (with just a few hours of exposure after birth) and proclaim that it does work simply because we know that newborn poultry imprint onto people shortly after birth during a critical period of time. Meanwhile they ignore the fact that young poultry imprint onto people in the absence of a real mother! Anyway, I found the entire ISAE conference exceptionally stimulating and I think it would be great if we had a few more conversations on the net about some of the papers. I don't know why we have to wait 12 months in between meetings to hear each others' thoughts! I am not interested in critically roasting other scientists, but to me it would be worthwhile to further discuss some of the topics raised at the conference. Any other comments about foal imprinting and why I might be off the mark, or any other comments about topics presented at the meeting? Sincerely, Joe -- Joseph M. Stookey Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan 52 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 Canada From: IN%"PetherC@prose.dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol (TBC)" 21-AUG-2001 19:19:40.13 To: IN%"joseph.stookey@usask.ca" "'joseph.stookey@usask.ca'", IN%"ISAEnet-l@usask.ca", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Foal imprinting: Why should it work? Hi Joe Really would have like to have been at ISAE, but .... maybe next year!? Just a quick response to your thoughts. I think this is about the tendency to use "fashionable" terms/words without really understanding them. What these horse owners are describing is not imprinting (filial attachments and preferences as a result of exposure to and some predisposition for particular classes of stimuli) in the correct, technical sense of the word. I believe they are talking about a 'socialisation' process - essentially getting the foal accustomed to the presence of and handling by humans in the presence of the dam - a situation that's less likely to induce fear than if the dam was absent. I believe that dogs are given the same treatment - young puppies are handled etc in the presence of the bitch (but, isn't there also talk of 'critical/sensitive periods' for this socialisation to take place in dogs?). I'm told that if pups don't get this then they are very fearful of humans - but presumably this can be overcome with appropriate handling/training in time. I know there are people out there who know MUCH more about this than I do! I look forward to some stimulating discussion. Carol > -----Original Message----- > From: Joseph Stookey [SMTP:joseph.stookey@usask.ca] > Sent: Wednesday, 22 August 2001 11:56 > To: ISAEnet-l@usask.ca; applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca > Subject: Foal imprinting: Why should it work? > > Dear All, > > Bill Campbell just sent a message to the group asking about copies of > the ISAE abstracts presented at the ISAE meetings in Davis and I could > not help but think of all the conversations I wanted to have and all the > questions that I wish I would have asked at the meeting. > > For example, I noticed two papers this year that dealt with the question > of whether foals would benefit or change their behaviour towards people > at a later date if exposed, handled or "imprinted" onto people shortly > after birth (Oral paper by Sondergaard and Jago; Poster paper by > Williams, Friend, Toscano, Sisto and Nevill). The horse industry is > quite high on the idea and I see and read all kinds of information by > horse people proclaiming the advantage of handling foals shortly after > birth. In our area, the first thing horse people ask other horse owners > (when a proud owner boasts about a prized mare having foaled) is, "Did > you imprint the new foal and handle the foal shortly after birth?" The > horse people here ask each other this question as if you would be a fool > NOT to IMPRINT the foal! However, I am now aware of at least 3 > scientific attempts to look at this question (I heard another student > project presented at a Cornell, NY meeting several years ago) and so far > none of them have shown conclusive evidence that there is any real > advantage gained from handling newborn foals. > > My comment/question/point is this: Surely imprinting in the classical > Lorenzian style works, but handling a foal for a few hours shortly after > birth seems to me to be very far removed from the classical imprinting > work. Chicks, ducklings and goslings that imprint onto people do so in > the absence of their own mother. Is there any evidence or work that > shows chicks, ducklings or goslings will imprint onto their mother AND a > human? As a young boy we separated many young ducklings from their > mothers to prevent them from being eaten on our lake by snapping turtles > and predators and all of the ducklings would imprint onto us after being > removed from their mother shortly after hatching. They did this with > very short exposures to us during feeding and watering, but I never saw > ducklings or chicks imprint onto their mother AND us! Isn't the absence > of the mother a key ingredient in making the whole imprinting phenomenon > work between newly hatched poultry and people? What evolutionary > advantage would there be for a neonate to imprint onto its mother and > any other creature that happened by during the first few days after > birth? I suspect that young animals gain some information as they grow, > about the creatures that also occupy their world, but that is not the > same as imprinting. Perhaps foals would form very strong attachments to > humans in the absence of the mare, but personally I would not expect a > couple hours of handling after birth or for the first couple of days to > have any impact on the foal's response to humans 6 months later, if the > foal was reared by its own mother during the first 6 months of its > life. I am all in favor of taming and offering continuous positive > human exposure to young animals (and the sooner one starts the process - > probably the better the end results), but we are experiencing a whole > culture of dreamers within the horse industry who believe that a few > hours of intensive handling of foals shortly after birth has major > payoffs down the road. Not only has the science been unable to show any > major advantage by handling foals for a few brief hours shortly after > birth, but the whole idea of foal imprinting, to me, seems a bit off the > mark. Doesn't it? > > I am not trying to be critical of scientists investigating this area. > On the contrary, I think science is the best way to show the horse > industry (or skeptics like me) that it does or does not work. But I am > being critical of horse people who automatically assume it should work > (with just a few hours of exposure after birth) and proclaim that it > does work simply because we know that newborn poultry imprint onto > people shortly after birth during a critical period of time. Meanwhile > they ignore the fact that young poultry imprint onto people in the > absence of a real mother! > > Anyway, I found the entire ISAE conference exceptionally stimulating and > I think it would be great if we had a few more conversations on the net > about some of the papers. I don't know why we have to wait 12 months in > between meetings to hear each others' thoughts! I am not interested in > critically roasting other scientists, but to me it would be worthwhile > to further discuss some of the topics raised at the conference. > > Any other comments about foal imprinting and why I might be off the > mark, or any other comments about topics presented at the meeting? > > Sincerely, > > Joe > > -- > Joseph M. Stookey > Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences > Western College of Veterinary Medicine > University of Saskatchewan > 52 Campus Dr. > Saskatoon, Saskatchewan > S7N 5B4 Canada > > ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and delete it from your computer system network. From: IN%"whfeep@ihug.co.nz" "Andy Beck" 21-AUG-2001 23:40:28.43 To: IN%"ISAEnet-l@usask.ca" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca", IN%"PetherC@prose.dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol (TBC)", IN%"joseph.stookey@usask.ca" Subj: RE: Foal imprinting: Why should it work? Kia ora from Aotearoa everyone, I have been intending to get around to introducing myself and the White Horse Farm Equine Ethology Project for a short while now, and this topic seems a good place to start! Yes, this whole question of foal imprinting is a good one, is it not? And I think we might reasonably conclude that it is symptomatic of the whole 'new age' aproach to the horse. If I am correct, and I believe I am, the notion was first introduced by Dr R Miller, and I think it is possible that some part of the reason for such rapid acceptance of this new idea stems from the fact that Dr Miller is a vet and therefore confers a degree of scientific credibility on the idea. I did in fact attend the lecture that Dr Miller gave on the subject when he was here in NZ a few years ago. I must admit to having taken away the feeling that it had been a bit long on the"selfpublicist" element, and short on substance - but, nothing loath, I began to explore his technique, (instructional video in hand - figuratively speaking) - during the next foaling season. Foaling takes place here out in the open and within the harem group to which the mare is affiliated. Unlike many other accounts of foaling in herds, mares here do not go off alone but foal within the group and take full advantage of the herd support system. Foaling mares are watched over by sentinels - the number appearing to differ with the status of the mare. These would be younger mares without suckling foals at foot, maiden fillies, either their own progeny from previous years or progeny of close companions, and more rarely, but still on occasion, colts. These 'sentinels' do not interfere and are not allowed contact with the new foal - not even older siblings, but seem most intent on 'running interference' to prevent any unwarranted interuptions or threats. People who are not well known to the group are kept outside the protective circle. It is not unusual for the resident harem stallion to take an interest either, and to object quite firmly if the mare becomes even slightly agitated. It is vital that the foal imprints on the mare quickly so that it learns to follow only her - and no other! No other mare will feed the foal, and so a mistake here could mean death by starvation/exhaustion. Should a foal make the mistake of straying close to another mare it will be rejected quite forcefully so that it is in no doubt that this will not be tolerated. The degree of aggression shown is in fact quite uncommon, and therefore remarkable given that the foal is relatively so small, and I believe shows the depth of 'importance' attached. I am on sufficiently good terms with, and accepted by, most mares, so that I am generally allowed through the cordon to inspect the foal. Brief and very gentle handling will also be allowed by some mares, but body language strongly suggests that this is bad protocol on my part, and taken as an imposition to perhaps be tolerated but certainly not welcomed. So whatever the foal may or may not think, the dam seems clearly unimpressed. If I were actually successful (despite the fact that essential maternal signal stimuli are missing from the top of my legs!) and the foal took to following me, equally with its mother, the outcome would be awful. I cannot see any scientific, or even anecdotal, evidence to suggest that it is within the species spectrum of behavioural strategy to share imprinting - but every logical reason to suggest that it would be maladaptive. It has been suggested by some, and I would concur, that Dr Miller's methods, far from being imprinting, actually more closely resemble the creation of 'learned helplessness'. If this is the case then we should be very careful as there is likely to be a distinct downside. Most, if not all, of the research on this phenomenon has been carried out on people, but if we were to assume, even for the sake of arguement, that the effects are likely to be similar then there is a probability of creating learning problems later on, and perhaps horses that tend toward inaction in the face of danger/threat. Finally I settled on a method, that appeares to work consistently, whereby I would wait for the mare to allow the foal 'out' into herd society in general. This is easily judged by her acceptance of other herd members coming into actual contact with the foal. At this point I too can begin to socialise, and instead of an atmosphere of tension, my doing so can be reinforced and supported by 'mum's' relaxed body language. It does also occasionally happen that an older sibling will approach me with the foal in tow, giving an appearance of facilitating social contact. There are many reasons why the idea of handling new-born foals has become fashionable, but perhaps most of these have to do with elements of human psychology such as control and power and, of course, they are charming, velvety little creatures that can easily evoke maternal instincts. Great touchy-feely new-age fluff ! Rather than owners learning equine etiquette and disciplining themselves to looking on from a distance but only touching or handling at need, this 'imprinting' notion allows extremes of interference, as if we were children who required justification for doing as we wanted. Would vets like it if all horses exhibited 'learned helplessness' and so were not unruly when being examined or treated? No doubt. But veterinary convenience does not create any scientific basis for imprinting. Warmest regards to all Andy Beck White Horse Farm Equine Ethology Project Otaua Northland New Zealand/Aotearoa http://www.equine-behavior.com equine-research@equine-behavior.com I am also moderator of the Equine-Behavior group at Yahoo groups, and take this opportunity to cordially invite anyone specifically interested in horse behavior to join. e mail to: Equine-Behavior-subscribe@yahoogroups.com From: IN%"chrisrutt@ntlworld.com" "chrisrutt" 22-AUG-2001 02:32:31.51 To: IN%"PetherC@prose.dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol (TBC)" CC: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: Foal imprinting/socialization I feel sure that Carol has the right of it here and "imprinting" has been improperly used in place of "socialisation" in this "work" with foals. My field is Agapornis parrots, which can be imprinted in the Lorenzian sense, by hand feeding from day one, or socialised in the context used by Carol by regular handling while being raised under parental care. However, in this case even what appears to be Lorenzian "imprinting" can be overridden in the imprinted adult by both reduced contact with the "adoptive" parent, or by extended contact with its conspecifics. Regarding "sensitive periods" for socialisation, there is frequent reference to a window of opportunity (4-7 weeks) in literature on cats, which is born out by my personal experience. In the Lovebirds there is a critical age (about 21 days from hatch) after which the chick will refuse to learn to feed voluntarily from a source other than the parent species. R. Chris Rutt chris@lovebirdsUK.org www.lovebirdsUK.org ----- Original Message ----- From: "Petherick, Carol (TBC)" To: ; ; Sent: 22 August 2001 02:19 Subject: RE: Foal imprinting: Why should it work? > Hi Joe > Really would have like to have been at ISAE, but .... maybe next year!? > > Just a quick response to your thoughts. I think this is about the tendency > to use "fashionable" terms/words without really understanding them. What > these horse owners are describing is not imprinting (filial attachments and > preferences as a result of exposure to and some predisposition for > particular classes of stimuli) in the correct, technical sense of the word. > I believe they are talking about a 'socialisation' process - essentially > getting the foal accustomed to the presence of and handling by humans in the > presence of the dam - a situation that's less likely to induce fear than if > the dam was absent. > > I believe that dogs are given the same treatment - young puppies are handled > etc in the presence of the bitch (but, isn't there also talk of > 'critical/sensitive periods' for this socialisation to take place in dogs?). > I'm told that if pups don't get this then they are very fearful of humans - > but presumably this can be overcome with appropriate handling/training in > time. I know there are people out there who know MUCH more about this than > I do! > > I look forward to some stimulating discussion. > > Carol > > > -----Original Message----- > > From: Joseph Stookey [SMTP:joseph.stookey@usask.ca] > > Sent: Wednesday, 22 August 2001 11:56 > > To: ISAEnet-l@usask.ca; applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca > > Subject: Foal imprinting: Why should it work? > > > > Dear All, > > > > Bill Campbell just sent a message to the group asking about copies of > > the ISAE abstracts presented at the ISAE meetings in Davis and I could > > not help but think of all the conversations I wanted to have and all the > > questions that I wish I would have asked at the meeting. > > > > For example, I noticed two papers this year that dealt with the question > > of whether foals would benefit or change their behaviour towards people > > at a later date if exposed, handled or "imprinted" onto people shortly > > after birth (Oral paper by Sondergaard and Jago; Poster paper by > > Williams, Friend, Toscano, Sisto and Nevill). The horse industry is > > quite high on the idea and I see and read all kinds of information by > > horse people proclaiming the advantage of handling foals shortly after > > birth. In our area, the first thing horse people ask other horse owners > > (when a proud owner boasts about a prized mare having foaled) is, "Did > > you imprint the new foal and handle the foal shortly after birth?" The > > horse people here ask each other this question as if you would be a fool > > NOT to IMPRINT the foal! However, I am now aware of at least 3 > > scientific attempts to look at this question (I heard another student > > project presented at a Cornell, NY meeting several years ago) and so far > > none of them have shown conclusive evidence that there is any real > > advantage gained from handling newborn foals. > > > > My comment/question/point is this: Surely imprinting in the classical > > Lorenzian style works, but handling a foal for a few hours shortly after > > birth seems to me to be very far removed from the classical imprinting > > work. Chicks, ducklings and goslings that imprint onto people do so in > > the absence of their own mother. Is there any evidence or work that > > shows chicks, ducklings or goslings will imprint onto their mother AND a > > human? As a young boy we separated many young ducklings from their > > mothers to prevent them from being eaten on our lake by snapping turtles > > and predators and all of the ducklings would imprint onto us after being > > removed from their mother shortly after hatching. They did this with > > very short exposures to us during feeding and watering, but I never saw > > ducklings or chicks imprint onto their mother AND us! Isn't the absence > > of the mother a key ingredient in making the whole imprinting phenomenon > > work between newly hatched poultry and people? What evolutionary > > advantage would there be for a neonate to imprint onto its mother and > > any other creature that happened by during the first few days after > > birth? I suspect that young animals gain some information as they grow, > > about the creatures that also occupy their world, but that is not the > > same as imprinting. Perhaps foals would form very strong attachments to > > humans in the absence of the mare, but personally I would not expect a > > couple hours of handling after birth or for the first couple of days to > > have any impact on the foal's response to humans 6 months later, if the > > foal was reared by its own mother during the first 6 months of its > > life. I am all in favor of taming and offering continuous positive > > human exposure to young animals (and the sooner one starts the process - > > probably the better the end results), but we are experiencing a whole > > culture of dreamers within the horse industry who believe that a few > > hours of intensive handling of foals shortly after birth has major > > payoffs down the road. Not only has the science been unable to show any > > major advantage by handling foals for a few brief hours shortly after > > birth, but the whole idea of foal imprinting, to me, seems a bit off the > > mark. Doesn't it? > > > > I am not trying to be critical of scientists investigating this area. > > On the contrary, I think science is the best way to show the horse > > industry (or skeptics like me) that it does or does not work. But I am > > being critical of horse people who automatically assume it should work > > (with just a few hours of exposure after birth) and proclaim that it > > does work simply because we know that newborn poultry imprint onto > > people shortly after birth during a critical period of time. Meanwhile > > they ignore the fact that young poultry imprint onto people in the > > absence of a real mother! > > > > Anyway, I found the entire ISAE conference exceptionally stimulating and > > I think it would be great if we had a few more conversations on the net > > about some of the papers. I don't know why we have to wait 12 months in > > between meetings to hear each others' thoughts! I am not interested in > > critically roasting other scientists, but to me it would be worthwhile > > to further discuss some of the topics raised at the conference. > > > > Any other comments about foal imprinting and why I might be off the > > mark, or any other comments about topics presented at the meeting? > > > > Sincerely, > > > > Joe From: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "Chris Sherwin" 22-AUG-2001 02:57:34.86 To: IN%"whfeep@ihug.co.nz" "Andy Beck" CC: IN%"ISAEnet-l@usask.ca", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca", IN%"PetherC@prose.dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol (TBC)", IN%"joseph.stookey@usask.ca" Subj: RE: Foal imprinting: Why should it work? Dear Andy and others, I believe Jo Stookey is totally correct to suggest the term 'imprinting' is inappropriate in this context, and it is enlightening to hear of Andy Beck's experience and arguement to support this. But, Andy, I am really unsure about how wise it is to then use another term from learning theory, i.e. learned helplessness, to describe this form of socialisation. The phenomenon of learned helplessness has a great history. Whilst I agree this horse/human socialisation might share some of the characteristics of learned helplessnes, one only has to look at the operational definition to realise that an animal in learned helplessness has entered into a much more passive state that I imagine these horses to be in. Eisenstein et al. (1997) stated the major criteria of learned helplessness are: (1) following inescapable shock training, the animals often become passive and still when confronted with an escapable shock; (2) failure to escape shock when it is possible to do this following non-escapable shock; (3) reversion to non-escape behaviour even after successful escape. Are horses socialised in the 'imprinting' method extremely passive, are they always easily caught, do they never learn new methods of escaping being caught? Just thoughts... Chris ............................................................. Dr C.M. Sherwin UFAW Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Centre for Behavioural Biology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, U.K. Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk From: IN%"elly-hiby@angelfire.com" 22-AUG-2001 03:25:55.37 To: IN%"ISAEnet-l@usask.ca", IN%"whfeep@ihug.co.nz" "Andy Beck" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca", IN%"PetherC@prose.dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol (TBC)", IN%"joseph.stookey@usask.ca" Subj: RE: Foal imprinting: Why should it work? Dear Joe, Andy and all, I agree whole heartedly with your call for more scientific research into the subject of 'foal imprinting'. It may seem a dubious practice, especially when introduced to the concept by Dr. Miller, who has a rather invasive and long-winded approach to the process. However, in addition to this I think it is important to clarify exactly what people are trying to achieve by this practice as I think Dr. Miller's use of the phrase 'imprinting' has muddied the subject somewhat. From what I can gather the aim of this process is to 'desensitise' the horse to the sensation and experience of being handled by a human, and not to replace or equal the dam i.e. not to imprint the foal on you in the true scientific sense of the word. I think maybe the reason for the process becoming known as imprinting has to with the rational behind attempting to achieve this goal at birth. As we all know, at birth the foal's brain is at a particular stage of development as too lend itself nicely to the formation of long term memories - hence the phenomenon of imprinting. I think the idea behind Dr. Miller's approach is to make use of this stage and try to achieve the formation of long term memories in the foal for positive human contact. My own take on this subject, having spent time training horses at a farm where a modified version of this technique was used, is that the method of 'imprinting' as described by Dr. Miller is unnecessarily invasive and may even in some cases damage the true process of imprinting taking place between mother and foal. However, I also believe that there may be fruitful endeavour in investigating the effect of sympathetic and positive handling of foals at birth. At the farm where I had experience of the technique the method was simply gentle and calm handling of the foal for no more than 20 minutes. Ensuring that key areas (ears, poll, feet, saddle and girth areas) were touched until there was no aversive reaction from the foal. They also allowed for foal-mother contact during the process. In my experience, the youngsters that had been brought up in this way were far calmer and more confident in the presence of a human and had far less aversive reactions to being handled or saddled and bridled for the first In my opinion this is an intriguing and thought provoking subject, and I hope very much that it will receive more attention from the scientific community. Especially as the literature is awash with anecdotal reports and only a painfully small amount of real rigorous scientific investigation. Thank to Joe and Andy for brining this subject to the discussion table. My kindest regards to all Elly Hiby --- Anthrozoology Institute University of Southampton SO16 7PX Tel (023)80594254 Mobile 07818 098131 On Wed, 22 Aug 2001 17:26:38 Andy Beck wrote: >Kia ora from Aotearoa everyone, > >I have been intending to get around to introducing myself and the White >Horse Farm Equine Ethology Project for a short while now, and this topic >seems a good place to start! > >Yes, this whole question of foal imprinting is a good one, is it not? And I >think we might reasonably conclude that it is symptomatic of the whole 'new >age' aproach to the horse. > >If I am correct, and I believe I am, the notion was first introduced by Dr R >Miller, and I think it is possible that some part of the reason for such >rapid acceptance of this new idea stems from the fact that Dr Miller is a >vet and therefore confers a degree of scientific credibility on the idea. I >did in fact attend the lecture that Dr Miller gave on the subject when he >was here in NZ a few years ago. I must admit to having taken away the >feeling that it had been a bit long on the"selfpublicist" element, and short >on substance - but, nothing loath, I began to explore his technique, >(instructional video in hand - figuratively speaking) - during the next >foaling season. > >Foaling takes place here out in the open and within the harem group to which >the mare is affiliated. Unlike many other accounts of foaling in herds, >mares here do not go off alone but foal within the group and take full >advantage of the herd support system. Foaling mares are watched over by >sentinels - the number appearing to differ with the status of the mare. >These would be younger mares without suckling foals at foot, maiden fillies, >either their own progeny from previous years or progeny of close companions, >and more rarely, but still on occasion, colts. These 'sentinels' do not >interfere and are not allowed contact with the new foal - not even older >siblings, but seem most intent on 'running interference' to prevent any >unwarranted interuptions or threats. People who are not well known to the >group are kept outside the protective circle. It is not unusual for the >resident harem stallion to take an interest either, and to object quite >firmly if the mare becomes even slightly agitated. > >It is vital that the foal imprints on the mare quickly so that it learns to >follow only her - and no other! No other mare will feed the foal, and so a >mistake here could mean death by starvation/exhaustion. >Should a foal make the mistake of straying close to another mare it will be >rejected quite forcefully so that it is in no doubt that this will not be >tolerated. The degree of aggression shown is in fact quite uncommon, and >therefore remarkable given that the foal is relatively so small, and I >believe shows the depth of 'importance' attached. > >I am on sufficiently good terms with, and accepted by, most mares, so that I >am generally allowed through the cordon to inspect the foal. Brief and very >gentle handling will also be allowed by some mares, but body language >strongly suggests that this is bad protocol on my part, and taken as an >imposition to perhaps be tolerated but certainly not welcomed. So whatever >the foal may or may not think, the dam seems clearly unimpressed. If I were >actually successful (despite the fact that essential maternal signal stimuli >are missing from the top of my legs!) and the foal took to following me, >equally with its mother, the outcome would be awful. I cannot see any >scientific, or even anecdotal, evidence to suggest that it is within the >species spectrum of behavioural strategy to share imprinting - but every >logical reason to suggest that it would be maladaptive. > >It has been suggested by some, and I would concur, that Dr Miller's methods, >far from being imprinting, actually more closely resemble the creation of >'learned helplessness'. If this is the case then we should be very careful >as there is likely to be a distinct downside. Most, if not all, of the >research on this phenomenon has been carried out on people, but if we were >to assume, even for the sake of arguement, that the effects are likely to be >similar then there is a probability of creating learning problems later on, >and perhaps horses that tend toward inaction in the face of danger/threat. > >Finally I settled on a method, that appeares to work consistently, whereby I >would wait for the mare to allow the foal 'out' into herd society in >general. This is easily judged by her acceptance of other herd members >coming into actual contact with the foal. At this point I too can begin to >socialise, and instead of an atmosphere of tension, my doing so can be >reinforced and supported by 'mum's' relaxed body language. It does also >occasionally happen that an older sibling will approach me with the foal in >tow, giving an appearance of facilitating social contact. > >There are many reasons why the idea of handling new-born foals has become >fashionable, but perhaps most of these have to do with elements of human >psychology such as control and power and, of course, they are charming, >velvety little creatures that can easily evoke maternal instincts. Great >touchy-feely new-age fluff ! Rather than owners learning equine etiquette >and disciplining themselves to looking on from a distance but only touching >or handling at need, this 'imprinting' notion allows extremes of >interference, as if we were children who required justification for doing as >we wanted. Would vets like it if all horses exhibited 'learned helplessness' >and so were not unruly when being examined or treated? No doubt. But >veterinary convenience does not create any scientific basis for imprinting. > >Warmest regards to all >Andy Beck > >White Horse Farm Equine Ethology Project >Otaua >Northland >New Zealand/Aotearoa >http://www.equine-behavior.com >equine-research@equine-behavior.com >I am also moderator of the Equine-Behavior group at Yahoo groups, and take >this opportunity to cordially invite anyone specifically interested in horse >behavior to join. e mail to: Equine-Behavior-subscribe@yahoogroups.com > > > Get 250 color business cards for FREE! http://businesscards.lycos.com/vp/fastpath/ From: IN%"whfeep@ihug.co.nz" "Andy Beck" 22-AUG-2001 05:30:55.35 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: IN%"Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" Subj: More on 'not imprinting' Hi again everyone I quite agree that there is an intent to desensitise, and that my concern that there may be an element of 'learned helplessness' is perhaps not scientifically justified - although Dr Millers video certainly does show foals being treated to inescapable and very intrusive handling, and does seem to result in a far greater degree of passivity than I think is at all normal in my experience of foals. It may simply be that the degree of inescapable manipulation is directly related to the degree of learned helplessness exhibited. I seem to recall that one of the features of several studies on learned helplessness, and I am working from memory here as it has been some time since I researched the issue in depth, is that the effects are not predictable but are dependent on a number of variables. We might suggest, with some safety, that less reactive 'cold-bloods' would show a marked difference in response from say AngloArabians. If a method does not produce reasonably predictable results then it lacks reliability for trainers who may well have only superficial understanding of learning psychology.(to say nothing of having dollar conscious owners to please) Elly Hiby mentions ongoing good treatment and I completely agree. My trials strongly suggest that it is this that is most likely to produce ease of training later on, that early handling does not by itself produce this result, and indeed that it does not seem to make much difference whether or not it is done. Having established a record of kind and predictable treatment the young horse is much more willing to trust a handler during new and novel experiences. I do also have a suggestion with regard to how young horses can be raised to be a delight to work with, and one that I believe has a far greater impact than any brief handling technique during the first few days. We expect - as a result of extensive research - that a dysfunctional family setting during the formative years of human youth is likely to produce an individual with poor social and educational skills. I can see no compelling reason why we should not fairly expect the same in young horses. Raising young horses in social groups that allow good expression of natural behaviours does, in my experience, produce a more balanced individual than solitary confinement and sensory deprivation in stables could be expected to, no matter how many desensitisation techniques are used. warm regards Andy. White Horse Farm. From: IN%"acofmart@cherokeetel.com" "Amy Coffman" 22-AUG-2001 06:10:34.43 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Foal imprinting: Why should it work? Hi Joe et al, I attended ISAE for the first time this year, and did see the poster you mentioned but did not attend the talk. The questions you raise cut right to the heart of the matter, IMO. I have handled horses professionally as a breeder and trainer for over a dozen years now, and the growing popularity of imprinting has concerned me. It has become almost a "politically correct" way of handling newborns, despite the fact that---to my knowledge---scientific support for its efficacy in this application is sketchy and anecdotal at best. A number of years ago when Miller's imprinting book was getting a lot of press, I kept being asked by customers if my foals were imprinted. They hadn't been, but they were all friendly and would approach people in the pasture, which invariably made the people say "oh, you must have imprinted him!" When I would say No, I hadn't, the people would sometimes comment that I was really lucky to have such friendly foals, as if they couldn't have developed that way through handling unless it was via imprinting. This brings up another aspect which falls more in a philosophical realm, but is equally disturbing to me: the "why" of subjecting a neonate to this stressful and often very invasive procedure. People who are fans of foal imprinting will tell you that it makes them "easier to handle" when they are older. My question would be, Why are you having such trouble handling them? If a person has problems with youngsters, year after year, the problem is with the handler or his techniques, not the animal. I feel very uncomfortable with an approach that seeks to "rewire" an animal on a very basic level, in order to compensate for what is actually the handler's deficit. As to the learned helplessness comments--yes, I would tend to agree. I did "imprint" one of my own foals during the height of the imprinting fanfare, after lengthy study of Miller's book and video (I had already read Lorenz and didn't see a great deal of similarity). In short, the experience was extremely upsetting for both me and the foal, a large, vigorous filly that I had to struggle to keep down. I had a feeling throughout that what I was doing was simply *wrong* in a vaguely moral/ethical way. At the end of the requisite repetitions of stimuli, the filly did indeed seem to have reached a learned helplessness state and made no further attempts to rise. (Believe me, I am very big on keeping my breeding herd in a natural environment, so I felt like I had committed a crime by this time.) After some time, I finally had to lift this filly to a standing position and help her find the teat, something I've never had to do with any other foal. As she matured, she was not quite as friendly or sociable as my normal, untouched little guys in the pasture. I felt sure at the time that what I was witnessing was much more closer to a learned helplessness phenomenon than any sort of "imprinting" on me. Miller is very keen on using dominance and threat to create submissive horses---this just seems to me to be that same ideology in a slightly different form. The borrowed term "imprinting" gives it an air of scientific credibility---and perhaps mystery---that may have contributed to its acceptance (without scrutiny) by the masses. An interesting aside, a very fine, tactful horseman named Mark Rashid is a friend of mine. He conducts clinics and now works with hundreds of horses a year. Mark has gotten to where he can frequently recognize within a minute an adult horse who was "imprinted" at birth, but not for positive reasons. He told me that he'd found these horses to be somewhat dull and unresponsive, and that they often ended up requiring more overt stimuli before they would respond to anything. Mark is an extremely subtle, considerate horseman who takes pride in keeping his cues to a minimum, and he was clearly troubled by this trend, feeling that it robbed the horse of the very responsiveness that would allow its future training to progress in the most humane manner. I've got to run now, but hope to find more discussion on this when I return! Amy Coffman Painted Moon Ranch Colbert, OK USA From: IN%"celtoi@hotmail.com" "Wind Runner Chapman" 22-AUG-2001 07:17:18.45 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Foal imprinting: Why should it work? I have found that foals do not imprint. However, something is happening when classic imprinting methods are used. The horses that I have trained that were "imprinted" on humans tended to MUCH less respectful of humans than their counter parts that were handled just enough to keep them "gentle." I know due to the current fashion of the equine industry that my views may be scoffed at, but until I have funding for a legitimate study, there will be no numbers. Simper ubi sububi :~) _________________________________________________________________ Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com/intl.asp From: IN%"ErikaP@humanesociety.mb.ca" "Erika Pfeiffer" 22-AUG-2001 07:53:55.99 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "'applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca'" CC: Subj: horse body language vs. imprinting I've been listening in on the discussion of "imprinting" foals. It would seem to me that if more of the lay people who raise and train horses would learn more about how to read their horses' body language there would be less need to "imprint" (as they call it) as soon as the baby hits the ground. The people I used to deal with when I was in mixed practice were very busy with births and often interfered and did more harm than good in order to "get the foal used to people". As Monty Roberts "work" has reaches more of these lay people, some are now understanding the importance of listening to what the horse's body language is saying in order to facilitate training later in life. I think that the appeal is greater in touching the new foal and feeling as if they had something to do with it (it is their baby too) rather than the obtaining the patience to watch and understand how horses naturally and normally do this on their own. Unfortunately, much of the behaviour work is not accessible to them but speakers like Dr. Miller and Mr. Roberts are. Erika M Pfeiffer MSc, DVM Director of Animal Health Winnipeg Humane Society (204) 982-3553 www.humanesociety.mb.ca From: IN%"JPGarner@UCDavis.Edu" "Garner, Joseph P." 22-AUG-2001 10:37:37.33 To: IN%"billcamp@cdsnet.net" "'Bill Campbell'", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: ISAE 2001 Meeting papers/abstracts The entire proceedings can be accessed by conference attendees in electronic format by visiting the website, otherwise please contact sue heekin at the conference e-mail address to order printed copies. cheers Joe __________________________ Dr. Joseph Garner, University of California, Department of Animal Science, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA Phone: (530) 752 1253 Fax: (530) 752 0175 > -----Original Message----- > From: Bill Campbell [mailto:billcamp@cdsnet.net] > Sent: Tuesday, August 21, 2001 11:22 AM > To: applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > Subject: ISAE 2001 Meeting papers/abstracts > > > Greeting from Oregon, > > Does anyone have a source for obtaining copies of some of the > landmark presentations at the UC Davis ISAE conference? > > Thanks, with high hopes, > > Bill Campbell > P.O. Box 1658 > Grants Pass, OR 97528 > http://www.webtrail.com/petbehavior > tel 541-476-5775 > fax 541-476-5523 > From: IN%"Houx.Vinke@wxs.nl" "Houx" 22-AUG-2001 11:57:23.73 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Foal imprinting; What is "socialisation"? Dear all, The implication Joe Stookey's question to the nature of "foal imprinting" is a very important one. I agree with him and the other responders that the term "imprinting" (filial nor sexual) by definition does not explain the phenomenon of habituation of companion animals to human interaction, which is generally captured by the term "socialising". But then, how can we explain "socialisation"? Is there a generally accepted definition, and what are the proximate and ultimate explanations? A quick scan of literature showed that there is quite some variation in the use of "socialisation". It seems to me that the term is used in at least three different contexts: (1) as synonym for (filial) imprinting, (2) to describe the development of intraspecific social behaviour, especially to particular individuals (esp. in primatology), (3) to describe the development of social behaviour towards humans (esp. in dogs). Probably (2) and (3) are related for domesticated animals (see Scott & Fuller, 1965: Dog Behavior; The Genetic Basis). I am relatively new in the field of applied animal behaviour, but I have some experience in the field of vocal learning in songbirds. The song-learning process shows many interesting similarities to imprinting (some crude "innate" template of stimuli to learn and a critical period, see the special volume of the Netherlands Journal of Zoology, vol.43(2), 1993) Depending on the species of songbird, the song-learning process seems to be more or less fixed (see Snowdon & Hausberger, 1997: Social Influences on Vocal Development). A recent topic is that some bird species not only have to learn what to sing, but they also have to learn the appropriate context to sing in. Those birds seem to have a period in which they have to learn "social rules" (see the recent studies of West & King on cowbirds and starlings). Similarly, in social mammals like guinea pigs learning of social rules at adolescent age seems to be essential for adequate social behaviour in later life (see studies from the group of Sachser). As there are many reports of a "critical period" for socialisation, one wonders to what extent this phenomenon is causally related to imprinting and vocal learning. In order to understand the process of "socialisation" more fully (and also because of the practical relevance) I am very interested in information on the following subjects: - To what extent is "socialisation" related to imprinting? Is it an alternative to imprinting for altricial and social species? Is socialisation specific to particular species? - Can "socialisation" be explained by a simple habituation-learning? - To what extent is it important to learn social behaviour or social rules? Is this related to the formation of social bonds (other than kinship- or sexual-bonds; e.g. coalitions)? - But above all, is there a clear and unified definition or description of "socialisation"? Is such definition specific to some species (as may be the case in dogs), or are we dealing with a more diffuse concept, consisting of a combination of different (species specific) processes? With friendly regards, Bart Houx Dr. B. B. Houx Ethology and Animal Welfare Utrecht University Yalelaan 17 NL - 3584 CL Utrecht The Netherlands Tel. + 31 (0)30 2534868 Fax + 31 (0)30 2539227 B.B.Houx@las.vet.uu.nl http://www.icwd.nl/ From: IN%"JPGarner@UCDavis.Edu" "Garner, Joseph P." 22-AUG-2001 11:58:57.07 To: IN%"billcamp@cdsnet.net" "'Bill Campbell'", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "'applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca'" CC: Subj: Correction: RE: ISAE 2001 Meeting papers/abstracts ooopsie, I've been away for a few days. Apparrently we are not selling printed copies of the proceedings at this time. electronic copies are available, but only to participants. sorry for the confusion cheers Joe __________________________ Dr. Joseph Garner, University of California, Department of Animal Science, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA Phone: (530) 752 1253 Fax: (530) 752 0175 > -----Original Message----- > From: Bill Campbell [mailto:billcamp@cdsnet.net] > Sent: Tuesday, August 21, 2001 11:22 AM > To: applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > Subject: ISAE 2001 Meeting papers/abstracts > > > Greeting from Oregon, > > Does anyone have a source for obtaining copies of some of the > landmark presentations at the UC Davis ISAE conference? > > Thanks, with high hopes, > > Bill Campbell > P.O. Box 1658 > Grants Pass, OR 97528 > http://www.webtrail.com/petbehavior > tel 541-476-5775 > fax 541-476-5523 > From: IN%"whfeep@ihug.co.nz" "Andy Beck" 23-AUG-2001 02:53:49.45 To: IN%"Houx.Vinke@wxs.nl" CC: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: Socialisation Dear Houx I share your view on the question of socialisation in that it is far = from clear exactly what is meant by the term. I think use of the term = 'imprinting' in connection with interaction between foals, whether = newborn or otherwise, and humans, except in the specific case of a mare = having died during foaling resulting in a human having to undertake the = role of surrogate mother, is quite wrong, and equally the suggestion = that forced contact should be termed socialisation. My mail to the group = set out my reasons in full. I would like to attempt to share some opinions, for whatever they may be = worth, on the questions you put forward, strictly within my own = specialisation of Equine Ethology. You mention one of the variable definitions of 'socialisation' as, and I = quote: "to describe the development of intraspecific social = behaviour....." I think this is probably the best unqualified usage. = Perhaps any other use should be qualified in a case-specific manner? In the case of my work with horses I would apply the term to the process = an individual may experience, at any point during its life, which allows = it to function normally in a 'natural' social group of members of the = same species. My use of 'may' is predicated by the fact that many, if = not most, domestic horses are raised in environments where the = opportunity to develop successful social paradigms is missing. It is = quite a common to find horses that are able to perform happily at home = but when put in the company of other, albeit strange, horses are said to = 'spin out' by which is meant suffer a nervous episode. You mentioned = primates, and I think you will find that experiments carried out on = chimpanzees, where newborns were removed from their mothers and raised = in isolation, showed that when these individuals were put in with other = chimpanzees they lacked the social skills required to socialise and were = extremely stressed by the experience. It would seem that this is common = to most mammal species.=20 I have had to 'socialise' dysfunctional horses here on various = occasions, and have done so by careful introduction of the newcomer to = small social groups. It takes a great deal of time - usually in excess = of a year and even then, in the case of adults, has not been completely = successful. Many mares or fillies are raised without ever having seen a = male horse of any kind and, when these are put to stud for the first = time, are very nervous and uncertain. In the horse racing industry this = will often result in tranquillisers or restraints being used in order to = protect both stallion and mare from injury. The same is true of colts or = stallions raised away from female horses, and in fact goes further in = that a natural element of colt play in 'bachelor' groups is that, by = practicing rearing, they become more adept at mounting and are better = able to properly align themselves when later addressing mares during = service. In comparison, both colts and fillies born and raised in = 'natural' harem groups exhibit none of these problems. I can only = conclude that it is a social environment, the design parameters of which = allow for the expression of naturally occurring behaviours that provides = opportunities to develop a successful social paradigm - or to become = socialised. I have been working for some time on the proposition that horses possess = culture and that, in common with ourselves, this varies from population = to population. Environment would seem to have the greatest impact, and I = would consider 'management' (human manipulation) as an element. It is = culture within a population that facilitates the passing on, from one = generation to the next, of skills and learned behaviours - however = simple or complex they may be - that enable them to function = successfully within a unique environment, i.e. the expression of = culture as an evolutionary survival trait. We would expect a child that had been raised in isolation from other = people to be without culture and to have problems communicating or = relating socially to other people (studies of 'wolf' or feral children = confirm this). It is my suggestion that a horse, or chimpanzee, that has = been raised in this way should be expected to lack culture in the same = way. If my hypothesis is sound, then socialisation would, I think, = rightly be considered a component of culture, and case sensitive from = one culture to another What do you think?=20 regards Andy Beck White Horse Farm Equine Ethology Project Northland New Zealand From: IN%"Lesley.King@linacre.oxford.ac.uk" "Lesley Anne King" 23-AUG-2001 13:39:04.66 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "'applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca'" CC: Subj: vacuum, redirected, adjunctive, displacement? In a situation where an animal is frustrated from achieving the end result of a goal-directed behaviour, such as a chicken that does not receive food following pecking and foraging, some strange behaviours may appear. These may be the same behaviour directed at an inappropriate target or a qualitatively different version of the behaviour, or a behaviour that seems to have no relation to the original behaviour. My question is: when is a behaviour redirected, vacuum, adjunctive or a displacement? What are the subtle (or not so subtle) differences between each type of behavior? Or do they describe the same thing? Are these terms of any use? I ask as trawling literature I find almost interchangeable definitions! Your thoughts and argument would be most welcome. Lesley From: IN%"varlyakov@ram-trakia.org" "Ivan Varlyakov" 25-AUG-2001 04:18:10.03 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Hi Hi, Dear friends, It's great pleasure for me to be back in our Network after 3 year absent. My new position in Regional Association of Municipalities gives me limited possibilities to investigate behaviour of animals and big chance to investigate human behaviour - of mayors and municipality staff. In the same time I have my seminars and lectures with the students in the Trakia University and I'm happy in sphere of Animal Welfare and improving of new legislation according with the association of our country to EC. I'll be happy to hear for old friends from Harper Adams College, Kiel University, Foulum Research Institute, Godollo Exp. Farm etc. Best regards, Ivan Varlyakov Stara Zagora, Bulgaria varlyakov@ram-trakia.org or ivarlyakov@yahoo.com From: IN%"christine.moinard@bbsrc.ac.uk" "christine moinard (RI)" 28-AUG-2001 08:50:17.41 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: post-doc position This message is in MIME format. Since your mail reader does not understand this format, some or all of this message may not be legible. --Boundary_(ID_lNTc+9FI+snxQbdvC17hTQ) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable the following position is now being advertised ------------------------------------------------------------------------= - ROSLIN INSTITUTE (EDINBURGH) POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH OPPORTUNITY IN POULTRY BEHAVIOUR The expression of undesirable behaviours can seriously damage poultry welfare and productivity. A postdoctoral researcher is required to work = with Dr Bryan Jones and his team on genetic and environmental factors = influencing selected behaviour patterns in chickens and quail. Traits of interest include sociality, feather pecking, fear, and stress-susceptibility. Environmental studies will focus on the effects of environmental = enrichment, housing systems, lighting, and olfactory stimulation. Candidates must = have substantial postdoctoral experience of research in animal behaviour, a background in life sciences or psychology, a good knowledge of = statistics, the ability to multi-task, and a willingness to travel.=20 The post is for 4 years and salary will be in the range =A319,500 to = =A323,000 p.a., commensurate with experience. Please send expressions of interest to: Bryan.Jones@bbsrc.ac.uk Closing date for completed applications is Monday 8th October 2001 --Boundary_(ID_lNTc+9FI+snxQbdvC17hTQ) Content-type: application/msword; name="Postdoc advert-PWS.doc" Content-transfer-encoding: BASE64 Content-disposition: attachment; filename="Postdoc advert-PWS.doc" 0M8R4KGxGuEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPgADAP7/CQAGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAAAA IgAAAAAAAAAAEAAAJAAAAAEAAAD+////AAAAACEAAAD///////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 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//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////wEA/v8DCgAA/////wYJAgAAAAAAwAAAAAAAAEYYAAAA TWljcm9zb2Z0IFdvcmQgRG9jdW1lbnQACgAAAE1TV29yZERvYwAQAAAAV29yZC5E b2N1bWVudC44APQ5snEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA --Boundary_(ID_lNTc+9FI+snxQbdvC17hTQ)-- From: IN%"rudy.demeester@pi.be" "de meester rudy" 29-AUG-2001 01:03:42.64 To: IN%"dmills@dmu.ac.be" "'dmills@dmu.ac.be'", IN%"doreen.planta@wxs.nl" "'doreen.planta@wxs.nl'", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "'applied-ethology'" CC: Subj: FW: -----Oorspronkelijk bericht----- Van: de meester rudy [SMTP:rudy.demeester@pi.be] Verzonden: zondag 5 augustus 2001 16:58 Aan: 'claude.beata@wanadoo.fr'; 'dmills@dmu.ac.be' CC: 'MagaliHay@gstress.u-bordeaux2.fr'; 'doreen.planta@wxs.nl' Onderwerp: Hi to all, For a lecture in oktober for FECAVA I am urgently seeking for information on the new evolution in the approach in your country. Any political or professional evolution, statements of important persons or organisations, everything that can be interesting to comment for an international audience of vets is more than wellcome. I'll make a report for this group also. Thanks a lot, Rudy De Meester dr. Rudy De Meester dvm From: IN%"rudy.demeester@pi.be" "de meester rudy" 29-AUG-2001 04:16:36.36 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "'applied-ethology'" CC: Subj: addendum to my former message Sorry... I see I forgot to mention the subject! I am looking for information on dog agression and the way your government is handling it. Thanks a lot in advance and kind regards dr. Rudy De Meester dvm From: IN%"mjturgeon@cdpqinc.qc.ca" "=?iso-8859-1?Q?Marie-Jos=E9e_Turgeon?=" 29-AUG-2001 07:14:36.48 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology Network (E-mail)" CC: Subj: government This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_PZJTJIusQ86/aqMZ7RVLmg) Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_YQ0+I1s0JiTjULOuVlmuKg)" --Boundary_(ID_YQ0+I1s0JiTjULOuVlmuKg) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable Hi everyone! I am actually working on a project to do a "world wide" evaluation of legislation and on farm practices that promote the welfare in the field of pig production. We are just beginning our search. Ren=E9e Bergeron (Laval University in Qu=E9bec) is in charge. Lyne L=E9tourneau from = Laval and Suzanne Robert from Agriculture Canada in Lennoxville are also working with us. While searching the ressources on the web I found that the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies web site ( www.cfhs.ca ) contains a lot of information on laws (and the new Bill C15) and everything regarding welfare issues. You will find a lot of interesting links also and the way to look into all the provinces of Canada for particular laws.=20 I wish you good search! Marie :) Marie-Jos=E9e Turgeon, agr Charg=E9e de projet Centre de d=E9veloppement du porc du Qu=E9bec 2795, boul. Laurier, bureau 340 Sainte-Foy (Qu=E9bec) Canada G1V 4M7 T=E9l=E9phone 418-650-2440 T=E9l=E9copieur 418-650-1626 mjturgeon@cdpqinc.qc.ca=20 --Boundary_(ID_YQ0+I1s0JiTjULOuVlmuKg) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: QUOTED-PRINTABLE =0D= =0A=0D=0A=0D=0ASunflower=0D=0A= =0D=0A=0D=0A=0D=0A=0D=0A=0D=0A
=0D=0A

Hi eve= ryone!

=0D=0A

I am actua= lly working on a project to do a =0D=0A"world wide" evaluation of leg= islation and on farm practices that promote the =0D=0Awelfare in the = field of pig production. We are just beginning our search. Ren=E9e = =0D=0ABergeron (Laval University in Qu=E9bec) is in charge. Lyne L= =E9tourneau from =0D=0ALaval  and Suzanne Robert from Agricultur= e Canada in Lennoxville are also =0D=0Aworking with us. While searchi= ng=20 the ressources on the web I found that the =0D=0ACanadian Federation = of Humane Societies web site (ww= w.cfhs.ca) contains a lot of information on laws =0D=0A(and the n= ew Bill C15) and everything regarding welfare issues. You will find a= =0D=0Alot of interesting links also and the way to look into all the= provinces of =0D=0ACanada for particular laws.

=0D=0A

<= SPAN class=3D373455812-29082001>I wish you good search!

= =0D=0A

Marie :)

=0D=0A Marie-Jos=E9e = Turgeon, =0D=0Aagr
Charg=E9e de projet
Centre de d=E9veloppemen= t du porc du Qu=E9bec
2795, =0D=0Aboul. Laurier, bureau 340
Sai= nte-Foy (Qu=E9bec) Canada G1V 4M7
T=E9l=E9phone =0D=0A418-650-2440=
T=E9l=E9copieur 418-650-1626
mjturgeon@cdpqinc.qc.ca =0D=0A

=0D=0A

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7U65DBDgxj1GX9bn9w+3dnlNnkBsOXu+/v8ANG5Ng7FVCVGkVQszwEOjFowpJCsC VPIMKMBQ96HYg74J9Lvn0/HL8Ha0q+FDsVdirsVULjhwX1OVPUSnHlWvMcfs+9K9 qddq4Dw/xJC9uPFudKftH2wZuHwzx/Tv92/2LHnsttvQ9CL6tw+r8R6Ijpx49qU2 wx4f4eSZXe/NWwsUDHGFvrqT6xM7SJFWBx+7QCtCh4jr33OUxiPEkQd6Fj+3p7ut 9W2UiYRFDmd+p96Oy5qdiqHjkkkj5PBJCwLqI2KkkKxAb4WYfEBUb1od6HbCDLhu t+78bX+nrW6v/9k= --Boundary_(ID_PZJTJIusQ86/aqMZ7RVLmg)-- From: IN%"Meredith@Farmline.Com" "Michael Meredith" 29-AUG-2001 08:14:04.28 To: IN%"mjturgeon@cdpqinc.qc.ca" "=?iso-8859-1?Q?Marie-Jos=E9e_Turgeon?=", IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: government legislation - pig production Hi Marie-Josée, Increasingly pigmeat quality assurance (QA) schemes play a part in welfare regulation, for UK information see... http://www.pighealth.com/News99/MLC.HTM We have a webpage on UK legislation at: http://www.pighealth.com/News99/WELFUK.HTM For some discussion of the interaction of pressure groups on legislation see... http://www.pighealth.com/welfare.htm Dr. Mike Appleby's book gives lots of background to legislation, details at: http://www.pighealth.com/MEDIA/P/BOOKS/BEHAVBKS.HTM Good Luck! Mike Meredith ----- Original Message ----- From: Marie-Josée Turgeon To: Applied Ethology Network (E-mail) Sent: Wednesday, August 29, 2001 2:17 PM Subject: government Hi everyone! I am actually working on a project to do a "world wide" evaluation of legislation and on farm practices that promote the welfare in the field of pig production. We are just beginning our search. Renée Bergeron (Laval University in Québec) is in charge. Lyne Létourneau from Laval and Suzanne Robert from Agriculture Canada in Lennoxville are also working with us. While searching the ressources on the web I found that the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies web site ( www.cfhs.ca ) contains a lot of information on laws (and the new Bill C15) and everything regarding welfare issues. You will find a lot of interesting links also and the way to look into all the provinces of Canada for particular laws. I wish you good search! Marie :) Marie-Josée Turgeon, agr Chargée de projet Centre de développement du porc du Québec 2795, boul. Laurier, bureau 340 Sainte-Foy (Québec) Canada G1V 4M7 Téléphone 418-650-2440 Télécopieur 418-650-1626 mjturgeon@cdpqinc.qc.ca From: IN%"t-friend@tamu.edu" "Ted Friend" 29-AUG-2001 08:55:27.60 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Training Guidelines - help Folks, I am involved in helping draft some proposed guidelines for the training of performing animals. This may eventually evolve into Codes of Practice for circuses in North America.. If anyone out there has been involved in a similar endeavor for any species, or is aware of some similar type of statement regarding the use of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, etc., in any type of training context, please contact me. Dog or horse trainer organizations, for example, may have some type of a policy statement that could be very helpful. Thanks for your help. Ted Friend ============================================================================ ==== Ted H. Friend, Ph.D., PAS, Dpl. ACAABS Professor, Applied Ethology Department of Animal Science Texas A&M University College Station, TX, USA 77843-2471 Phone: (979) 845-5265 Fax: (979) 845-5292 Email: t-friend@tamu.edu ============================================================================ ==== From: IN%"mjwylie@facstaff.wisc.edu" "M.J. Wylie" 29-AUG-2001 09:54:55.14 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Training Guidelines Request In response to Ted Friend: There several sources that I can think of that you may wish to explore. I think it's a matter of looking at what's out there and deciding what's applicable to your situation. So here's a list of where I'd look (off the top of my head....please contact me if you want more information about any and I can track it down......): 1. Last year the American Humane Association sent out a draft for review of "Humane Dog Training Standards". Constance Howard was the person collecting comments (303/792-9900). 2. The Association of Pet Dog Trainers has worked on guidelines. I believe that Steve Lindsay had involvement with that specific committee at one point. I have an older draft version. (Ian Dunbar was the founder of APDT). 3. The North American Dog Obedience Instructors have guidelines and this (NADOI) is one of the older organizations. 4. Many service dog organizations have written guidelines. Delta Society would be a place to check out. 5. The Animal Trainers Forum (a Specific Interest Group of the Association for Behavior Analysis) does not have any published guidelines that I am aware of.......but many of those members may be able to help you locate what you need. (Karen Pryor was instrumental in getting the Animal Trainers Forum established). 6. There are several "zoo" associations......I can get you a list of the people that I would check with for suggested places to look. 7. Marian and Bob Bailey are pioneers in training of "show" animals using operant conditioning. They currently offer "chicken training" workshops to help people learn the mechanic skills needed. http://www.hsnp.com/behavior/ They also spent many years training OTHERS how to train animals and maintain those behaviors while "on the road". 8. There are some horse training policy statements by various organizations.....but the majority that come to mind right off are extremely breed and/or performance specific. 9. I vaguely remember, I *think*, some kind of general guidelines re: training (brief) from AVMA? and maybe AAEP? 10. In the past two years, there have been several books published which discuss dog training and behavior. Sections of these writings may help you in your endeavor!! And of course, those books are at home and I'm in my office!! So if you want my "list".....let me know and I'll try to pull one together!! 11. At the University of Wisconsin, I am involved with a "hands-on" portion of the Humane Officer Training course offered by the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection. I organize the horse, beef cattle, and dairy cattle sessions. The Missouri Law Enforcement Training Institute organizes the majority of the course content. This group also trains humane officers in many other states. Mike Gillingham is the person I have contact with in Missouri. He may know of some guidelines that assist Humane Officers in determining if a particular training "method" or the specific "use" of a method warrants further investigation or not. Just another angle to explore!! I'm sure that as soons as I hit the "send" button......many more possible options to explore will pop into my head!! ******************************* M.J. Wylie, Ph.D. Extension Horse Specialist Professional Animal Scientist, ARPAS 286 Animal Science Building 1675 Observatory Drive Department of Animal Sciences University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 53706 Voice - 608/263-4303; FAX - 608/262-5157 mj.wylie@ces.uwex.edu http://www.uwex.edu/ces/animalscience/horses/ From: IN%"Shetts@aol.com" 29-AUG-2001 15:00:59.77 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Training Guidelines Request In a message dated 08/29/2001 9:55:29 AM Mountain Daylight Time, mjwylie@facstaff.wisc.edu writes: > . Last year the American Humane Association sent out a draft for review > of "Humane Dog Training Standards". Constance Howard was the person > collecting comments (303/792-9900). > > 2. The Association of Pet Dog Trainers has worked on guidelines. I believe > that Steve Lindsay had involvement with that specific committee at one > point. I have an older draft version. (Ian Dunbar was the founder of > APDT). > > 3. The North American Dog Obedience Instructors have guidelines and this > (NADOI) is one of the older organizations. > > 4. Many service dog organizations have written guidelines. Delta Society > would be a place to check out. > > I posted a reply to Ted privately - but will post to the list as there is some confusion here. Three years ago, Delta Society contracted with AHA to produce a document on humane dog training. I've been the scientific director for that project. To make a long story short, 2 documents will be released in the next few weeks. One from Delta Society, titled Professional Standards for Dog Trainers: Effective, Humane Principles, and one from AHA directed toward the general public which will have a title similar to Guidelines for Humane Dog Training. Representatives from both NADOI (National Association of Dog Obedience INstructors, NOT North Amer. Dog ----- which is no longer in existence) and APDT as well as many other organziations participated in this project. APDT has their own code of ethics separate from the project, and I think NADOI does too - you can check out their respective websites at apdt. com and NADOI.org. Delta's document can soon be ordered from their website (www.deltasociety.org), and probably AHA's can as well, although I am not sure about that. Both publications will be presented at upcoming conferences - AHA's national conference in D.C. and the IAHAIO in Rio in Sept. - I'll be co-presenting at the latter wiht Linda Hines from Delta and Dr. Lynn Anderson from AHA. In fact, one of the reasons Delta funded this project was because in developing their SDES program to train service dog trainers, they made a commitment that only humane methods would be used, and found that there were no existing guidelines defining humane training. Suzanne Suzanne Hetts, Ph.D. Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist Animal Behavior Associates, Inc. Littleton, CO www.animalbehaviorassociates.com From: IN%"jburch@virtu.sar.usf.edu" "Julia Burch (NC)" 29-AUG-2001 16:12:33.40 To: IN%"Meredith@Farmline.Com" "Michael Meredith" CC: IN%"mjturgeon@cdpqinc.qc.ca" "=?iso-8859-1?Q?Marie-Jos=E9e_Turgeon?=", IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: government legislation - pig production You might want to=20 On Wed, 29 Aug 2001, Michael Meredith wrote: > Hi Marie-Jos=E9e, >=20 > Increasingly pigmeat quality assurance (QA) schemes play a part in welfar= e > regulation, for UK information see... > http://www.pighealth.com/News99/MLC.HTM >=20 > We have a webpage on UK legislation at: > http://www.pighealth.com/News99/WELFUK.HTM >=20 > For some discussion of the interaction of pressure groups on legislation > see... > http://www.pighealth.com/welfare.htm >=20 > Dr. Mike Appleby's book gives lots of background to legislation, details = at: > http://www.pighealth.com/MEDIA/P/BOOKS/BEHAVBKS.HTM >=20 >=20 > Good Luck! > Mike Meredith >=20 > ----- Original Message ----- > From: Marie-Jos=E9e Turgeon > To: Applied Ethology Network (E-mail) > Sent: Wednesday, August 29, 2001 2:17 PM > Subject: government > Hi everyone! > I am actually working on a project to do a "world wide" evaluation of > legislation and on farm practices that promote the welfare in the field > of pig production. We are just beginning our search. Ren=E9e Bergeron > (Laval University in Qu=E9bec) is in charge. Lyne L=E9tourneau from Laval > and Suzanne Robert from Agriculture Canada in Lennoxville are also > working with us. While searching the ressources on the web I found that > the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies web site ( www.cfhs.ca > ) contains a lot of information on laws (and the > new Bill C15) and everything regarding welfare issues. You will find a > lot of interesting links also and the way to look into all the provinces > of Canada for particular laws. >=20 > I wish you good search! >=20 > Marie :) >=20 > Marie-Jos=E9e Turgeon, agr > Charg=E9e de projet > Centre de d=E9veloppement du porc du Qu=E9bec > 2795, boul. Laurier, bureau 340 > Sainte-Foy (Qu=E9bec) Canada G1V 4M7 > T=E9l=E9phone 418-650-2440 > T=E9l=E9copieur 418-650-1626 > mjturgeon@cdpqinc.qc.ca >=20 >=20 >=20 >=20 >=20 From: IN%"PetherC@prose.dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol (TBC)" 30-AUG-2001 16:36:36.72 To: IN%"t-friend@tamu.edu" "'Ted Friend'", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Training Guidelines - help Ted The Qld Dept Primary Industries has published a Code of Practice for the welfare of animals in circuses. Did I send a copy to you previously? If not I'll arrange to have one mailed to you. Personally I'm not sure the statements on negative and positive reinforcement are technically correct, but the Code was written as a 'users' guide', not for the scientific fraternity. Get back to me if you want a copy. Carol > -----Original Message----- > From: Ted Friend [SMTP:t-friend@tamu.edu] > Sent: Thursday, 30 August 2001 0:55 > To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca > Subject: Training Guidelines - help > > Folks, > > I am involved in helping draft some proposed guidelines for the training > of > performing animals. This may eventually evolve into Codes of Practice for > circuses in North America.. > > If anyone out there has been involved in a similar endeavor for any > species, or is aware of some similar type of statement regarding the use > of > positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, etc., in any > type of training context, please contact me. Dog or horse trainer > organizations, for example, may have some type of a policy statement that > could be very helpful. > > Thanks for your help. > > Ted Friend > > > > > > ========================================================================== > == > ==== > > Ted H. Friend, Ph.D., PAS, Dpl. ACAABS > Professor, Applied Ethology > Department of Animal Science > Texas A&M University > College Station, TX, USA 77843-2471 > Phone: (979) 845-5265 > Fax: (979) 845-5292 > Email: t-friend@tamu.edu > ========================================================================== > == > ==== > ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and delete it from your computer system network. From: IN%"csimpson@vt.edu" "csimpson" 31-AUG-2001 05:12:40.46 To: IN%"Applied-Ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: introduction Hello, As a brief introduction, my name is Cheryl Simpson-Freeman and I'm a freshman veterinary student at the Virginia Maryland Regional College. We were asked to join this list as part of an ethology class. My main interests are small animals and horses but I would like to experience working with zoo animals at some point in my training. This is a second career for me. From: IN%"Juan.Pratdesaba@aventis.com" 31-AUG-2001 12:09:41.34 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: introduction Hello everyone: My name is Juan Jos=E9 Pratdesaba, I am a bioligist and my interests are placed specially in wild animals behavior, such as mammals and = insects, of course i'm interested in dogs and cats behavior. I work in the pharmaceutical ambience, specially in vaccines area, so if there's = anything i can do for anyone, I'll be in touch. Best regards, Juan Jos=E9