From: IN%"apn6mav@south-01.novell.leeds.ac.uk" "M.A. VARLEY" 1-FEB-1996 09:29:24.58 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Mike Baxter's e-mail address Dear All Does anyone out there have Mike Baxter's e-mail address? I would be grateful if you could send it on. Mike Varley Dr Mike Varley Department of Animal Physiology and Nutrition The University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT; tel 01132 333062, Fax 01132 333072 Mobile 0864 102531; apn6mav@leeds.ac.uk Visit with us at: http://www.leeds.ac.uk/apn/apn.html From: IN%"William_R_STRICKLIN@umail.umd.edu" 1-FEB-1996 10:01:54.27 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: census of animal use Dear All, G.F. Barbato recently wrote that Cohen (1995) reported numbers that indicate the annual world-wide use of domestic animals was 21.5 billion. (My thanks for this information.) I originally requested info specifically on Europe, and then info that might be available on world stats. My request for world numbers was based in part on my interest in assessing the validity of the following information taken from Linzey (1987; Christianity and the Rights of Animals, New York, page 99): "In the two major areas of famring and experimentation alone, approximately a hundred billion animals are killed in the world every year. Use of experimental animals in the United States is conventionally estimated in the region of seventy to a hundred and twenty million. World-wide the total is probably somewhere around five hundred million." According to these numbers, Linzey is suggesting that the number of farm animals world-wide is 4 to 5 times more than what Cohen (1995) apparently reported. Also, Cohen reports that there 17.2 chickens killed world-wide each year. The number that I typically use in class (and I don't remember the source of this statistic - but I think that it may have originated from animal rights literature) for poultry killed each year in the United States is 5 billion birds. If both Cohen and the number I use are correct, then the US is using (or at least producing) one-third of the world's poultry - and I would question this. I believe that the correct, or maybe I say more meaningful, numbers are somewhere between those of Cohen and Linzey (and other animal rights literature). A major problem, I believe, is determining some standard method of defining "animal" and "animals used." For example, should fish be included? If so, should fry be included (they are in research animal census now I believe)? Should male chicks that are produced by the layer industry but are discarded at hatching be included as "animals used?" Should calves and piglets born but die before market be included? Should dogs be included in the countries that use them for food? These definitions can greatly affect the final numbers that are reported. One point that I raised earlier and still believe may have merit is attempting to determine the number of animals used per person within different world regions. A problem with over-emphasis on such a ratio would be that it would tend to suggest equality of life across fish, chickens, pigs, cattle, dogs, reindeer, etc. But raising the question of how many animals are required to maintain a human life for one year may be worthwhile. Thanks again for the info. Ray Stricklin Department of Animal Sciences University of Maryland From: IN%"troach@ix.netcom.com" 1-FEB-1996 12:10:41.08 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Electroejaculation Joe writes: >I have been contacted by the Alberta Veterinary Association requesting >information on electroejaculation. Specifically, the committee would like >to know if there is any data that establishes the effective current and >frequency of electricity to achieve ejaculation for bulls? At what level >does the current and frequency become inhumane? "Inhumane?" Hmmm. We're talking about animals, not humans. I suggest that the people who want to electroejacualte the poor animals find out just what they are dealing with. Take a copper rod, some KY jelly, and put it you know where. Experiment with comfortable [sic] levels of frequency, voltage, current. >"The committee is aware that electroejaculation has been banned in some >European countries and would not like that situation to develop in Western >Canada. The committee is considering a compulsory monitoring and >maintenance program for electroejaculators. This would ensure that equipement >used in practice is functioning properly." I'm glad there are some "humans" who view this as the torture it is and have banned it. The very concept reeks of the religious nonsense that "man has dominion over the beasts". I wish some alien spaceship would land, grab a view of the vets who are experimenting and electrejaculate them. My solution? Film "erotic" scenes of the beast whose semen you want, show it to the captive male, and don a pair of rubber gloves, coat them with KY jelly, and manipulate the grateful beast's genitals till the quart jug is full. Don't laugh at the erotic animal film. I hear it actually was tried and worked on gorillas. Check in with alt.bestiality.gorilla.porn to see the movie. "Inhumane", what a sick joke. Tom Roach From: IN%"mrpounds@ucdavis.edu" "Mary Pounds" 1-FEB-1996 18:19:39.74 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Electroejaculation Hi, I thought I would stir things up a bit, years ago I was involved with a ranch operation where the Hereford bull was unable to provide natural service to the cows due to an injury. He was trained to come into the stocks and was electroejaculated for AI of the cows. He was collected several times per week and never refused to go into the stocks. He developed a mild respiratroy infection which required intramuscular injections of antibiotics and was put in the stocks for this. On day 3 or 4 he refused to go into the stocks for the injections. Everyone's opinion at the time was that the IM injections were painful and that the electroejaculation either was not or that he did derive some pleasure from the procedure, at least enough to override any discomfort. He did go back into the stocks later for collection and again did not refuse. I don't think we can judge animal reactions or perceptions by our own. Perhaps there is a good study out there on AI bulls and their co-operativeness in this procedure.... Sue Pounds, DVM Animal species do vary widely on their reaction to electroejaculation, a llama must be fully anesthetized for instance or will react quite strongly, certainly for this species it seems to be very painful. From: IN%"bob@hutch.com.au" 2-FEB-1996 00:28:05.51 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Ultrascience TV doco series I am currently researching for a new documentary called "Ultrascience". The series is being produced for Discovery Network in the US and looks at new technology and finds in a number of areas. I am working on a show called "Talk to the Animals" which deals with animal communication. If there is anybody out there who is doing interesting communication studies at present and would be happy to discuss their work, would you please contact me. Secondly, is there anybody out there who can talk to an animal in its language? I know this sounds a little far fetched, but somebody said there was a lady in California who can "talk" to her chimp in chimp noises, rather than teaching it to sign etc. I shall look forward to your thoughts. Sonia Harding "ultrascience" beyond productions 14/175 gibbes street chatswood nsw 2067 australia ph: +61-2-417-3400 fx: +61-2-417-1920/0413 From: IN%"serpell@pobox.upenn.edu" 2-FEB-1996 07:57:25.92 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: 17.5 billion chickens I am surprised that Ray Stricklin is surprised that the USA eats one third of the world's chickens. My (admittedly superficial) impression from living here for two years is that American's easily consume about a third of the world's FOOD! James Serpell From: IN%"D.B.MORTON@BHAM.ac.uk" 2-FEB-1996 08:43:01.80 To: IN%"William_R_STRICKLIN@umail.umd.edu", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: census of animal use Dear All, UK MAFF produce annual stats on the number of animals killed each week/month/year. That may be interesting from the point of view of how the figures are distributed rather than the actual numbers for a European/WW census. I have also tried to calculate the amount of meat the animal figures represent and my estimates are as follows. My figures may be debateable but the weights of animals at slaughter may well reflect cultural norms, or I may have them wrong! Personally I am surprised at the amount of beef but not the chicken. But then the figures were abstracted from 1991, before the real BSE scare. Maybe MacDonalds are doing better than I had thought. Chickens 607 million animals @ 2.5kg or approx 1.5 million tonnes or 11.5 ckickens/person/year, or 28.8kg ckicken/person/year Turkeys 33.5 @10kg 0.35 or 0.6 turkeys/person/year, or 6kg turkey/person/year Sheep 20 @ 30kg 0.6 or 0.38 sheep/person/year, or 22.3kg sheep/person/year Pigs 14.2 @ 60kg 0.86 or 0.27 pigs /person/year, or 16.2kg pig/person/year Cattle 3.5 @ 500kg 1.75 or 0.07 oxen/person/year, or 33kg beef/person/year Rabbits 5 @ 3kg 0.015 or 0.4 rabbits/person/year, or 1.2 kg rabbit/person/year Pest control kills in the UK were 8.65 million or 0.16 animals/person/year Animals used in research were 3 million or 0.05 animals /person/year The population of the UK is around 53 million, I think - lost count! Sources of animal numbers B.Kew, Animal Facts and Figures, Green Print 1991; RDS News July 1994 David Prof.David.B.Morton | Janet: D.B.Morton@uk.ac.bham Biomedical Science and Ethics | Internet: D.B.Morton@bham.ac.uk The Medical School | University of Birmingham | Birmingham | Tel: +44 - (0)121 414 3616 B15 2TT, UK Fax: +44 - (0)121 414 6979 From: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" 2-FEB-1996 09:23:23.47 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Electroejaculation -REPONSE >>>> I was involved with a ranch operation where the Hereford bull was unable to provide natural service to the cows due to an injury. He was trained to come into the stocks and was electroejaculated for AI of the cows. He was collected several times per week and never refused to go into the stocks. (snip) I don't think we can judge animal reactions or perceptions by our own. Perhaps there is a good study out there on AI bulls and their co-operativeness in this procedure.... Sue Pounds, DVM<<< Hooray! Finally someone has suggested that we actually test whether or not EEJ is painful rather than just assuming that it is or is not. Using aversion learning techniques, it would be the easiest thing in the world to do. Jeff Rushen rushenj@em.agr.ca From: IN%"wattsjon@duke.usask.ca" "Jon Watts" 2-FEB-1996 09:55:45.76 To: IN%"rushenj@em.agr.ca" "Jeff Rushen" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Electroejaculation -REPONSE On Fri, 2 Feb 1996, Jeff Rushen wrote: > > Hooray! Finally someone has suggested that we actually test whether or > not EEJ is painful rather than just assuming that it is or is not. Using > aversion learning techniques, it would be the easiest thing in the world to > do. > > Jeff Rushen > rushenj@em.agr.ca > This may be pedantic but surely aversion wouldn't PROVE it was painful, just that the animal was motivated to try and avoid it. There is sufficient variability and adaptability in mating behaviour that I believe you could equally well make the argument that a male animal would be motivated to resist giving up his genetic material to a bunch of people armed with mysterious objects who don't look or act like prime mothers for his progeny when he could save it for a live female who does. I'm not arguing that EEJ isn't painful. I exect it is. Or at least distressing or frightening. I'm just saying that J.R. can't prove it this way. Jon Watts From: IN%"William_R_STRICKLIN@umail.umd.edu" 2-FEB-1996 11:54:43.94 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: 17.5 billion chickens To James and others, I think that it again depends on how one defines FOOD! >I am surprised that Ray Stricklin is surprised that the USA eats one third >of the world's chickens. My (admittedly superficial) impression from living >here for two years is that American's easily consume about a third of the >world's FOOD! > >James Serpell When my daughter was about 10, she and I visited Hershey Park, Pennsylvania (a location I'm sure you, James, are familiar with - it is the location of the factory that manufactures chocolate candy, has an amusement park for kids, and site of Veterinary School). Never before or since have I seen as many overweight people in one day. I told my daughter that it reminded me of the Greek's belief that all elements tend to seek their source - that heat from fire rises because it is attempting to get back to the sun, that water runs downhill because it is returning to the ocean, that all things fall back to the earth from which they originated. And that it appeared to me, from the people who were at Hershey's park, that all that Hershey's chocolate that had been eaten and turned into fat was returning to its source. There were signs for kids that stated "You have to be this tall to enter this ride." I told my daughter there should be a horizontal measure with a sign that says, "Don't enter this ride if your butt is more than this wide." On a slightly more serious note, after spending 25 days in China last summer I came to wonder about the definition of FOOD. Two things particularly that I remember - feet is the cut of chicken that is considered the most delectable and the US is a major exporter of this FOOD! I should also maybe point out that it was while in China that I really started to wonder how many animals are required to sustain a human life - possibly when I saw toads being caught just after a rain or else when I was served sparrows on a skewer. It is my belief that more individual animal life is currently required to sustain a person today in China than a person in the US. This is in large part because I am including shell-fish, etc. when I say animal. But even if one moves to the level of veterbrates, I think that on a per person basis the number of animals killed per person per year still may be greater in China. I recognize that there are many, many flaws in making such a comparison - the greatest of which could be an attempt to jump to an assessment of good versus bad. Also, while I visited five different universities and the major cities, I am sure that I still got a superficial view of the complexity of China - including eating habits. But, I came away with the strong opinion that simple improvements of husbandry practices of their food animals is greatly needed - for improvement in both production efficiency and animal welfare. I left with a feeling that the welfare of intensively housed livestock is not always relatively worse than that of animals controlled by humans using more traditional methods. And James, when the feet are included as FOOD, I am certain that the US does not eat one-third of all the chicken consumed! Ray Stricklin Department of Animal Sciences University of Maryland > > From: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" 2-FEB-1996 11:58:14.38 To: IN%"wattsjon@duke.usask.ca" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Electroejaculation -REPONSE -REPONSE >>>This may be pedantic but surely aversion wouldn't PROVE it was painful, just that the animal was motivated to try and avoid it. There is sufficient variability and adaptability in mating behaviour that I believe you could equally well make the argument that a male animal would be motivated to resist giving up his genetic material to a bunch of people armed with mysterious objects who don't look or act like prime mothers for his progeny when he could save it for a live female who does. I'm not arguing that EEJ isn't painful. I exect it is. Or at least distressing or frightening. I'm just saying that J.R. can't prove it this way. Jon Watts<<< True, the tests wouldn't show that it was pain that was causing the aversion. Aversion might results from other factors e.g. fear, loss of control etc . But the tests would show that the procedure was aversive, which is what counts when we are judging the ethics of its use. Jeff Rushen rushenj@em.agr.ca From: IN%"wattsjon@duke.usask.ca" "Jon Watts" 2-FEB-1996 12:21:04.60 To: IN%"rushenj@em.agr.ca" "Jeff Rushen" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Electroejaculation -REPONSE -REPONSE On Fri, 2 Feb 1996, Jeff Rushen wrote: > > True, the tests wouldn't show that it was pain that was causing the > aversion. Aversion might results from other factors e.g. fear, loss of > control etc . But the tests would show that the procedure was aversive, > which is what counts when we are judging the ethics of its use. > > Jeff Rushen > rushenj@em.agr.ca > > Any number of veterinary or handling or examination procedures could be aversive including vaccination etc, designed to prevent illness (and thus suffering in future). I don't see aversiveness of a procedure as an acid test of the "ethicality". After all, a bull etc can make a big gain in reproductive fitness, potentially, by submitting to the procedure. He just doesn't know that. From a certain point of view that could be taken as an argument that his welfare is actually improved! Jon Watts ;-) From: IN%"gfb1@email.psu.edu" "G. F. Barbato" 2-FEB-1996 12:47:57.48 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: 17.5 billion chickens At 08:55 AM 2/2/96 +0000, you wrote: >I am surprised that Ray Stricklin is surprised that the USA eats one third >of the world's chickens. My (admittedly superficial) impression from living >here for two years is that American's easily consume about a third of the >world's FOOD! > >James Serpell > my recollection is that in 1995 the US grew out approx. 6 billion broiler chickens (NOT including egg laying stocks), but (as ray pointed out) i'm not sure if the 17.5 billion figure included both meat and/or egg stocks. i've been looking for the most recent data (with reference) so hold on a little bit longer... however my impression from the World Resources Institute Report is that, of the total animal population listed in my previous note, the US accounts for approximately 5% of the world population and 25-30% of the domestic animal population (not to mention other food resources). the World Resources Institute has a gopher site with some data (but mostly politics and ordering information). they also offer a pc version of their database. i firmly believe that the most pressing problem of the next 20 years is going to be feeding people. from my small office window, it appears that in the not-so-distant future we will not have the resources to produce enough food for all the people of the world, regardless of economics and/or philosophy. how those of us in the university, plan to train students (and ourselves) to meet this challenge will determine our future success. and i do believe we can be successful. in guarded optimism, guy ============================================== //// G. F. Barbato Phone: (814)-865-4481 < * ) Dept. Poultry Science FAX: (814)-865-5691 \ \__/// Penn State University Lab: (814)-865-3189 ( --- ) University Park, PA 16802 Email: gfb1@psu.edu \/ \/ **** URL: http://ps235.cas.psu.edu/ **** ============================================== " Things which matter most must never be at the mercy of things which matter least." -------- Goethe XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX From: IN%"STOOKEY@sask.usask.ca" 2-FEB-1996 13:05:39.63 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: EEJ and aversion testing Defending the use of aversion tests, Jeff Rushen wrote: > True, the tests wouldn't show that it was pain that was causing the > aversion. Aversion might results from other factors e.g. fear, loss of > control etc . But the tests would show that the procedure was aversive, > which is what counts when we are judging the ethics of its use. I think the interpretation of results and weight one gives to an aversion test is fraught with the same limitations we find with most preference tests. The choice between the 2 alternatives is relative. The results tell us little about the absolute properties of the procedures. Both procedures could be bad or acceptable from a welfare perspective. In addition, we would likely encounter a few individuals that deviate from the norm. Does that mean they are averse to the other procedure, can not make a choice, or find the procedures equally good or bad? Jeff, I think the aversion tests would be useful, but I do not believe the results and interpretation would be as cut and dried as you suggested. And certainly the decision to keep or ban the procedure would require other information. I also have the sneaking suspicion that the editors of a scientific journal (maybe even you, Jeff) would want additional information besides the results from the simple and pure aversion test you eluded to in your earlier comments. Joe P.S. Jeff, it is just great having you on the network! And it is wonderful to know that sometimes your remarks are as worthy of criticism as most of ours! :) ==================================== Joseph M. Stookey Department of Herd Medicine and Theriogenology Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0 Canada stookey@sask.usask.ca =================================== From: IN%"beaugrand.jacques@uqam.ca" "Beaugrand Jacques" 2-FEB-1996 15:44:07.76 To: IN%"ETHOLOGY@SEARN.SUNET.SE" "ETHOLOGY", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: The timing is good to suggest to colleagues organizing congresses and= scientific meetings to drop Poster sessions.=20 My experience is that presenting a poster costs a lot to society and is= not worthwhile. If the aim of posters is to have researchers meet and chat= about their results or projects, then there are other means.=20 I rather suggest to replace Poster sessions by surfing sessions of = posters or Research =AB scoops =BB prepared by (virtual) attendants to= the meeting. These Research scoops, by being posted on the www would = also be available =AB at large =BB, and a fortiriori to members not in a= position to attend the meeting. Moreover, these virtual poster sessions could have a quasi-permanent = duration and be independent of meetings. For instance, each association = (e.g. ABS, IEC) could maintain a permanent web page pointing to URL of = research scoops of members, this list of scoops being updated e.g. each = year or after 6 months.=20 To give you an idea of what could be a Research Scoop on the web, point your= browser to URL: =AB http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r20370/h1clip.htm =BB -- Avec les salutations cordiales de /Kind regards from Jacques P. Beaugrand, Ph.D., professeur Unit=E9 d'=C9thometrie, D=E9pt Psychologie, Universit=E9 du Qu=E9bec =E0 Montr=E9al, BP 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville Montr=E9al, Qu=E9bec, Canada H3C-3P8 -- 514-987-4801 (BV/Voix-ce/Bureau) 514-987-7953 (Fax) -------- Internet: beaugrand.jacques@uqam.ca =20 -------=20 Visitez mon site Web/Visit my Home page: http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r20370/ From: IN%"MMCGEOUGH@Upei.CA" "Mark McGeough" 3-FEB-1996 10:36:04.48 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: animal behavior does anyone have any references or other information on the psychological effect of castration on dogs. There is plenty of information on the physical changes and the behavioral changes but I am looking directly for the psychological changes. What occurs neurologically to these animals? How do they react to this procedure? Any opinions or theories are welcomed. thank you Mark McGeough Atlantic Veterinary College PEI, canada Fax (902) 566-0958 From: IN%"IDUNCAN@APS.UoGuelph.CA" 5-FEB-1996 09:02:43.69 To: IN%"Applied-Ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Abstracts for Guelph96 Dear All, A reminder that the deadline for submission of Abstracts for the ISAE Congress in Guelph is rapidly approaching. Details are :- 30th International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology Guelph, Ontario, Canada Wednesday 14th to Saturday 17th August 1996 Abstracts of papers (spoken and poster) should be submitted by 15th February. No special forms are required. We wish to receive abstracts of 250 words. Abstracts should include the title(s), name(s) and address(es) of author(s). The author's preference for a spoken or poster paper should be given. These Abstracts will be reviewed by a committee (constituted by ISAE Council) and notification of acceptance of papers will be sent out by 31st March together with instructions for the final format. Registration Forms for attending the Congress will be sent out at this time as well. There are several ways of submitting Abstracts :- (1) Abstracts (printed or on disk) may be sent by mail to :- Dr. Ian J.H. Duncan, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada (2) Abstracts may also be FAXed to Dr. Duncan at (519) 836 9873 (3) Alternatively, Abstracts may be sent electronically (and this is the preferred route) to :- iduncan@aps.uoguelph.ca I would also remind you that emphasis is being given this year to "The behaviour and welfare of laboratory animals" - so you might assume that Abstracts on this topic will be reviewed favourably! Yours sincerely, Ian J.H. Duncan From: IN%"102234.510@compuserve.com" "Sabine Braun" 5-FEB-1996 12:54:55.53 To: IN%"applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca" "INTERNET:applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: litter id Dear Jean, I have worked with piglets in group housing in sows. After birth we used small ear tags - I think the original purposed of those was for sheep. For safety reasons we put one ear tag in each ear. The colour was unique for each litter - e.g. left ear green, right ear white - and number was unique for each individual. With the ear tags we had good experience until about four to six weeks when the ears were growing and the hole as well. In order to study the teat position of individuals we first (1-10 days in farrowing pens) used colured felt pencils. Later in the group housing we observed once a week three focal piglets per litter. We identified them during weighing and colour marked them with one stripe along the spine. Hence we got three colours in order to identify one individual: left ear tag, right ear tag and stripe on the back. For my purpose this way was sufficient. Probably not for video recordings. Depending on your questions, on the number of sows and piglets per group, the room where you are going to observe I still think ear tagging is a good way for permanent marking without big risk to loose them during the first three weeks of life. If you are further interested I may send you my Masters thesis which is titled: Individual variation in behaviour and growth of piglets in a combined systtem of individual and loose housing in sows, which I carried out at tzhe Institute in Skara Sweden Greetings from Sabine From: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" 5-FEB-1996 16:39:46.97 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: EEJ and aversion testing Joe "writes": >>The choice between the 2 alternatives is relative. The results tell us little about the absolute properties of the procedures. Both procedures could be bad or acceptable from a welfare perspective>> Yes, the measure is relative. However, by imposing a "cost" on the animals choice e.g. making it miss out on food in order to avoid the procedure, we can get some idea of how aversive the treatment is. (e.g. Dawkins AABS 1988 20:209; Rushen AABS 1990 28:3) We could also decide to have some "maximal-aversion" standard e.g. 48h food deprivation. Aversion beyond this would be considered "unacceptable". >>In addition, we would likely encounter a few individuals that deviate from the norm. Does that mean they are averse to the other procedure, can not make a choice, or find the procedures equally good or bad?>> Aversion tests depend on the animals learning an association between some cue and some treatment. Consequently, factors affecting memory or learning ability can confound the results. Aversion learning techniques cannot be used to look at individual differences, unless we can eliminate the effect due to individual differences in learning ability. >>I also have the sneaking suspicion that the editors of a scientific journal (maybe even you, Jeff) would want additional information besides the results from the simple and pure aversion test you eluded to in your earlier comments.>> It depends. If the aim of the paper was to measure aversiveness, then tests of aversion would be sufficient. If the aim was to measure "welfare" or "acceptability" then no single measure would be ever be sufficent. "Welfare" cannot be measured objectively in the sense that aversion can. Jeff Rushen rushenj@em.agr.ca From: IN%"jensr@mi.aau.dk" "jensr" 6-FEB-1996 01:59:16.91 To: IN%"IDUNCAN@APS.UoGuelph.CA" CC: IN%"Applied-Ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Abstracts for Guelph96 Does anyone know if the ISAE congres have a web page? /Jens From: IN%"Nabil.Brandl%Foulum%Husdyr1@sh1.foulum.min.dk" 6-FEB-1996 04:04:20.32 To: IN%"applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Re: Abstracts for Guelph96 ConcerningHomePage for ISAE Try http://www.Uguelph.ca and be patient, it take time to be connected to Guelph University. Best regards Nabil Brandl From: IN%"Frank.Odberg@rug.ac.be" "Frank Odberg" 6-FEB-1996 05:21:14.64 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: info request I have just been asked by a pig producer whether the colour of the walls could influence their behaviour. I know it is supposed they are dichromats, but I don't have the original publication and I don't know of studies on the influence on behaviour. Can somebody help me with scientific or empirical knowledge? Thank you! Frank Odberg From: IN%"bifri@mbox.vol.it" 6-FEB-1996 06:29:19.55 To: IN%"Applied-Ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: warning coloured butterflies and insectivorous birds Is there someone dealing with prey-predators interactions between birds and= =20 conspicuously coloured preys? I am interested in talking about experiments= =20 I I am carring out for my PhD thesis at University of Rome (Italy),=20 involving warning coloured butterflies and insectivorous birds (Parus=20 spp.). Please contact me!! Thank you! Elisabetta Marucci E-mail adress:Bifri@mbox.vol.it Laboratory adress:=20 Laboratorio di Ecologia Applicata ed Acquacoltura Universit=E0 degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata" Viale della Ricerca Scientifica, s.n.c. 00133 Roma - Italy Telephone number: 0039-6-2026187/8; FAX number: 0039-6-2026189. From: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" 6-FEB-1996 08:32:34.74 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: info request -expansion >>>>I have just been asked by a pig producer whether the colour of the walls could influence their behaviour. I know it is supposed they are dichromats, but I don't have the original publication and I don't know of studies on the influence on behaviour. Can somebody help me with scientific or empirical knowledge? Thank you! Frank Odberg <<<<<<<<<<<<<<< I have oftebn heard this said about cattle, and I was about to search for the literature. Therefore, could I please have a copy of any messages sent to Frank about this. Thanks in advance. Jeff Rushen rushenj@em.agr.ca From: IN%"neville.prescott@bbsrc.ac.uk" "PRESCOTT" 6-FEB-1996 10:21:37.50 To: IN%"applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: info request >>I have just been asked by a pig producer whether the colour of the >>walls could influence their behaviour. I know it is supposed they >>are dichromats, but I don't have the original publication and I don't >>know of studies on the influence on behaviour. Can somebody help me with >>scientific or empirical knowledge? >>Thank you! >>Frank Odberg Try: Klopfer, FD, 1966, Visual learning in swine. In: Swine in biomedical research, ed. Bustad LK, McClellan RO, pp.559-574. Seattle: Battelle Memorial Institute. Nice review if a little dated. Neville Prescott From: IN%"JULIA.BEHRENDS@bbsrc.ac.uk" "BEHRENDS" 7-FEB-1996 04:16:28.05 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Introduction of a new member Hello, my name is Julia Behrends and I'm a veterinary surgeon from Germany, at the moment producing my PhD at Silsoe Research Institute, UK. My main interest is in animal behaviour and animal transport as I'm looking for behavioural responses of poultry to transport stressors like noise and vibration. I entered this discussion group to widen my sight about animal behaviour and to get maybe some interesting things out of it. If anybody has information about aversion of broiler chickens to special noise sources, please let me know, because there hasn't been much work done in this area. I have a few references from NZ. Hope to hear from you, thanks for reading Julia From: IN%"mrclarke@mailhost.tcs.tulane.edu" "Margaret R Clarke" 7-FEB-1996 16:28:12.04 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: announcement The next issue of the Bulletin of the American Society of Primatologists will be coming out in early March. Please send any items of interest (meeting announcements, job possibilities, internet information, summer volunteer/minimum wage research openings, etc.) to the address at the bottom of this announcement. You can also email an announcement to me (but remember not to hit the reply button as this is going out to a list!). Please try to get announcements to me no later than Feb. 20, but the best thing to do is send it right away. The bulletin goes to each member of ASP, and there is no charge. Margaret R. Clarke, Ph.D. 504-892-2040 ext.316 Research Scientist New Orleans: 862-8040 Tulane Primate Centeň FAX: 504-893-1352 18703 Three Rivers Rd. or 504-834-4085 Covington LA 70433 oň 504-862-8041 email:mrclarke@rs6000.tcs.tulane.edu From: IN%"bob@hutch.com.au" 8-FEB-1996 01:46:24.85 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Ultrascience TV doco Dear all, Firstly thank you for those who answered my email looking for people who specialise in animal communication. I was wondering if anybody could help me track down the following people: Sue Savage-Rombow - She does research into communicating with chimps using a computer to talk to the chimp. She is somewhere in the US. Penny Patterson - She works with sign language to communicate with a chimp. Irene Pepperburg - Has Alex the Parrot who can talk in human language to describe objects, their shape and colour and count etc. I would be grateful for any leads on the following. Many thanks Sonia Harding "ultrascience" beyond productions 14/175 gibbes street chatswood nsw 2067 australia ph: +61-2-417-3400 fx: +61-2-417-1920/0413 From: IN%"wattsjon@duke.usask.ca" "Jon Watts" 8-FEB-1996 09:16:29.83 To: IN%"bob@hutch.com.au" "Paul Grocott" CC: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Ultrascience TV doco Sonia, You could take a look at Irene Pepperberg's WWW page. http://rampages.onramp.net/~perfect/pepperbg/index.html There is an address for sending her money. Maybe if you were to make a tax deductible contribution to support Alex the parrot.......... Regards Jon Watts P.S. If anyone wants to send me money, go ahead. I figure I need education more than Alex does, since he already has a larger vocabulary than me and can count higher. Besides what does a a good looking guy like him need with all that fancy book learnin'? From: IN%"kckissan@alpha.delta.edu" "Kelly Caithlin Kissane" 8-FEB-1996 09:28:27.34 To: IN%"wattsjon@duke.usask.ca" "Jon Watts" CC: IN%"bob@hutch.com.au" "Paul Grocott", IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Ultrascience TV doco Actually Irene Pepperberg is an excellent choice. I graduated from Univeristy of Arizona, and Alex has become a media darling there. He's definitely not camera shy. From: IN%"Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "CM. Sherwin" 8-FEB-1996 09:52:59.14 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Where is Caroline Manser? Hi everyone, Could someone let me know Caroline Manser's e-mail address. I have tried the address given in the ISAE membership directory (cem1008@phx.cam.ac.uk) but this does not appear to work. Thanks very much in advance for your time, Chris Sherwin University of Bristol From: IN%"S.Ireland@plymouth.ac.uk" 8-FEB-1996 15:14:10.03 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Associations between dairy cows I am currently analysing data obtained for an honours project disertation on associations between animals within the Seale-Hayne dairy herd. The results are sugesting that hefiers (first calvers) tend not to associate with the rest of the cows and are more isolated as a group within a herd of 60 animals housed together. If anyone has any coments or relevent knololege that i may find interesting or relevent to this i would be very greatful to here from you. cheers JO IRELAND 32 Upper West Seale Hayne Newton Abbot Devon TQ12 6NQ ENGLAND From: IN%"fc@ntforsk.no" "Frank Christiansen" 9-FEB-1996 04:24:31.22 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "'applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca'" CC: Subj: High frequency equipment for frightening predators Hello! My name is Frank Christiansen and I am currently working with Dr. Bjarne = Braastad, Dept. of Animal Science, Agr. University of Norway, conducting = research on dogs' behaviour looking at learning, motivation, temperament = and breed differences when confronted with sheep at pasture. One test = method is using electrical collar. This research is part of my = Dr.scient. education. Does anybody have any advice or information about this subject? A friend of mine keeps sheep (primitive breed) on an island. The problem = is that the fox swims out there and kills the lambs just after birth, = when both mother and lamb are weak. He asks if there is available an = instrument sending out high frequency sounds to frighten the fox from = the area. Could anyone help me with any advice or information about this = instrument? Thanks for reading Frank From: IN%"eoprice@ucdavis.edu" "Edward O. Price" 9-FEB-1996 10:23:58.22 To: IN%"applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca" "applied-ethology-error", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "applied-ethology" CC: Subj: RE: Associations between dairy cows Dear Jo: One source of information on this topic is Reinhardt, V. and A. Reinhardt, 1975. Dynamics of social hierarchy in a dairy herd. Zeit. Tierpsychol. 38: 315-323. Ed Price UC Davis (California) ---------- >From: applied-ethology-error >To: applied-ethology >Subject: Associations between dairy cows >Date: Thursday, February 08, 1996 9:12PM > >I am currently analysing data obtained for an honours project >disertation on associations between animals within the Seale-Hayne >dairy herd. > The results are sugesting that hefiers (first calvers) tend not to >associate with the rest of the cows and are more isolated as a group >within a herd of 60 animals housed together. > If anyone has any coments or relevent knololege that i may find >interesting or relevent to this i would be very greatful to here from >you. > >cheers > >JO IRELAND >32 Upper West >Seale Hayne >Newton Abbot >Devon >TQ12 6NQ >ENGLAND > From: IN%"eoprice@ucdavis.edu" "Edward O. Price" 9-FEB-1996 10:28:53.37 To: IN%"applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca" "applied-ethology-error", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "applied-ethology" CC: Subj: RE: Associations between dairy cows Dear Jo: One source of information on this topic is Reinhardt, V. and A. Reinhardt, 1975. Dynamics of social hierarchy in a dairy herd. Zeit. Tierpsychol. 38: 315-323. Ed Price UC Davis (California) ---------- >From: applied-ethology-error >To: applied-ethology >Subject: Associations between dairy cows >Date: Thursday, February 08, 1996 9:12PM > >I am currently analysing data obtained for an honours project >disertation on associations between animals within the Seale-Hayne >dairy herd. > The results are sugesting that hefiers (first calvers) tend not to >associate with the rest of the cows and are more isolated as a group >within a herd of 60 animals housed together. > If anyone has any coments or relevent knololege that i may find >interesting or relevent to this i would be very greatful to here from >you. > >cheers > >JO IRELAND >32 Upper West >Seale Hayne >Newton Abbot >Devon >TQ12 6NQ >ENGLAND > From: jswanson@oz.oznet.ksu.edu Organization: KSU ESARP and AG To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Date: Fri, 9 Feb 1996 14:19:20 CST6CDT Subject: ISAE Abstracts N.A. Regional Meeting Dear ISAE Members: The following are abstracts of papers and posters presented at the 2nd Annual North American Regions Meeting of the ISAE in Lincoln NE July 8-10, 1995. Sorry for the late posting, a major hard drive crash caused us to have to retype the abstracts which, among many other projects, caused for the delay. Janice Swanson Livestock handling: research needs and application. Harold W. Gonyou Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., Saskatoon, Canada All livestock production systems require some handling of the animals. Handling may occur a few times a year, as with beef cows, or on a daily basis, as with dairy cows. As the handling process involves controlling the movement and behaviour of animals, applied ethology has a role in the design and operation of the facilities and equipment used. Some of the important considerations are the movement of groups of animals, the movement and restraint of individuals, and the control of fear. Although there have been some notable research programs on livestock handling, much of our current information has been obtained by consultants in the livestock industries. Additional research is needed, particularly on species specific behavioural reactions. This paper will review the dynamics of moving animals in groups, of restraint, and human/animal interaction, including communication. The emphasis will be on general principles and species specific behaviour. The needs for further research will be outlined. ____________ Lesson from herding dogs: the use of "body blocks" in establishing status in canine/human social systems. Patricia B. McConnell, Ph.D. University of Wisconsin-Madison Dog's Best Friend Consulting Service Black Earth, WS This slide and video presentation will discuss the use of "body blocks" in establishing appropriate status relationships between canines and humans. Body blocks are primarily a visual signal that dogs and wolves use in both inter and intra-specific communication: from shoulder slams between individual canids to herding actions from canine predators to prey. Indeed, it was observations of Border collies herding sheep that first suggested the importance of using body blocks in solving status related behavioral problems: regardless of the extremity of the stalking posture adopted by individual dogs, sheep moved most readily away from dogs whose center of gravity was forward of their shoulder girdle. Dogs with their weight squarely over their shoulder girdle are often ignored by sheep, while dogs leaning backwards are often attacked. Anecdotal reports from clients in an applied ethology business suggest that the incorporation of this posture is one component in a successful resolution of status related behavior problems. Many trainers and applied behaviorists have noted the importance of posture, body movements and the use of space in communicating with domestic dogs - this work benefits from that knowledge and is presented in hopes that it can be extended and even better understood. ____________ Behaviour of growing pigs in response to dietary deoxynivalenol. L.A. Braithwaite*, B.A. Rotter, D. Fraser and B.K. Thompson Centre for Food and Animal Research, Ontario, Canada In a series of 6 replicates, weanling barrows (n=18) were placed in individual pens at 6 weeks of age and,after a 3-day adaptation period, were randomly assigned 1 of 3 dietary treatments. A standard diet was fed ad libitum in the "control" pigs. The mycotoxin-contaminated diet (4.0mg deoxynivalenol (DON)/kg) was provided ad libitum in the "DON-fed" treatment. The "pair-fed" animal received the standard diet but were restricted to the amount consumed by DON- fed pigs the previous day. Treatment period lasted 10 days and individual body weights were monitored and feed consumption determined daily for each animal. Instantaneous observations were made at 1-min intervals from video recordings every other hour from 0900 to 2100 and feeding, drinking, standing, lying, and rooting behaviour were recorded. Percent time animals were observed performing each behaviour was then calculated. The control pigs had a significantly (P<.05) higher daily feed intake throughout the treatment period as compared to the DON-fed and pair-fed pigs (1281 n 30g vs 807 n 39 g and 760 n 36 g, respectively) and had higher weight gains during the first week of treatment. The DON-fed and pair-fed pigs spent significantly more time active (drinking, standing and rooting) than control pigs (16.7 n .01% and 16.4 n .02% vs 10.1 n .01%, respec tively) during the first 3 days of the treatment period. By the last 3 days of the treatment period the con trol and DON-fed pigs had similar activity levels but pair-fed pigs were significantly more active (7.0 n .01% and 7.4 n .01% vs 12.6 n .01%, respectively). The pair-fed pigs spent a significantly greater percentage of time drinking, throughout the entire experimental period, than did the control or DON-fed pigs (2.6 n .003% vs 1.0 n .001% and 0.9 n .001%, respectively). Thus, after increased activity during initial adjustment to the contaminated diet, the DON-fed pigs came to resemble ad libitum-fed controls in their behaviour; pair-fed animals, although consuming the same quantity of feed as DON-fed animals, continued to show the high levels of activity and drinking typical of hungry pigs. ____________ Repeated copulations with individual ewes by rams differing in level of sexual performance E.O. Price1, R. Borgwardt1, M.R. Dally1 and P.H. Hemsworth2 1University of California, Davis, CA 2Victorian Institute of Animal Science Victoria, Australia The purpose of this study was to determine if rams differing in levels of sexual performance differed in their tendency to repeatedly copulate with individual ewes. Rams exhibiting relatively high levels of sexual performance do not necessarily have a reproductive advantage if they repeatedly inseminate the same females while other receptive females go unmated. Thirteen high and 11 low-performing rams were individually exposed to 10 estrous ewes in a small arena for 30 min on three occasions. Trials were terminated once the rams had attained six ejaculations. (The high and low-performing rams averaged 29 and 77 min, respectively, to attain the required six ejaculations.) The two groups of rams investigated and courted an equal number of ewes. However, the high-performing rams copulated fewer times with individual ewes than the low-performing males (P<.01). As a result, high-performing rams mated with a greater number of different ewes than low-performing males (P<.06). These results indicate that high-performing rams are more likely than low-performing rams to direct their attention to different ewes after a successful mating. This tendency together with a faster rate of ejaculation further validates the superior mating ability of high-performing rams and underscores the advantage of using high-performing males in sheep breeding programs, particularly when the female-to-male is relatively high. _______________ Performance of four genetic stocks of cage-housed White Leghorn hens grouped according to differences in open-field behavior. A. Bruce Webster University of Georgia, Athens, GA An attempt was made to identify divergent behavioral groups of pullets and to monitor their subsequent behavior and production performance in battery cages. One hundred chicks (week-old) from each of two pure lines (33,99) and their reciprocal crosses (39,93) were tested individually for 4 minutes in an open-field environment consisting of a plywood box having a 30 cm by 30 cm floor area. Visual and auditory records of behavior were obtained on videotape. Residuals from ANOVA's of the latencies to peep, head flick and walk were converted into standardized values by dividing them by their respective standard errors. These values were summed to form an index of the behavioral activation of each chick. At 19 weeks of age, within each stock, the 40 surviving pullets which had ranked highest in behavioral activation, and the 40 which had ranked lowest, were selected as ACTIVE and INACTIVE birds, respectively. For each stock, pullets in the same behavioral category were paired and housed in battery cages. Videorecords of the behavior of half the hens were obtained at 31-33 weeks of age. The remaining hens were videorecorded at 45-47 weeks of age. Two sets of ethograms were derived from these videorecords, one for a 2-hour period in the afternoon when no eggs were laid, and the other for a half hour before egg laying, with the prelaying bird identified. In general, the major activities of hens during the non-laying period were not greatly affected by open-field behavioral category. ACTIVE hens manifested significantly higher levels of head flicking in stocks 33 and 93, but not in stocks 39 and 99. The number of instances in which a hen could not be observed tended to be less for ACTIVE hens than for INACTIVE hens (P=.06). Although behavior in the non-laying and prelaying periods was not compared by statistical analysis, it was evident that prelaying hens manifested higher levels of head flicking, standing, walking and bobbing/pacing, and lower levels of preening. Prelaying ACTIVE hens did significantly less walking than their INACTIVE counterparts. The only significant egg production difference between ACTIVE and INACTIVE hens occurred during the first 28-day period of lay, when ACTIVE hens averaged higher production (87.5% hen-day production vs 82%, respectively, P=.50). However, the production curves indicate that, while ACTIVE hens had substantially higher early egg production than INACTIVE hens in the pure-line strains, 33 and 99, this tendency was only slightly evident in cross 39 and not evident at all in cross 93. The relationships between behavioral characteristics of chicks in an open-field test and behavior and production of the same birds as hens in battery cages, therefore, are influenced by genetic stock. In the cases where early open-field behavior was linked to subsequent behavior in cages, the ACTIVE hens appeared to maintain greater alertness or arousal in cages, but also appeared to be less disturbed by the egg-laying experience. Hybridization diminished the relationship between open-field behavioral category and early-cycle egg production. ______________ A survey of beef cattle castration methods. B. Jones, L. Horstman and J. Morrow-Tesch Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN A survey of Ohio beef producers was conducted at the Professional Cattlemens' IRM (Integrated Resource Management) Seminar in Ohio on February 9 and 10 of 1995. The survey was conducted to find out which methods of castration are used by producers. Three principle castration practices are used today in the beef cattle industry. These methods are surgical, banding, and Burdizzo. Of these three practices, the most frequently used method was ban ding (38.46%), followed by surgical (36.92%), and then Burdizzo (24.42%). Responses indicated that the method used is due to the ease and quickness (25%) and because of the presumption of there being less stress to the calf (25%). These two answers were followed by health and safety concerns (18%), other reasons (15%), having always practiced the current method (9%), and cost (7%). The "other reasons" were assurance of completeness following surgical castration. Age of castration any also be a consideration when attempting to reduce stress. This survey indicated that the majority of castrations are performed between one month of age and weaning (45%). Next was castration within five days of birth (24%). Castration between the ages of one and four weeks of age (16%) and after weaning (15%), were equally practiced. Reasons for selection of these ages were less stress on calves (26%), ease and quickness of method (19%), health and safety concerns (17%), other reasons (14%), having always practiced the current method (10%), cost (8%), and higher weaning weight (6%). The majority of producers did not believe that local anesthetic should be used at any age (88%). Producers did indicate that they believed the method of castration is a stronger justification for the use of a local anesthetic (23%), than the age of castration (12%). This survey indicates that producers believe that method and age of castration may affect the well-being of calves being castrated. Yet, many of the producers share the belief that their method and age of castration is most beneficial in reducing stress on the calf, while practicing different castration methods. Scientific validation of which method of castration and age are least stressful has not been demonstrated in beef calves. It is clear from the survey that individual producers believe that the method they use reduces stress. ______________ Effect of increasing energy intake and foraging behavior on the development of stereotypies in pregnant sows. R. Bergeron, and H.W. Gonyou Prairie Swine Centre Inc. Saskatoon, Canada The persistence of a high feeding motivation after the meal in food restricted pregnant sows appears to be a major factor involved in the development of stereotypies. This study was designed to better understand the relative role of two consequences of food restriction (lack of energy and lack of foraging substrate) in the post-feeding persistence of feeding motivation expressed in stereotypies. Twenty-four second parity sows in their 8th week of gestation were classified in four groups according to their activity level (group 1: more active to group 4: least active). Then, sows within each group were randomly assigned to either a "high-energy" (HE- 1.7 times more energy than control diet), a "high-foraging" (HF- device placed inside the feeder for one hour at meal time to increase feeding time), or a control treatment (C), each one providing a similar volume of food. The animals were observed once a week by scan sampling, for 9 consecutive weeks. Observations made in the 90-min post-feeding period (starting one hour after food delivery) revealed that HE and HF sows spent more time inactive than C sows, with HE sows being the least active (P<0.01). C and HF sows tended to perform almost twice as much chain manipulation as HE sows (P<0.10), and sham chewing tended to be higher for C sows (P<0.10). In the following 5-hour period, chain manipulation tended to be higher for HF sows (P<0.10), but sham chewing was not affected by treatments. For both observation periods, sows that had been initially classified as most active were also the most active (P<0.01), spending more than twice as much time manipulating the chain (P<0.05). These results suggest that the long-term satiety induced by an increased energy level can potentially reduce repetitive oral behaviors such as chain manipulation and sham chewing. However, providing more opportunity to forage at meal time without increasing meal size or energy level appears to reduce the activity level, without consistently affecting repetitive oral behaviors. Keywords: sows, stereotypies, energy intake, foraging behavior. _____________ A 24-hour stall ethogram on 23 horses in a commercial stable during two seasons. B.K. Fulmer and M.A. Russell Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Behavioral analysis is one of many methods to assess an animal's well-being. Comparing the behavior of free-ranging horses with domesticated horses housed in a variety of confinement situations is one process of determining which behaviors are normal and which are abnormal. This study focuses on a stalled ethogram as a measure of a horses' well-being. Twenty-three lesson horses housed at a typical commercial stable were observed for non-consecutive 24 hour periods during the spring and summer seasons. Twenty-six different behaviors consisting of both duration and frequency behaviors were recorded during 10 minute focal samples. Duration behaviors included: standing, standing alert, stand resting, lying sternal, lying flat out, walking, running/excited, eating, drinking, socializing, investigating, nibble grooming, rubbing self, chewing/licking environment, lip-licking/chewing no food, and pacing/weaving. Frequency behaviors included: defecating, urinating, vocalizing, stretching, kicking stall, nodding head, tail swishing, crib-biting/windsucking, head tossing, and pawing. The aid of a hand-held event recording computer allowed for the documentation of simultaneous behaviors. Overall horses spent the greatest amount of time standing (55.7%), eating (43%), and stand resting (36.2%). The frequency behavior exhibited most often was crib-biting/windsucking which was observed 1,656 times (3.8 n 0.8 times/10 min. observation). A wide variety of management factors have been shown to affect the horse ethogram; the real challenge is to ascertain whether the differences in behavior indicate a lack of well-being. Key words: horse, well-being, ethogram, stalled. _____________ Equine welfare and legislation. E.L. Nyhus and J.L. Albright Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN The purpose of this paper was to collect legislation regarding the welfare of horses. Welfare or well-being, as defined by Broom (1990), is "an individual's state as regards its attempts to cope with its environment." Assessment of welfare may be achieved by measuring an animal's behavior, physiological parameters, and physical damage to the animal. Animal suffering can be the result of four basic actions or inactions of human beings - abuse, cruelty, neglect, and deprivation. The first, abuse, is the active or willful participation in the physical mistreatment of an animal. Cruelty generally refers to the abuse of an animal with an element of psychological maltreatment which leads to suffering or grief. Neglect occurs when an animal i s not provided with necessary provisions such as food, water, shelter, or veterinary care. Finally, deprivation describes implied cruelties which negatively affect the animal's behavioral and psychological needs, such as restricting an animal's freedom or offering inadequate environmental stimulation resulting in "stressed," "bored," or "unhappy" animals. Equine legislation is based on the first three of these, and examples include the Horse Protection Act, as well as horse tripping, tail docking, and state humane laws. In cases of abuse or cruelty, the observer would likely see evidence of physical abnormalities, such as lacerations or cuts on the horse. Assessment of neglect can be made by body condition scoring the animal, performing a skin test to check for dehydration, or observing the health of the horse. However, there is very little legislation concerning deprivation in horses, as the measurement of this is difficult. In order for solid, effective legislation to be drafted concerning t he welfare of animals in terms of deprivation, there is a need for more scientific studies addressing the issue of an animal's psychological well-being. ________________ Does more space mean a more enriched environment? Nancy J. Fiscus and W. Ray Stricklin University of Maryland, College Park, MD For captive animals, an increased quantity of space does not necessarily mean a more enriched environment because space has both quantitative and qualitative aspects. The quantity of space should be sufficient for an animal to perform given behaviors and to have adequate personal distance between animals. However, the most efficient design does not have more space than will be utilized. The spatial quality of an enclosure can be improved by increasing the complexity of the environment and the control that the animal has over its environment, and through modification of features of the enclosure such as the amount of perimeter, enclosure shape, and location and availability of resources within the enclosure. Defining appropriate space requirements for animals should address both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of space. _________________ Is domestication a single-gene trait? Marina R. Haynes and W. Ray Stricklin University of Maryland, College Park, MD Domestication is typically defined as a process whereby a group of animals become dependent upon humans for the continuance of their genetic kind. Additionally, domestication is traditionally viewed as having progressed through stages starting with the taming of a few animals and continuing as the traits gradually change genetically as the animals become "more domesticated." However, some research within recent years has implied that domestication may be a rapid genetic change involving a complex of genes that are possibly under the control of a "master gene". This complex of genes affects many facets of behavior and morphology in the domesticated species including: tameness, reaction to stress, coat color, facial morphology, and social interactions. A correct understanding of the genetic basis of domestication should enhance the ability of humans to efficiently and appropriately use and maintain domesticated animals. ___________________ Curvilinear relationships between social stress and social dominance among confined animals. Cassandra M. Moore and W.R. Stricklin University of Maryland, College Park, MD Data from previous research on the relationship between dominance hierarchy and social stress in domestic animals were reviewed and summarized. Even though the authors typically reported a linear relationship, graphical representations of these data sets revealed a curvilinear relationship between dominance hierarchy and social stress, but these previous studies typically involved only one social group. The data from these studies suggests that there is a need for further investigations using a greater number of groups in one study. A theoretical model is presented suggesting that social stress is greatest among the middle ranking individuals. _________________ Use of nestboxes by caged Japanese Quail Clare S. Knightly and Joy A. Mench Univeristy of Maryland, College Park, MD Japanese quail are used widely in biomedical and agricultural research as well as for the production of meat and eggs. Although behavioral problems are common in caged quail, there has been little research on either quail behavior or cage modifications to improve welfare. The objectives of this study were to determine if group-housed quail use nestboxes introduced into their cages, and to ascertain if there are box-type preferences. Seventy-two female Japanese quail were housed in groups of four in stainless steel cages measuring 1200 cm sq. Quail were provided with two 10 x 15 cm black plastic boxes that were either closed or open (O), and that contained wood shavings (W) or were empty (E), in one of six treatment combinations: WO-EO, EO-EC, EO-WC, WO-EC, WO-WC, EC-WC. There were three replicate cages per treatment. Behaviors in each cage were recorded for one minute at 12-minute intervals from 0800 to 1100 and 1300 to 1600 daily for ten days using a time-lapse video recorder. Boxes were used 24.4% of the day. Open boxes were strongly preferred to closed boxes (81% vs. 19% of box use), and boxes with shavings were preferred to empty boxes (59% vs. 41%). Behaviors performed most frequently in open boxes, regardless of whether or not the boxes contained shavings, were standing (28.6% of box time) and resting (45%). Open boxes with shaving were also used for dustbathing (3.4%), particularly in the afternoon. Behaviors occurring in closed boxes could not be (77% of box time), perching on them 3.3% of the day. The majority of eggs (65.8%) were laid outside of the boxes. Of the remaining eggs, 13.2% were laid in WC, 10.5% in EO, 9.8% in WO, and .07% in EC. These results demonstrate that even fairly rudimentary enclosures and perching surfaces are used extensively by caged Japanese quail, and their incorporation in cages might lead to improved welfare . From: IN%"hwamsley@students.wisc.edu" 9-FEB-1996 18:38:45.30 To: IN%"APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: SCROLL THROUGH THE NAMES TO THE END >Date: Fri, 9 Feb 1996 16:13:39 -0600 >To: sjbevers@students.wisc.edu, bmbrenem@students.wisc.edu, > cgbrown@students.wisc.edu, mcaldwel@students.wisc.edu, > jlbuur@students.wisc.edu, dcarolan@students.wisc.edu, > ccockson@students.wisc.edu, jcc@zeus.ahabs.wisc.edu, > jdaniels@macc.wisc.edu, ddemaske@students.wisc.edu, > hfellenz@students.wisc.edu, flannery@students.wisc.edu, > mafleisc@students.wisc.edu, cmgelvin@students.wisc.edu, > mdginsbu@students.wisc.edu, mgomulak@students.wisc.edu, > bpharris@students.wisc.edu, shinds@students.wisc.edu, > ejholder@students.wisc.edu, honzelka@students.wisc.edu, > smhook@students.wisc.edu, mahurlbu@students.wisc.edu, > krjacobu@students.wisc.edu, njaquish@students.wisc.edu, > ejjonas@students.wisc.edu, katzung@oncology.wisc.edu, > wmkeer@students.wisc.edu, gklauss@students.wisc.edu, > skoplitz@students.wisc.edu, korsower@students.wisc.edu, > lkowalke@students.wisc.edu, jjkraus1@students.wisc.edu, > smkresal@students.wisc.edu, calandwe@students.wisc.edu, > lalange@students.wisc.edu, krlarson@students.wisc.edu, > jlaukant@students.wisc.edu, kalewand@students.wisc.edu, > jelins@students.wisc.edu, alopez@macc.wisc.edu, > talorenz@students.wisc.edu, massak@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu, > crmau@students.wisc.edu, gmmay@students.wisc.edu, > jrneefe@students.wisc.edu, nenemetz@students.wisc.edu, > iaolsen@students.wisc.edu, laolson@students.wisc.edu, > baosgood@students.wisc.edu, tlbluler@students.wisc.edu, > apaul@students.wisc.edu, potocnik@students.wisc.edu, > rapoport@students.wisc.edu, wprausch@students.wisc.edu, > slrober2@students.wisc.edu, rollmann@students.wisc.edu, > ssaucedo@students.wisc.edu, tjschmi1@students.wisc.edu, > nmsewell@students.wisc.edu, ashidell@students.wisc.edu, > ksolvers@students.wisc.edu, psower@students.wisc.edu, > dlstaats@students.wisc.edu, jlstaus@students.wisc.edu, > cstefani@students.wisc.edu, tstrause@students.wisc.edu, > mstremel@students.wisc.edu, cturbevi@students.wisc.edu, > hwamsley@students.wisc.edu, kweidman@students.wisc.edu, > lwestrup@students.wisc.edu, nweiss@students.wisc.edu, > wkwinkel@students.wisc.edu, lswirth@students.wisc.edu, > dwzimmer@students.wisc.edu >From: rollmann@students.wisc.edu > >>Mime-Version: 1.0 >>Date: Fri, 9 Feb 1996 13:01:13 -0600 >>To: nruizgar@students.wisc.edu, pgwilson@facstaff.wisc.edu, >> tlgarber@macc.wisc.edu, grenier@students.wisc.edu, >> dckeyes@students.wisc.edu, rollmann@students.wisc.edu, >> rwwarren@students.wisc.edu, trasmus3@students.wisc.edu, >> rshirley@students.wisc.edu, schrist5@students.wisc.edu, >> friedman@biochem.wisc.edu, hhroehl@students.wisc.edu, >> djrudel@students.wisc.edu, pcmoe@students.wisc.edu, >> asbadrin@students.wisc.edu, MKOEPPEN@STUDENTS.WISC.EDU, >> sdweathe@students.wisc.edu, tqnguye1@students.wisc.edu, >> cmleys@students.wisc.edu >>From: kfoconne@facstaff.wisc.edu >> >>>Mime-Version: 1.0 >>>Date: Thu, 8 Feb 1996 20:37:42 -0600 >>>To: kfoconne@facstaff.wisc.edu >>>From: tqnguye1@students.wisc.edu (Tri Nguyen) >>> >>>Mime-Version: 1.0 >>>Date: Wed, 7 Feb 1996 13:59:27 -0800 >>>To: aehall@students.wisc.edu, bfquirin@students.wisc.edu, >>> mmbarker@students.wisc.edu, tqnguye1@students.wisc.edu, >>> mmkitabw@students.wisc.edu, mkoeppen@students.wisc.edu, >>> cdmyers1@students.wisc.edu >>>From: klynn@students.wisc.edu (Karyn Lynn) >>>Subject: Take this seriously-Aids project (fwd) >>> >>>Hello friends. Scroll to the end to get the message. >>> >>>-Karyn >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>>>Date: Fri, 02 Feb 1996 14:41:28 -0500 >>>>From: alshavlons@JTSA.EDU (Alan & Becky Shavit-Lonstein) >>>>Subject: Take this seriously-Aids project (fwd) >>>>To: JLonstein@aol.com, fischer1@CapAccess.org, klynn@students.wisc.edu, >>>> rgrant@merle.acns.nwu.edu, JEyres@aol.com, mbuhmann@nslsilus.org, >>>> c60dxs1@corn.cso.niu.edu, jfeuchtw@kentlaw.edu, >>>> 73042.2140@compuserve.com, Lgl@aol.com, mangolasi@aol.com, >>>> 73543.3710@compuserve.com, jlandsberg@aol.com, RTSabath@aol.com, >>>> Kay.Tavill@ala.org, cyepstein@JTSA.EDU, Studentlife@JTSA.EDU, >>>> cjdillon@midway.uchicago.edu, Patricia Jackson >>>>, >>>> pellodav@merle.acns.nwu.edu (David N. Pellow), VAAD_SLO@JTSA.EDU >>>>MIME-version: 1.0 >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>I know, but trust me on this one. Scroll to the end >>>> >>>>-Alan >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>>>Date: Tue, 30 Jan 1996 21:56:55 -0500 >>>>>From: Banana2afk@aol.com >>>>>Subject: Fwd: Take this seriously-Aids project (fwd) >>>>>To: alshavlons@JTSA.EDU >>>>>Cc: Jeffedj@aol.com, blatz@macalstr.edu, >>>>> EATirsch_+a_NOTES_+IEric_A+p_Tirschwell+r%Kramer_Levin@mcimail.com, >>>>> elbuenod@midway.uchicago.edu, fleanza@post.its.mcw.edu, >>>>> ibs446@lulu.acns.nwu.edu, JLonstein@aol.com, jfeuchtwang@kentlaw.edu, >>>>> fischer1@capaccess.org, cmablx@knoware.nl, LRVB@aol.com, >>>>>lmelbin@acs.bu.edu, >>>>> lili.gordon@forsythe.stanford.edu, JDaryl@aol.com, TAMINY@aol.com, >>>>> Chickofsea@aol.com, eise0016@gold.tc.umn.edu, 102106.3615@compuserve.com, >>>>> 103151.2025@compuserve.com, meconroy@bu.edu, NKatz2256@aol.com, >>>>> Chambs@aol.com, rgrant@merle.acns.nwu.edu, srudnic@wpo.it.luc.edu, >>>>> CnTRez2rem@aol.com, Blackdogue@aol.com >>>>> >>>>>I know, I know - but scroll all the way to the end! >>>>>--------------------- >>>>>Forwarded message: >>>>>From: coel@students.uiuc.edu (coel rachel anne) >>>>>To: mdoolitt@students.uiuc.edu (Matthew Doolittle), >>>>>densmore@aries.scs.uiuc.edu (John Densmore), coel@hawaii.edu (Marc Coel), >>>>>rebecca@uclink.berkeley.edu (Rebecca Brook), brtnfldt@uiuc.edu (Jenny >>>>>Breitenfeldt), Banana2afk@aol.com (Anne), c-hardin@students.uiuc.edu (Corey >>>>>Charles Hardin), nfew@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu (Nora J. Few), Beck12@eworld.com >>>>>(becky fardal), mwalsh@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu (Mary D Walsh), ntan@hawaii.edu >>>>>(Nathan C Tan), nseu@hawaii.edu (Nicole Seu), DebSagan@aol.com (Deb Sagan), >>>>>poggemey@uclink4.berkeley.edu (Kim Poggemeyer), fundi@sugen.sf.ca.us >>>>>(Fundisile Mbangi), ettema@students.uiuc.edu (ettema sandra lynn), >>>>>nlittenb@ucla.edu (Nikki Littenberg), a-hyun@students.uiuc.edu (Aerin Hyun), >>>>>hiatt_heather@jpmorgan.com (Heather Hiatt), Ute_Gawlick@qm.sri.com (Ute >>>>>Gawlick), hanalei@acpub.duke.edu (Leila Easa), g-fried@students.uiuc.edu >>>>>(Fried, Gabriel F.) >>>>>Date: 96-01-30 11:30:18 EST >>>>> >>>>>slightly faulty reasoning (i presume most of you don't have this many >>>>>anonymous partners) but i was told to spread the thang, so i am. you >>>>>have to >>>>> >>>>>keep scrolling to the end to get to the message. >>>>> >>>>>---------- Forwarded message ---------- >>>>>Date: Mon, 29 Jan 1996 18:21:13 -0800 (PST) >>>>>From: Yung Salmia Lie >>>>>To: aromero@cmgm.Stanford.EDU, jennifer_c_blase@ccm.sc.intel.com, >>>>> coel@uiuc.edu, Sean Richard Connolly >>>>>Subject: Fwd: Take this seriously-Aids project (fwd) >>>>> >>>>>Interesting project. Scroll through to the end... >>>>> >>>>> >>>>>---------- Forwarded message ---------- >>>>>Date: Fri, 26 Jan 1996 20:42:20 -0500 (EST) >>>>>From: Brian Lawrence >>>>>To: Christoper Hudson , >>>>> Anthony Curry , Julia Owens , >>>>> Gregory Lawrence , >>>>> Richard Lee , >>>>> Shawn Harris , >>>>> TeRon Lawrence , >>>>> Kristy Johnson , >>>>> Chuck Benton , >>>>> Dortha Chu , >>>>> Joseph Hoereth , >>>>> Grace Hsiao , >>>>> Yasmeen Mall , >>>>> "Andrew J. Lee" , >>>>> Yung Lie , >>>>> Joan Sangalang , >>>>> Audrey Young , Eudean Shaw >>>>>Subject: Fwd: Take this seriously-Aids project (fwd) >>>>> >>>>> >>>>>Hey, guys. Don't take this personal, but I'm just doing my job to make a >>>>>point. Take care of yourself. I'm out. >>>>> >>>>>Brian >>>>> >>>>>P.S. You can just scroll to the end... >>>>> >>>>> >>>>>Socrates' last words: "I drank what?" >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>>---------- Forwarded message ---------- >>>>>Date: Wed, 24 Jan 1996 02:29:52 -0500 >>>>>From:LRobillos@aol.com >>>>>To: ny952455@pacevm.dac.pace.edu, jpark@hsc.usc.edu, >>>>> bmlawren@husc.harvard.edu, Trishtruit@aol.com, aiko@wolfenet.com >>>>>Subject: Fwd: Take this seriously-Aids project (fwd) >>>>> >>>>> >>>>>--------------------- >>>>>Forwarded message: >>>>>From: psu07943@odin.cc.pdx.edu (Amy Eriksen) >>>>>To: lrobillos@aol.com, Trishtruit@aol.com (Tricia Truitt), >>>>>jeg@schwabe.com >>>>>(jill gray) >>>>>Date: 96-01-22 15:24:21 EST >>>>> >>>>>Hey everybody, >>>>> >>>>>I think is a really good noion, so I just thougt I would send it on . >>>>>Try and send it to some more people. >>>>> >>>>>Thanks, >>>>>-Amy- >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>>---------- Forwarded message ---------- >>>>>Date: Sat, 20 Jan 1996 15:26:11 -0800 (PST) >>>>>From: Cecily Hoffmann <96choffm@ultrix.uor.edu> >>>>>To: amy eriksen >>>>>Subject: Take this seriously-Aids project (fwd) >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>>---------- Forwarded message ---------- >>>>>Date: Thu, 18 Jan 1996 17:22:19 -0800 (PST) >>>>>From: janie vinson <96jvinso@ultrix.uor.edu> >>>>>To: Shawn Anthony Berkowitz , >>>>> cynthia Cerini <96ccerin@ultrix.uor.edu>, >>>>> David DiBene , >>>>> Gabrielle Gomez <96ggomez@ultrix.uor.edu>, >>>>> Cecily Hoffman <96choffm@ultrix.uor.edu>, >>>>> mahboba massoumi , >>>>> Imane Rharrit <98irharr@ultrix.uor.edu>, >>>>> dawn skorczewski , >>>>> Cam Linh Spam Pham <98lpham@ultrix.uor.edu>, >>>>> Elizabeth Warren >>>>>Subject: Take this seriously-Aids project >>>>> >>>>> >>>>>EVEN IF YOU GOT THIS FROM ANOTHER PERSON, OR YOU SENT IT TO ME...I CAN >>>>>STILL GIVE IT BACK TO YOU...WE SHOULD ALL UNDERSTAND THAT. >>>>>SCROLL TO THE END AND READ THE NAMES TO GET THE POINT. >>>>>---------- >>>>>Forwarded message ---------- Date: 18 Jan 1996 13:33:37 -0500 >>>>>From: David Di Bene >>>>>To: Syeda Ali , Diane Baker , >>>>> Shawn Anthony Berkowitz , >>>>> Brynn Blanchard , >>>>> Zach Bulthuis <97zbulth@ultrix.uor.edu>, >>>>> Zachary Bulthuis , >>>>> Andrea_Case@qmcampl.mail.cornell.edu, >>>>> Sandra Cernobori , >>>>> Ramona_Connors@qmcampl.mail.cornell.edu, >>>>> Billy Curtis , >>>>> Alyson_Dais@qmcampl.mail.cornell.edu, Diane Di Bene , >>>>> Regina_Duffey@qmcampl.mail.cornell.edu, Dan Feather , >>>>> Connie_Fuess@qmcampl.mail.cornell.edu, >>>>> matt gilbertson , >>>>> Ken_Glover@qmcampl.mail.cornell.edu, >>>>> Gabrielle Gomez <96ggomez@ultrix.uor.edu>, >>>>> Mark Handel , Tim Hanna , >>>>> David Hunt <160338@pc-lab.fbk.eur.nl>, >>>>> Connie Huyck , >>>>> Julie Jehue , >>>>> Ron_Kaussner@qmcampl.mail.cornell.edu, >>>>> Denise LaFourcade , >>>>> Lizanne Leach , >>>>> Wendy_Lombardo@qmcampl.mail.cornell.edu, >>>>> Wentong_Ma@qmcampl.mail.cornell.edu, >>>>> Mahboba Massoumi , >>>>> Joe McGill , >>>>> Paulett_McIntosh@qmcampl.mail.cornell.edu, >>>>> Audrey McKnight <96amckni@ultrix.uor.edu>, >>>>> Michael Moon , Nader Nadershahi , >>>>> Daniel_Ocampo@qmcampl.mail.cornell.edu, >>>>> Jason Oliver <97jolive@ultrix.uor.edu>, >>>>> Susan_Overton@qmcampl.mail.cornell.edu, >>>>> Julie_Paige@qmcampl.mail.cornell.edu, Stacy Papa , >>>>> "Antonella M. Parenti" , >>>>> Penny_Pasque@qmcampl.mail.cornell.edu, >>>>> Robert_Peterson@qmcampl.mail.cornell.edu, >>>>> Cam Linh Spam Pham <98lpham@ultrix.uor.edu>, >>>>> "Imane (Heffa) Rharrit" <98irharr@ultrix.uor.edu>, >>>>> Clark_Rodman@qmcampl.mail.cornell.edu, >>>>> Wishkobaykikijeebowigut Silver , >>>>> Judy Strack , Kenny Unice , >>>>> Sylvia_Victor@qmcampl.mail.cornell.edu, >>>>> Janie Vinson <96jvinso@ultrix.uor.edu>, >>>>> Sue Ward , >>>>> Kathleen_Winslow@qmcampl.mail.cornell.edu, >>>>> James Wusterbatrh <96jwuste@ultrix.uor.edu> >>>>>Subject: Fwd- AIDS PROJECT (seriousl >>>>> >>>>>Mail*Link(r) SMTP Fwd: AIDS PROJECT (seriously read >>>>>Please Scroll through all the names >>>>> >>>>> >>>>>>Cc: mmones (Mindy Mones), bladlie (Beth Ladlie), bridges (Alicia Bridges), >>>>>> ppochir (Pat Pochiro), rminter (PJ Minter), meager (Melissa Eager), >>>>>> jwillia6 (Jonathon Williams), kzeile (Kirche Zeile), >>>>>> gallogly (Peter Gallogly), agreave (agreave), mpatel (Mahesh >>>>>>Patel), >>>>>> aallen1 (Aaron Allen), hberkow (Heather Berkowitz), >>>>>> scummin (Sean Cummings), amendon (Adrienn Mendoca), >>>>>> slbaker@rs3.tcs.tulane.edu (Suzanne Baker), >>>>>> pcc1@acpub.duke.edu (Peter Carlone), >>>>>> nipascuzzi@vassar.edu (Nina Pascuzzi), >>>>>> stdjls12@SHSU.edu (Jennifer L. Schilhab), >>>>>> dah3y@uva.pcmail.virginia.edu (Dana Hansen) >>>>>>X-Mailer: ELM [version 2.3 PL11] >>>>>> >>>>>>Guys - scroll toward the end to find the importance of this >>>>>>message. >>>>>> Rach >>>>>> >>>>>>Forwarded >>>>>>message: > From pward@mailhost.tcs.tulane.edu Tue Jan 16 22:11:26 1996 >>>>>>> Date: Tue, 16 Jan 1996 16:09:45 -0600 (CST) >>>>>>> From: Peter Ward >>>>>>> X-Sender: pward@rs1.tcs.tulane.edu >>>>>>> To: David Ward , >>>>>>> spanish -- Christina Buckley , >>>>>>> James P Buckwalter , >>>>>>> Christopher Decker , >>>>>>> Scott A Cooper , >>>>>>> "Computer Support Dept." , >>>>>>> gregoryj@mailhost.tcs.tulane.edu, >>>>>>>jpalmer@mailhost.tcs.tulane.edu, >>>>>>> nervez@mailhost.tcs.tulane.edu, osejo@mailhost.tcs.tulane.edu, >>>>>>> tray45@aol.com, >>>>>>> Tulane Associated Student Body Senate -- Amy S Fortman >>>>>>>, >>>>>>> Alexander Webb Wilmerding , >>>>>>> Anthony Ibert , >>>>>>> Brett Wingeier , >>>>>>> Brianne Metzger , >>>>>>> Ira Nemeth , >>>>>>> Catherine A Corson , >>>>>>> "Crawford J. Downs" , >>>>>>> Edward Chervenak , >>>>>>> Clarence S Johnson , >>>>>>> Charles Ziff , >>>>>>> Danette Sullivan , >>>>>>> Dexter Chang , >>>>>>> Danielle Ludwin , >>>>>>> Dennis Moore , >>>>>>> dwright@mailhost.tcs.tulane.edu, >>>>>>> Erica M Meadough , >>>>>>> Faith Kendrick , >>>>>>> Hrich J Lacsamana , >>>>>>> Henry Wang , >>>>>>> Jackie Holmes , >>>>>>> Jennifer A Iorio , >>>>>>> Josephine A Lewis , >>>>>>> Jarett A Nixon , >>>>>>> Jill Wieczorek , >>>>>>> Kimberly Chalmers , >>>>>>> Keith Katz , >>>>>>> Kelli B Krystofer , >>>>>>> Karen L Mastin , >>>>>>> Karen J Norris , >>>>>>> Lisa A Hanssen , >>>>>>> Mary K Bates , >>>>>>> Melissa C Borrero , >>>>>>> Michael F Burke , >>>>>>> Mary E Byers , >>>>>>> Marisa A Crabtree , >>>>>>> "Mandy A. Flannery" , >>>>>>> Meredyth E Hudson , >>>>>>> Molly Itzkowitz , >>>>>>> Matthew C King , >>>>>>> Norma J Bute , >>>>>>> ngonzal@mailhost.tcs.tulane.edu, >>>>>>> Nathaniel Smith , >>>>>>> "Phinia-Cou Y. Judkins Aten" , >>>>>>> Peter Ward , >>>>>>> Roger Carter II , >>>>>>> Ralph McQueen , >>>>>>> Ronald Merrell , >>>>>>> Robin J Norris , >>>>>>> Rachel K Reed , >>>>>>> Roshni Shetty , >>>>>>> Rachel K Weathers , >>>>>>> Shasta Bateman , >>>>>>> Suzanne Davis , >>>>>>> Shawn Green , >>>>>>> Sridmar Sambandam , >>>>>>> Stephanie M Seshagiri , >>>>>>> Suzanne E Wiltz , >>>>>>> Todd M Taylor , >>>>>>> William Barnes >>>>>>> Subject: Fwd: AIDS PROJECT (fwd) >>>>>>> Message-ID: >>>>>>> >>>>>>> MIME-Version: 1.0 >>>>>>> Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII >>>>>>> >>>>>>> Scroll down to the bottom to see the message. It's a good idea ! >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>----------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>>>----- >>>>> >>>>>-- >>>>>>> Peter W. Ward >>>>>>> Dept. of EEO Biology >>>>>>> Tulane University, New Orleans, LA. >>>>>>> email : pward@mailhost.tcs.tulane.edu >>>>>>> webpage : http://studentweb.tulane.edu/~pward >>>>>>> >>>>>>> ---------- Forwarded message ---------- >>>>>>> Date: Tue, 16 Jan 1996 12:56:03 -0600 (CST) >>>>>>> From: Umar Ishaque >>>>>>> To: -- Alison Escher , >>>>>>> Chris Constantatos , >>>>>>> David Boulos , >>>>>>> Demetre Diavatopolous , >>>>>>> Fabio Verani , >>>>>>> Priotto Gerardo , >>>>>>> Jim Hoffmann , >>>>>>> Joanne Rondeau , >>>>>>> Joe Cotugno , >>>>>>> Mario Ladani , >>>>>>> Monica Larrieu , >>>>>>> Nathalie Hess , >>>>>>> Omar Zahir , >>>>>>> Pete Ward , >>>>>>> Rena Papadopolous , >>>>>>> susan Whitman , >>>>>>> Voula Tsagaroulis >>>>>>> Subject: Fwd: AIDS PROJECT (fwd) >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> ---------- Forwarded message ---------- >>>>>>> Date: Tue, 16 Jan 1996 11:26:58 -0600 (CST) >>>>>>> From: Truffle >>>>>>> To: microsoftBOB , >>>>>>> Caramel Pudding , >>>>>>> "Lady Dove: The orginal Afro Soul Sista" >>>>>>> , >>>>>>> Chocolate Cordial , >>>>>>> Walter Lindsay , >>>>>>> Karrin Mayfield >>>>>>> Subject: Fwd: AIDS PROJECT (fwd) >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> Tag! Your IT! Marq >>>>>>> --truffle >>>>>>> >>>>>>> mswinto@mailhost.tcs.tulane.edu >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> ---------- Forwarded message ---------- >>>>>>> >>>>>>> > The student who came up with project has made a very good and lasting >>>>>>>point. >>>>>>> > Don't atempt to print..just scroll past all of the names to read the >>>>>>>message >>>>>>> > towards the end...then pass it on! >>>>>>> > >>>>>>> > Karen >>>>>>> > --------------------- >>>>>>> > Forwarded message: >>>>>>> >>>>>>> > Marc and the rest. >>>>>>> > >>>>>>> > This project is most impressive. If one of my sudents >>>>>>> > thought up this (s)he could sit back and rest on his laurels >>>>>>> > the rest of the term., Do not attempt to print it. Just >>>>>>> > scroll through by PgDn-ing. >>>>>>> > Liz >>>>>>> > >>>>>>> > --[ FORWARDED PRIVATE MESSAGE ]-------- >>>>>>> > >>>>>>> > To: KEWR30B >>>>>>> > From: CHARLES RICHARDS (HLRG76A) >>>>>>> > Subject: AIDS PROJECT >>>>>>> > Date: 01/12/96 06:37 PM >>>>>>> > >>>>>>> > -- [ From: Charles Richards * EMC.Ver #2.10P ] -- >>>>>>> > ------- FORWARD, Original message follows ------- >>>>>>> > Subject: Fwd: FW: (Fwd) reforwarded: fwd: FWD: Fwd: (Fwd) >>>>>>> > AIDS project >>>>>>> > (fwd) >>>>>>> > >>>>>>> > Don't give up finding the original message on this one. >>>>>>> > Scrolling through >>>>>>> > all the names makes the point of the message stronger. >>>>>>> > >>>>>>> > Kel >>>>>>> > --------------------- >>>>>>> > -------------------------[Original Message]-------------------------- >>>>>>> > >>>>>>> > Reality is an obstacle to hallucination. >>>>>>> > >>>>>>> > ---------- Forwarded message ---------- >>>>>>> > >>>>>>> > For a class project, I was wondering if this could be passed >>>>>>> > on to prove a >>>>>>> > point. In my human sex class, we learned that if someone >>>>>>> > has received the >>>>>>> > HIV disease, and they don't know about it, they could pass >>>>>>> > it on to people >>>>>>> > who they don't even know. >>>>>>> > Could you all pretend that I have HIV, and I gave it to >>>>>>> > you. Then could >>>>>>> > you pass it on to your friends? Let's see if the entire >>>>>>> > e-mail population >>>>>>> > could get infected by me alone. >>>>>>> > Please remember that this is a lab experiment. I have >>>>>>> > to say that I am >>>>>>> > not intending to offend any one in any way. >>>>>>> > By the way, don't erase this or the forwards from your computer. >>>>>>> > >>>>>>> > Thankyou >>>>>>> > Young bradley >>>>>>> > "You're the Inspiration" >>>>>>> > -Chicago >>>>>>> > >>>>>>> > ************************************************************ >>>>>>> > Anyone know my e-mail address? >>>>>>> > >>>>>>> > KEEP SMILIN', KEEP SHININ', >>>>>>> > KNOWING YOU CAN ALWAYS COUNT ON ME, FOR SURE >>>>>>> > THAT'S WHAT FRIENDS ARE FOR! >>>>>>> > ************************************************************ >>>>>>> > ********** >>>>>>> > >>> >> >>Kevin O'Connell Ph. 608 265-5428 >>413 R.M. Bock Laboratories FAX 608 262-4570 >>1525 Linden Drive kfoconne@facstaff.wisc.edu >>Madison, WI 53706 >> > >Jane E. Selegue >U.W. Bock Laboratories >Laboratory of Molecular Biology >1525 Linden Dr. >Madison, Wi. 53706 > >(608)262-7898 >Fax: (608)262-9343 > > > From: IN%"e.padoa@gpnet.it" "Enrico Padoa" 10-FEB-1996 05:29:18.00 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: INTRODUCTION AS A NEW MEMBER As a new member of the network I will introduce myself. My name is Enrico Padoa, born in Bologna,Italy 60 years ago(too many!).In 1959 I got my doctorate at Bologna University as Agricultural Scientist (Dottore in Scienze Agrarie). I always worked in the animal industry :mainly poultry and beef-cattle intensive production and nutrition. From 1982,as a Nutritionist,I am a indipendent consultant dealing whit feed-mills and integrated poultry Groups. Beside the professional activity, from my early youth I had a genuine passion for pet and farm animals, rising dogs,rabbits,and specially carrier-pigeons!! At the present time, I wish to learn more about recent progress on primates study,specially concerning genetics (affinity between primates species and between humans and each primate species!!) Tanks for reading and bye-bye to everyone! From: IN%"lynx@sunsite.unc.edu" "Public Lynx Account" 12-FEB-1996 10:54:07.59 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: alert.html [1] Banner ======================================================================== JOIN HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF OTHER INTERNET USERS IN * 48 HOURS OF PROTEST * AFTER PRESIDENT CLINTON SIGNS THE BILL THAT WILL CENSOR THE INTERNET Update: -Latest News: Congress passed the net censorship language on 2/1/96. -What You Can Do Now: Help demonstrate the extent of the impact of the Internet Censorship legislation. Join Hundreds of thousands of Internet Users in an International protest for 48 hours after Clinton Signs the bill. CAMPAIGN TO STOP THE UNCONSTITUTIONAL COMMUNICATIONS DECENCY ACT Feb 3, 1996 (expires Feb 29, 1996) PLEASE WIDELY REDISTRIBUTE THIS DOCUMENT WITH THIS BANNER INTACT This alert and coalition coordinated by the Voters Telecommunications Watch (vtw@vtw.org) ________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS The Latest News What You Can Do Now Chronology of the CDA For More Information List Of Participating Organizations ________________________________________________________________________ THE LATEST NEWS Last week Congress approved sweeping restrictions on online speech and conduct, imposing fines of $250,000 and jail sentences of 2 years for anyone who makes "indecent" material available in a public forum online. This legislation threatens the very existence of the Internet as a viable means of free expression, education, and political discourse. Despite loud objections from civil liberties groups and the public, the measure is part of a massive telecommunications bill that President Clinton has already pledged to sign. Although you should feel free to continue to express your objections directly to the President, there are other ways to express our outrage for this legislation. The President is expected to sign this bill into law during the week of Feb 5-9, 1996. For 48 hours after Clinton signs the Telecommunications Reform bill into law, join hundreds of thousands of Internet users everywhere to show the far reaching impact this bill will have on all Internet users. TURN YOUR WORLD WIDE WEB PAGES BLACK with white lettering to demonstrate that the Internet will not accept this kind of second class treatment from the United States Government. ________________________________________________________________________ WHAT YOU CAN DO NOW 1. For 48 hours after Clinton signs the net censorship language in the Telecomm bill into law, TURN YOUR WORLD WIDE WEB PAGES BLACK with white lettering. To know when the bill is signed, check these sources: Newsgroups: alt.society.civil-disob Email:vtw-announce@vtw.org (watch for mail on this list) WWW:http://www.vtw.org/ Finger:vtw@panix.com You can also just watch CNN; they'll announce the signing of the bill. To turn your pages black with white lettering, simply add the following tag to your World Wide Web pages: (put these all in <>'s) BODY BGCOLOR="#000000" TEXT="#FFFFFF" link="0099ff" vlink="#00ff99" Put this right after your tags, and before any tags. To explain to people who may be confused by the color change, temporarily add the following link to your page: My World Wide Web Pages are black for 48 hours to protest second-class treatment from the US Government for free speech. Read about it at this WWW page. (Also put these in <>'s) The Center for Democracy and Technology has also agreed to mirror a similar page at URL:http://www.cdt.org/speech.html If your pages get lots of hits from services that cache their pages like America Online, you may wish to start turning your pages black early. Please try and wait though until Clinton signs the bill, for maximum effect. Also, urge your Internet Provider and any Internet WWW pages you frequent to turn their pages black. Send us interesting sites that comply to vtw@vtw.org. $ Mail vtw@vtw.org Subject: ZTV.COM is turning their pages black! I'm the head of the ZTV Website and I've decided to turn our pages black. Thought you'd like to know. ^D Mail sent! 2. Don't forget to send Clinton a message, contact him at: Email:president@whitehouse.gov Telephone:202-456-1111 Fax:202-456-2461 Sample communique: You're about to sign a bill into law that imposes a terrible set of speech restrictions on the Internet that belong in the broadcast medium, not the interactive one. I'm turning my World Wide Web pages BLACK for 48 hours after you sign the bill as a symbol of protest to show how many people will be affected by this bill. It is unlikely that he will veto the bill. 3. Make a commitment become involved! There will be several court cases coming up to challenge the Internet censorship legislation, as well as an election that will put every single member of the House, and 1/3rd of the Senate (most of whom voted for this legislation) onto the ballot. Don't let them get away with this. Make this a campaign issue, and keep an eye out for legal defense funds for those challenging these laws in court. ________________________________________________________________________ CHRONOLOGY OF THE COMMUNICATIONS DECENCY ACT Feb 1, '96 The House and Senate pass the Telecomm Bill (S652/HR1555) 414-16 and 91-5. Jan 31, '96 The House and Senate prepare to signoff on the conference report for the Telecomm bill and rush a vote to the floor. Dec 7, '95 The House half of the Telecomm conference committee votes the "indecency" standard for online speech into the Telecomm Deregulation bill. Sep 26, '95 Sen. Russ Feingold urges committee members to drop Managers Amendment and the CDA from the Telecommunications Deregulation bill Aug 4, '95 House passes HR1555 which goes into conference with S652. Aug 4, '95 House votes to attach Managers Amendment (which contains new criminal penalties for speech online) to Telecommunications Reform bill (HR1555). Aug 4, '95 House votes 421-4 to attach HR1978 to Telecommunications Reform bill (HR1555). Jun 30, '95 Cox and Wyden introduce the "Internet Freedom and Family Empowerment Act" (HR 1978) as an alternative to the CDA. Jun 21, '95 Several prominent House members publicly announce their opposition to the CDA, including Rep. Newt Gingrich (R-GA), Rep. Chris Cox (R-CA), and Rep. Ron Wyden (D-OR). Jun 14, '95 The Senate passes the CDA as attached to the Telecomm reform bill (S 652) by a vote of 84-16. The Leahy bill (S 714) is not passed, but is supported by 16 Senators who understand the Internet. May 24, '95 The House Telecomm Reform bill (HR 1555) leaves committee in the House with the Leahy alternative attached to it, thanks to Rep. Ron Klink of (D-PA). The Communications Decency Act is not attached to it. Apr 7, '95 Sen. Leahy (D-VT) introduces S.714, an alternative to the Exon/Gorton bill, which commissions the Dept. of Justice to study the problem to see if additional legislation (such as the CDA) is necessary. Mar 23, '95 S314 amended and attached to the telecommunications reform bill by Sen. Gorton (R-WA). Language provides some provider protection, but continues to infringe upon email privacy and free speech. Feb 21, '95 HR1004 referred to the House Commerce and Judiciary committees Feb 21, '95 HR1004 introduced by Rep. Johnson (D-SD) Feb 1, '95 S314 referred to the Senate Commerce committee Feb 1, '95 S314 introduced by Sen. Exon (D-NE) and Gorton (R-WA). ________________________________________________________________________ FOR MORE INFORMATION Web Sites (roughly in alphabetical order) URL:http://www.vtw.org/ URL:http://www.cdt.org/cda.html URL:http://www.cpsr.org/ URL:http://www.eff.org/pub/Alerts/ URL:http://epic.org/ Email: cda-info@cdt.org (General CDA information) cda-stat@cdt.org (Current status of the CDA) ________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATIONS AND BUSINESSES In order to use the net more effectively, several organizations have joined forces on a single Congressional net campaign to stop the Communications Decency Act. Because the list is so long, we've been forced to omit many fine organizations. See the VTW Free Speech Web Page at URL:http://www.vtw.org/speech/ for the whole list. Public Interest Organizations Businesses Voters Telecommunications Watch (VTW) | ECHO (www.echonyc.com) | Hotwired (www.hotwired.com) Center For Democracy And Technology (CDT) | Mindvox (www.phantom.com) Center for Public Representation (CPR) | Panix (www.panix.com) Computer Professionals for | The WELL (www.well.com) Social Responsibility (CPSR) | Wired (www.wired.com) Cyber-Rights Campaign +------------------------- Electronic Fronter Foundation (EFF), and independent regional Electronic Frontier organizations Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) Feminists for Free Expression Hands! Off The Net Internet Users Consortium (IUC) Joint Artists' and Music The Libertarian Party (LP) Promotions Political Action National Campaign for Freedom of Expression Committee (JAMPAC) National Coalition Against Censorship (NCAC) National Gay and Lesbian National Writers Union (NWU) Task Force (NGLTF) People for the American Way (PFAW) Republican Liberty Caucus ________________________________________________________________________ End Alert ======================================================================== From: IN%"William_R_STRICKLIN@umail.umd.edu" 13-FEB-1996 08:25:30.80 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: environment and welfare Dear All, Over the weekend I attended some the sessions of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) meeting in Baltimore. Below is an abstract from one AAAS session that I plan to use to stimulate discussion among students in an undergrad course on "Animal Welfare and Evironmental Ethics" which I am teaching this semester (an expanded version of the Animal Welfare course that Joy taught for the last 2-3 years). I am attempting to use e-mail to distribute non-text reading material to the students and thought this abstract might also be of interest to some in the applied ethology group. THE ENVIRONMENTAL NECESSITY FOR HIGHER-YIELD AGRICULTURE. Dennis Avery (Hudson Institute, P.O. Box 202 Churchville, VA 24421) High-yield farming is too little appreciated as the most important protector of world wildlife. Loss of habitat has been and is the overwhelming threat to wildlife and wild species, and agriculture dominates world land use decisions. Higher yields enable us to feed twice as many people today (with better diets) from the same cropland used in 1955. This has prevented the plow-down of roughly 10 million square miles of wildlife habitat. Livestock and poultry breeding and health protection have amplified the crop gains. Soil erosion has been reduced so radically we now approach fully- sustainable farming, due to higher yields on the best and safest acres and conservation tillage which substitutes herbicides for the old "bare-earth" farming systems. An affluent human population restablilized at 9-10 billion in 2040 will require us to triple farm productivity again, or suffer both wildlife plow-down and enormous tropic soil erosion losses. Higher forest product yields, from cloned tree plantations, could be almost as important in protecting wildlands and species. To save the environment, the world will need more investments in new and better farm and forest science, using all of the potential approaches -- including pesticides, fertilizers and biotechnology. I would suggest that anyone interested in citing this information should check with the author (D. Avery - address on abstract) first. Ray Stricklin Department of Animal Sciences University of Maryland From: IN%"TAYLORA@EM.AGR.CA" "Allison Taylor" 13-FEB-1996 08:44:10.34 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Feed intake in isolated sheep Greetings, Does anyone out there have a reference or two demonstrating that sheep kept in social isolation have a reduced feed intake? A friend wants to mention this in her thesis, and I couldn't immediately put my hands on any refs to that effect, so I thought that I'd put it to the knowledgeable & well-read crew on this list! Many thanks, Allison Taylor Centre for Food & Animal Research Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada taylora@em.agr.ca From: IN%"l.noldus@noldus.nl" 13-FEB-1996 11:59:19.21 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Telemetry > We are investigating the possibility of using telemetry to record > psycho-physiological data such as heart rate regarding large > animals (cattle, sheep) applications. If anyone has used a > particular system we would like your opinion about it and > information regarding cost and limitations of the system... This response is a bit late, but hopefully still useful. We have experience with telemetry equipment with respect to data acquisition, interfacing with PCs and analysis, not with the practical use itself. In collaboration with prof. Frank Odberg (University of Gent, Belgium) we have written software to transfer data collected with the Polar Electro telemetry system, for integration with observational (behavioral) data. The results of this work were published in: Geverink, N.A.; Noldus, L.P.J.J.; Pluim, M.D.; OEdberg, F.O. (1993). A new technique for the integrated analysis of behavioral data and physiological measurements: matching time series of discrete events and continuous signals. Proc. Int. Congr. Appl. Ethol. (Berlin, 1993), pp. 597-600. We also have done some work with Mini Mitter transmitters, although not with large mammals. This was published in: Boccia, M.L.; Goldman, B.D.; Leung, E.; Noldus, L.P.J.J.; Teale, P. (1994). The integration of physiology (heart rate and EEG) with behavior collected with a computer-based observational system. Poster NATO Advanced Study Institute "Behavioural brain research in naturalistic and semi-naturalistic settings: possibilities and perspectives". Maratea, Italy, 10-20 Sept. 1994. I will be happy to send a reprint of these papers to people who are interested. Best regards, Lucas Noldus __________________________________ Dr. L.P.J.J. Noldus Managing Director Noldus Information Technology b.v. Costerweg 5 P.O. Box 268 6700 AG Wageningen The Netherlands Phone: +31-(0)317-497677 Fax: +31-(0)317-424496 E-mail: l.noldus@noldus.nl WWW: http://www.diva.nl/noldus/ From: IN%"robert.orr@bbsrc.ac.uk" "Robert Orr" 14-FEB-1996 03:10:19.59 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Feed intake in isolated sheep How many sheep make a flock? The following paper has some data for sheep in a range of group sizes from 1 to 15, and some useful references on isolation also. Our groups were not visually isolated but we found some indirect evidence for reduced intake at pasture for groups less than 4. Now we try and keep the group size at least 5 or more - (but, of course, don't treat individuals in the group as replicates) and have as many replicate paddocks as possible. PENNING P.D., PARSONS A.J., NEWMAN J.A., ORR R.J. and HARVEY A. The effects of group size on grazing time in sheep (1993) Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 37:101-109. Hope this helps, Allison. Robert. Robert.Orr@bbsrc.ac.uk From: IN%"Henrik.B.Simonsen@ihh.kvl.dk" "Henrik B Simonsen" 14-FEB-1996 07:39:04.14 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Tail docking of horses Dear All. We are at the moment in Denmark discussing a possible ban on the presentation of tail docked horses on animal shows and exhibitions. According to our national legislation tail docking is not allowed, except in piglets and lambs and 5 specific breeds of dogs. We do however import some tail docked horses , mainly valuable breeding stock and therefore they are often presented on animal shows. Can anybody give me information on their national legislation or rules regarding tail docking of horses. Information from Germany, Belgium and The Netherlands is highly relevant as most of our imported tail docked horses are socalled Ardenners with their original origin in Belgium Best wishes and thank you in advance Henrik B. Simonsen Royal Veterinary and Agriculltural University Copenhagen Denmark hbs@kvl.dk From: IN%"DHALEY@APS.UoGuelph.CA" "Derek Haley" 14-FEB-1996 08:35:42.46 To: IN%"Applied-Ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Butting & an Introduction Hello to All, I have a question to ask, but first I thought I would introduce myself to the Applied-Ethology List-ners.. My name is Derek Haley and I am an MSc. candidate in the Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph (Canada). My advisor is Ian Duncan and I am specializing in Applied Ethology - of course!! My thesis research deals with calf sucking behaviour and I have been working with Anne Marie de Passille and Jeff Rushen at Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada in Lennoxville, Quebec (Canada?). With regards to my question.. I am wondering what young animals head- butt their mother during sucking bouts (e.g. as a sucking domestic calf does)? I am interested in all species 'wild' or 'domesticated'. Thanks and bye for now, Derek Haley dhaley@aps.uoguelph.ca From: IN%"harrism@sask.usask.ca" 14-FEB-1996 08:50:12.96 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "etho-list" CC: Subj: Marc Vandenheede? Sorry to trouble everybody, but I accidentally deleted Marc Vandenheede's address, and I want to send him a message. Marc, are you out there? Please let me know your email address! Thanks, - Moira Harris (harrism@sask.usask.ca) From: IN%"TAYLORA@EM.AGR.CA" "Allison Taylor" 14-FEB-1996 09:09:18.33 To: IN%"applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Feed intake in isolated sheep - Reply Robert - thanks very much for the lead. I appreciate it! Allison From: IN%"uknierim@Itt.tiho-hannover.de" 14-FEB-1996 09:16:30.14 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Heifers in cubicle houses Dear all, in the last time I was repeatedly confronted with the problem of heifers not using cubicles even though theoretically there was at least one cubicle per cow with sufficient dimensions. Is anyone aware of any work relating to the impact of the rearing environment - in particular rearing on slatted floor - on the use of facilites in cubicle houses in dairy cows? Or has anyone other ideas on this problem? Best wishes Ute *********************************************************** Dr. Ute Knierim Institute of Animal Hygiene and Welfare Veterinary School of Hanover Buenteweg 17p D 30559 Hannover Tel: +49 (0)511 9538449 Fax: +49 (0)511 9538588 uknierim@itt.tiho-hannover.de *********************************************************** From: IN%"eoprice@ucdavis.edu" "Edward O. Price" 14-FEB-1996 10:57:39.82 To: IN%"applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca" "applied-ethology-error" CC: Subj: RE: Butting & an Introduction Derek: I have heard two somewhat related explanations for head butting of calves while sucking with little evidence to support either hypothesis. One is that toward the end of the sucking bout, the milk flow is reduced and the calf is butting the udder out of "frustration" (i.e. displacement activity). The second hypothesis is that butting stimulates milk ejection from the mammary gland. It has been my impression that butting is more frequent toward the end of the sucking bout which would provide some support for both hypotheses. Ed Price UC Davis eoprice@ucdavis.edu ---------- >From: applied-ethology-error >To: Applied-Ethology >Subject: Butting & an Introduction >Date: Wednesday, February 14, 1996 9:34AM > >Hello to All, > >I have a question to ask, but first I thought I would introduce myself >to the Applied-Ethology List-ners.. > >My name is Derek Haley and I am an MSc. candidate in the Department >of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph (Canada). My >advisor is Ian Duncan and I am specializing in Applied Ethology - of >course!! My thesis research deals with calf sucking behaviour and I >have been working with Anne Marie de Passille and Jeff Rushen at >Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada in Lennoxville, Quebec (Canada?). > > >With regards to my question.. I am wondering what young animals head- >butt their mother during sucking bouts (e.g. as a sucking domestic >calf does)? I am interested in all species 'wild' or 'domesticated'. > >Thanks and bye for now, > >Derek Haley >dhaley@aps.uoguelph.ca > > > > From: IN%"suemcd@vet.upenn.edu" "Sue McDonnell" 14-FEB-1996 11:10:14.16 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Dog Attacks on Miniature Horses Does anyone know of dog attacks on miniature horses? Our hospital recently has had two cases of miniature horses wounded by dogs and our clinicains are curious as to whether this is common. Thank you Sue McDonnell University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine New Bolton Center 382 West Street Road Kennett Square, PA 19348 610-444-5800 X2221 FAX 444-0829 SueMcd@Vet.Upenn.Edu