From: IN%"aa266@cleveland.Freenet.Edu" 1-JUL-1995 21:03:07.25 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: psychological well-being Reply to message from jmorrow@hub.ansc.purdue.edu of Mon, 26 Jun > >My animal care and use committee has asked me to provide them with a >definition of the term "psychological well-being'. I have provided them with >my definition but thought that they should hear from experts in the field. >It may also spur some discussion. Please give your definition on the >network, not just to me as I am sure others will be interested. Thanks! >Julie Morrow-Tesch jmorrow@hub.ansc.purdue.edu > > > This is a complex concept and will certainly vary with the species. But my definition would include having basic needs (food, sex, shelter, etc.) within the subject's potential grasp, and enough stress to keep life challenging. -- DBC (aka D.B. Cameron, DVM) From: IN%"Linda.Keeling@hhyg.slu.se" 3-JUL-1995 01:33:43.89 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Job Announcement There is a vacancy for a Research Leader in the Department of Animal Hygiene at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. The person will lead the Section of Clinical Hygiene, carry out research in this subject and contribute to teaching Animal Hygiene to veterinary students. The applicant should be a veterinarian and have a PhD. Since there is some administration associated with this position, the person should also be able to speak Swedish. For further information see the announcement in Svenska Veterinärtidning no.8-9 or contact Bo Algers, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Hygiene, P.O.Box 345, 532 24 Skara, Sweden. Telephone +46 511 67200 or 67201. Fax +46 511 67204. Closing date for applications, 21st July 1995. Best wishes, Linda.Keeling@hhyg.slu.se From: IN%"l.fell@uws.EDU.AU" 3-JUL-1995 22:23:46.86 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Being objective about subjectivity Following Stephen Wilson's introduction and the subsequent remarks on animal welfare (plus the history of such discussions on this network), I would like to ask: Is anyone else out there trying to utilise second-order cybernetics (or any science of self-organising systems) in studies of stress and welfare? Examples of this kind of approach (though not to stress and welfare) can be found in the Journal of Cybernetics and Human Knowing, books by Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela or Heinz von Foerster, etc. This is our modus operandi for trying to be objective about subjectivity and I would dearly love to hear from others who might also be grappling with this approach. Lloyd Fell (EMAI Camden NSW 2570 Australia) l.fell@uws.edu.au Fax 61 46 293 300 From: IN%"wilsonsc@agric.nsw.gov.au" "Stephen Wilson" 3-JUL-1995 23:52:08.08 To: IN%"APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Animal welfare definitions Thank you for the welcome and the discerning comments regarding the requirement for scientific and objective measurements of an animals emotional state. With regard to the illustration I would just like to add that a major premise for its composition is that in our opinion, the interpretation and actioning of the fruits of scientific input can be equally as important, and sometimes more important, than the generation of them. Cheers Stephen Wilson From: IN%"STOOKEY@sask.usask.ca" 4-JUL-1995 11:02:51.89 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Urine drinking in swine Several weeks ago I had sent a request asking if anyone had information or references on urine drinking behaviour in swine. Based on the response (or lack of response; only 2 people wrote me, both with more questions and no answers) I was led to believe that as a group of scientists working in applied ethology, few (maybe none?) of us were aware of this unusual behaviour. Finally, I located a reference to urine drinking in pigs, brought on by carbadox intoxication. Apparently, a clinical sign of carbadox intoxication is drinking of urine from the floor or directly from urinating pen-mates or eating of rubber present in the pen. In a study by M.J.A. Nabuurs, et al. 1990 (Clinical signs and performance of pigs treated with different doses of carbadox, cyadox and olaquindox. J. Vet. Med A 37:68-76) they found this symptom in groups treated with carbadox at 50 and 200ppm, cyadox 400ppm and olaquindox at 50 ppm. Hope this was of interest to some of you. Joe Stookey =========================================== Joseph M. Stookey Department of Herd Medicine and Theriogenology Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0 Canada stookey@sask.usask.ca =========================================== From: IN%"RUSHENJ@NCCCOT.AGR.CA" "JEFF RUSHEN" 5-JUL-1995 13:19:40.10 To: IN%"APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: behaviour of transgenic animals Dear All, in the not-so-recent discussion of transgenic animals, somebody (?) asked if there had been any transgenic animals created specifically to look at behavioural effects. A recent paper comes close to this: O. Cases et al. Aggressive behaviour and altered amounts of brain serotonin and norepinephrine in mice lacking MAOA Science 1995 268:1763-1766 created a transgenic mouse lacking a serotonin-degrading enzyme, partly with a view to examine neurochemical basis of aggression. Jeff Rushen From: IN%"Paul.Koene@ETHO.VH.WAU.NL" 10-JUL-1995 12:40:08.86 To: IN%"APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: cattle behaviour Dear all, I am studying free-ranging cattle in the Netherlands in a nature reserve. Especially social behaviour is studied, i.e. mother-calf relations, the relation between cows and bulls during the rut. One of my students - a very good one - will try do the practical period of half a year abroad, preferrably on the behaviour of extensively kept cattle, preferrably in the South or North of America. The student has probably some money to cover the expenses (travel etc). The student likes to engage in a project concerning behaviour and management of cattle which is already in progress but is also able to set up a new project, but only if necessary. The only demand from our side is a supervisor that is familiar with ethological research. If possible we want to make an early start!!!, already in september 1995 the student can start the project for half a year. If you are interested we can discuss further details and a possible long term cooperation (there are more students that are interested). I am very interested in your reaction. Yours Sincerely, Dr. Paul Koene Assistant Professor in Ethology Animal husbandry / Section Ethology P.O. Box 338 6700 AH Wageningen The Netherlands phone 31 8370 82896 fax 31 8370 85006 E-mail paul.koene@etho.vh.wau.nl From: IN%"Andre.Ramos@u-bordeaux2.fr" 11-JUL-1995 10:53:27.90 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Russian Scientist Dear colleagues, A couple of months ago I put a message in the network talking= about Dr Lankin, a Russian researcher who has come for a short visit to= our laboratory in Bordeaux and who has presented us very interesting= results from his work on genetic selection for behavioural traits in sheep.= It seems that my msg has produced some positive results, for we have= received several msg from different scientists from different countries who= were interested in stablishing contact with Dr Lankin. It happens that, by chance, another Russian scientist who= has been working in our research group for almost one year in a visitor's= position has asked my help today to spread his C.V. among the applied ethologists around the world. Of course I am not an employment agent and this= network may not be the most adequate way for disseminating this kind of information, but the destiny has put in my way two people who needed= this kind of help with a certain urgency. My friend Alexander Kulikov= (Sacha) is a very competent researcher in his area and he is a very hard-worker. Here you have his CV which will talk by itself. Thank you for your attention Andre Ramos CURRICULUM VITAE Name: Kulikov Alexander Birth date and place: 17 July, 1952/ Altai, Russia Marital status: Married, two children. Institutional Affiliation: Laboratoire de G=E9n=E9tique du Stress,= INSERM, CJF 94-05, Universit=E9 de Bordeaux II, 146 rue L=E9o Saignat, 33076,= Bordeaux, Cedex, France.=20 Tel: (33) 57 57 10 62; Fax: (33) 57 57 10 87=20 Educational History: B.S./ 1975, State University of Tomsk, Tomsk,= Russia/ Biology. Ph.D./ 1985, Institute of Cytology & Genetics, Russian Academy= of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia/ Genetics/ The title of the thesis= is "Genetic aspects of serotonin metabolism in the brain of mice and= its involvement in the regulation of intermale aggression" . Posdoctoral Training: N.K.Popova, M.D., prof./ Laboratory of Behavioral Phenogenetics, Institute of Cytology & Genetics, Russian Academy= of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia /Physiology/. P.Morm=E8de, S.D./ Laboratoire= de G=E9n=E9tique du Stress, INSERM, CJF 94-05, Bordeaux, France /Neurochemistry= / Research Position: Senior Scientist /Laboratory of Behavioral Phenogenetics, Institute of Cytology & Genetics, Russian Academy= of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.=20 Reseach Visitor in Neurochemistry, INRA, France Society Membership: Regular (founding) member of the International Behavioral Neuroscience Society. Professional skill: Knowledge of animal psychology, neurochemistry= and genetics. Very extensive laboratory background in HPLC, enzyme kinetics, receptor radioligand binding, dot- blot hybridization of DNAs and= mRNAs, in situ hybridization of mRNA, pharmacology and behavior analysis. Knowledge of mathematics, mathematical statistics. Experienced programmer (BASIC, =46ORTRAN,). Can work alone or in collaboration. No problems in scientific communication. Current Research Interests: Relationship between neurochemistry and genetically-defined differences in animal behavior.=20 Employment: Searching for a permanent or temporary (at least one= year) employment that is equivalent to senior scientist in state institutes, firms, clinics or others applied organizations.=20 Address for contact: Kulikov Alexander, Laboratoire de G=E9n=E9tique= du Stress, INRA - ISERM, CJF 94-05, Universit=E9 de Bordeaux II, 146 rue L=E9o= Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux C=E9dex, Fax: (33) 57 57 10 87, Business phone: (33)= 57 57 10 62, Home phone: (33) 56 08 46 58. Main Achievements=20 For the past five years I have been studying the inheritance= of defensive behavior and the relationship between brain serotonin= and genetically defined divergency in defensive reaction.=20 Catalepsy (an excessive freezing) may be considered as a= kind of passive defensive reaction, as an alternative to flight. In an exaggerated form, catalepsy is a syndrome of Parkinsonism, several forms of schizophrenia and Huntington's disease. We have have shown a significant interstrain divergency in the predisposition to " pinch-induced " catalepsy. A mendelian analysis of the F1 hybrids and F2s between= mice of two inbred strains CBA (cataleptics) and AKR (noncataleptics) revealed= that the difference in the predisposition to catalepsy between these strains more probably was determined by a single autosomal locus (Kulikov= et al., 1993). The activity of the rate-limiting enzyme of serotonin biosynthesis, tryptophan hydroxylase, in the striatum of genetically predisposed= to catalepsy mice of CBA was significant higher than in the other non-cataleptic strains. Inhibition of the enzyme by p- chloromethamphetamine decreased the immobility time in cataleptic= CBA mice (Kulikov, Kozlachkova, Kudryavtseva, Popova, 1995). Rats of a strain selected and bred for predisposition to catalepsy also have an increased activity of tryptophan hydroxylase in the striatum compared with nonselected Wistar ones. Inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase by p-chlorophenylalanine decreased spontaneous freezing in the cataleptic= rats (Kulikov et al, 1992). A lower 3H-ketanserin specific binding to= 5-HT2A serotonin receptors in the striatum of the cataleptic-prone rats= and CBA mice compared to their non-cataleptic counterparts was shown (Kulikov, Avgustinovich, Kolpakov, Maslova, Popova, 1995). It is commonly accepted that catalepsy results from a decreased dopaminergic transmission= in the striatum. Our results indicate that catalepsy may also result from= an increased serotonergic function in this brain structure. 5-HT1A receptor agonists attenuate the freezing response in the rats genetically predisposed to catalepsy indicating the involvement of 5-HT1A receptors= in the regulation of the inherited catalepsy (Kulikov et al, 1994). The Roman high-(RHA) and low-avoidance (RLA) rat strains= selected for their divergent active avoidance behavior is another model of genetically defined active defensive behavior. We have found that= RLA showed less anxiety in the elevated plus-maze and the light-dark= box tests. At the same time RLA rats have decreased 3H-ketanserin binding to= 5-HT2A receptor in the frontal cortex and tryptophan hydroxylase activity= in the midbrain compared with RHA rats (Kulikov, Castanon, Morm=E8de, Chaouloff,= in press). This result agrees with the commonly accepted suggestion= that anxiety is often associated with an increase in the brain serotonergic function, while a blockade or down regulation of 5-HT2A receptor= is associated with anxiolysis. List of Publications Kulikov A.V., E.Y.Kozlachkova and N.K.Popova, The activity of= tryptophan hydroxylase in brain of hereditary predisposed to catalepsy rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 43:999-103, 1992 Popova N.K., E.M.Nikulina and A.V.Kulikov, Genetic analysis of different kinds of aggressive behavior. Behav. Genetics, 23:491-497, 1993 Kulikov A.V., E.Y.Kozlachkova, G.B.Maslova and N.K.Popova, Inheritance of predisposition to catalepsy in mice. Behav. Genetics, 23:379-384,= 1993 Popova N.K., I.P.Voronova, A.V.Kulikov, The involvement of brain= tryptophan hydroxylase into the mechanism of hibernation. Pharmacol. Biochem.= Behav, 46:9-13, 1993. Kulikov A.V., V.G.Kolpakov, G.B.Maslova, I.Kozintsev, N.K.Popova,= Effect of selective 5-HT1A agonists and 5-HT2 antagonists on inherited catalepsy in rats. Psychopharmacol., 114:172-174, 1994.=20 Kulikov A.V., I.G.Karmanova, E.Y.Kozlachkova, I.P.Voronova, N.K.Popova, The brain tryptophan hydroxylase activity in the sleep-like states= in frog. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 49:277-279, 1994. Kulikov A.V., D.F.Avgustinovich, V.G.Kolpakov, G.B.Maslova, N.K.Popova, 5-HT2A serotonin receptors in the brain of rats and mice hereditarily predisposed to catalepsy. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 50:383-387,= 1995. Kulikov A.V., E.Y.Kozlachkova, N.N.Kudryavtseva, N.K.Popova, Correlation between tryptophan hydroxylase activity in the brain and predisposition= to pinch-induced catalepsy in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 50:431-435, 1995. Popova N.K., A.V.Kulikov, On the role of brain serotonin in expression of genetic predisposition to catalepsy in animal models. Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 60:214-220, 1995. Kulikov A., N.Castanon, P.Morm=E8de, F.Chaouloff, Central tryptophan hydroxylase activity, and 5-HT1A receptor, 5-HT2A receptor, and 5-HT transporter binding in grouped and isolated Roman RHA and RLA rats: relationships with behaviours in two models of anxiety. Psychopharmacology, in press (accepted). Chaouloff F., A.Kulikov, A.Sarrieau, N.Castanon, P.Morm=E8de,= Male Fisher 344 and Lewis rats display differences in locomotor reactivity, but= not in anxiety-related behaviours: relationship with the hippocampal serotonergic system. Brain Res., in press (accepted). Kulikov A., N. Popova, On association of the intermale aggression= with the genetically defined tryptophan hydroxylase activity in mouse= brain. Aggr. Behav., in press (accepted). Referees (scientists who know me very vell).=20 Popova Nina, Prof., Laboratory of Behavioral Phenogenetics, Institute= of Cytology & Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. Fax: (7 3832) 35 65 58, Phone: (7 3832) 35 47 53 (business),= (7 3832) 35 68 36 (home) Morm=E8de Pierre, Directeur de recherche, Laboratoire de G=E9n=E9tique= du Stress, INSERM, CJF 94-05, Universit=E9 de Bordeaux II, B.P.10, 146= rue L=E9o Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux C=E9dex. Fax: (33) 57 57 10 87, Phone: (33)= 57 57 10 87 et 57 57 10 62. Chaouloff Francis, Chercheur senior, Laboratoire de G=E9n=E9tique= du Stress, INSERM, CJF 94-05, Universit=E9 de Bordeaux II, B.P.10, 146 rue L=E9o= Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux C=E9dex. Fax: (33) 57 57 10 87, Phone: (33) 57 57= 10 87 et 57 57 10 62. You also might ask Dr. P.Driscoll, Laboratorium fur vergleichende Physiologie und Verhaltensbiologie, ETH-Zentrum, Turnerstrasse 1,= CH-8092, Zurich, who has referred two my papers. Andre Ramos Departamento de Biologia - CCB Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina =46lorianopolis, SC BRASIL Lab. Genetique du Stress et Neurobiologie de l'Adaptation Universite de Bordeaux II, BP 10 146 rue Leo Saignat 33076 BORDEAUX CEDEX - France phone: (33) 57 57 10 62 fax: (33) 57 57 10 87 e-mail: andre.ramos@u-bordeaux2.fr Bolsista da CAPES/Brasil Sponsored by CAPES/Brasil From: IN%"Anne=Olsen%Svin%Husdyr1@sh1.foulum.min.dk" 13-JUL-1995 01:24:58.53 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: multi-suckling Research Centre Bygholm, July the 13th Dear all Who is working with multisuckling systems for pigs? If you are working with multisuckling systems and if you will take part in tne 29th ISAE-congress in Exeter UK on 3-5 August 1995, please bring some information with you about your projects, and we can excange ideas, results and experiences. Here at National Institute of Animal Science we are doing research in some basic principles in relation to multisuckling pens. At the ISAE-congress, please contact Lise Dybkjaer or Anne Olsen, or write to E-mail: AO%SVIN%HUSDYR1@SH1.FOULUM.MIN.DK for making an appointment at the congress. If you are not going to Exeter, please contact us by ordinary mail or E-mail. Yours sincerely Lise Dybkjaer and Anne Olsen Research Centre Bygholm P.O. Box 536 DK-8700 Horsens From: IN%"donlay@iastate.edu" "Lay, Don" 17-JUL-1995 15:10:58.26 To: IN%"APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca" "'APPLIED ETHOL.'" CC: Subj: Barometric pressure Several weeks ago, I posted a question as to whether anyone had references on barometric pressure and behavior. Several people responded with information about personal experiences that were very interesting. Including Joe Stookey's experience on the birth of his son. Ed Price had a list of references, some quite old, on the subject. I have include this list below. It seems that their is little research in this area, possibly due to the difficulty of holding our experimental variables constant. So, for your information (some of these references are incomplete, but it is all I've got): Authors: Bateson, PPG Article: Atmospheric pressure during incubation and post-hatch behaviour in chicks. Volume: 24B Year: 1974 Pages: 805-807 Journal: Nature Authors: Brown, FA Jr; Webb, HM; Macey, EJ Article: Lag-lead correlations of barometric pressure and biological activity. Volume: ? Year: ? Pages: 112-119 Journal: ? Authors: Peterson, DA Article: Barometric pressure and its effect on spawning activities of rainbow trout. Volume: 34 Year: 1972 Pages: 110-112 Journal: The Progressive Fish-Culturist Authors: Lehner, PN; Dennis, DS Article: Preliminary research on the ability of ducks to discriminate atmospheric pressure changes. Volume: 188 Year: 1971 Pages: 98-109 Journal: Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. Authors: Edwards, DK Article: Activity of two species of calliphora (diptera) during barometric pressure changes of natural magnitude. Volume: 39 Year: 1961 Pages: 624-635 Journal: Canadian J. Zoology Authors: Dijkgraaf, S Article: Uber die bedeutung der weberschen knochel fur die wahrnehmung von schwankungen des hydrostatischen druckes. Volume: ? Year: 1940? Pages: 389-401 Journal: Zeitschrift fur vergleichend physiologie Authors: Dijkgraaf, S Article: Habe die lautaugerungen der elritze eine beiologische bedeutung? Volume: ? Year: 1941 Pages: 103-106 Journal: ? Authors: Dijkgraaf, S Article: Uber druckwahrnehmung bei fischen. Volume: ? Year: 1942 Pages: 39-66 Journal: ? Authors: Kreithen, ML; Keeton, WT Article: Detection of changes in atmospheric pressure by the homing pigeon, Columba livia. Volume: 89 Year: 1974 Pages: 73-82 Journal: J. Comp. Physiol. Authors: Champman, JA; Trethewey, DEC Article: Factors affecting trap responses of introduced eastern cottontail rabbits. Volume: 36 Year: 1972 Pages: 1221-1226 Journal: J. Wildlife Mgt. Authors: Barick, FB Article: Deer trapping, coordinated with weather. Volume: ? Year: 1952 Pages: ? Journal: Wildlife in North Carolina Authors: Sprott, RL Article: Barometric pressure fluctuations: effects on the activity of laboratory mice. Volume: 157 Year: 1967 Pages: 1206-1207 Journal: Science Authors: Ardashnikova, LI Article: Changes in the conditioned reflex activity of dogs during repeated, brief exposures to low barometric pressure. Volume: 8 Year: 1960 Pages: 184-191 Journal: Zhur. Vssyh. Nerrn. Deyatelnosi im I. P. Pavlova From: IN%"RUSHENJ@NCCCOT.AGR.CA" "JEFF RUSHEN" 20-JUL-1995 12:06:18.26 To: IN%"APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: IEC programme The programme for the International Ethological Conference in Hawaii can be found at http://www.cisab.indiana.edu/iecbbs.html From: IN%"K.PLAXTON@elsevier.nl" 21-JUL-1995 04:04:12.37 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Contents Applan Vol. 43/4 Dear Applied-Ethology Readers, Please find below the contents list for Applied Animal Behaviour Science volume 43/4. Andrea Harkness (Secretary to Ken Plaxton) ============================================================================= Applied Animal Behaviour Science Vol. 43, No. 4 July 1995 CONTENTS The effect of age at tethering on behaviour of heifer calves M.B. Jensen (Tjele, Denmark) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227 Effect of dehorning on behaviour and plasma cortisol responses in young calves J.P. Morisse, J.P. Cotte and D. Huonnic (Ploufragan, France) . . . .239 Provision of straw as a foraging substrate reduces the development of excessive chain and bar manipulation in food restricted sows H.A.M. Spoolder, J.A. Burbidge (King's Lynn, UK), S.A. Edwards (Edinburgh, UK), P.H. Simmins (King's Lynn, UK) and A.B. Lawrence (Edinburgh, UK). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 The relative preferences for feathers, straw, wood-shavings and sand for dustbathing, pecking and scratching in domestic chicks G.S. Sanotra, K.S. Vestergaard, J.F. Agger and L.G. Lawson (Copenhagen, Denmark). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Development and application of a preference test system to evaluate housing conditions for laboratory rats H.J.M. Blom (Utrecht, Netherlands), G. Van Tintelen (Wageningen, Netherlands), V. Baumans, J. Van Den Broek and A.C. Beynen (Utrecht, Netherlands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279 Changes in meal patterning by mice measure the cost imposed by natural obstacles C.M. Sherwin and C.J. Nicol (Bristol, UK). . . . . . . . . . . . . .291 ***************************** Ken Plaxton Elsevier Science B.V. P.O. Box 181 1000 AD Amsterdam The Netherlands Tel: +31 20 485 3332 Fax: +31 20 485 3325 E-mail: k.plaxton@elsevier.nl ***************************** From: IN%"jwade@icis.on.ca" 24-JUL-1995 10:35:55.92 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: K9 Anxiety Reduction vis Rx I need more information on the use of drugs to help reduce anxiety. Information on Diazepam, Amitriptyline, Buspirone, Elvil?... Pros/Cons, approaches, successes, failures... John.Wade@icis.on.ca London, Ontario Canada From: IN%"sline@isnet.is.wfu.edu" "Scott Line" 25-JUL-1995 05:58:55.48 To: IN%"jwade@icis.on.ca" "John Wade" CC: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: K9 Anxiety Reduction vis Rx On Mon, 24 Jul 1995, John Wade wrote: > I need more information on the use of drugs to help reduce anxiety. > Information on Diazepam, Amitriptyline, Buspirone, Elvil?... > Pros/Cons, approaches, successes, failures... > John.Wade@icis.on.ca > London, Ontario Canada > Nicholas Dodman and Louis Shuster at Tufts University probably have more experience with behavioral pharmacology in pets than about anyone. I think a general article they published last fall would be a good starting point. Another good source is a summary of the topic written by Amy Marder. Scott Line, DVM, PhD sline@isnet.is.wfu.edu Dept of Comparative Medicine Bowman Gray School of Medicine Medical Center Blvd. Winston-Salem NC 27157-1040 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dodman NH, Shuster L. Pharmacologic approaches to managing behavior problems in small animals. Veterinary Medicine 90:960-969, 1994. Marder AR. Psychotropic drugs and behavioral therapy. Veterinary Clinics of North America (Advances in Companion Animal Behavior) 21:329-341, 1991. From: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" 27-JUL-1995 08:17:17.71 To: IN%"APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca" CC: IN%"RUSHENJ@EM.AGR.CA" Subj: J. Rushen- new email address For those who enjoy Change: I have a new email address rushenj@em.agr.ca For conservatives, who prefer to resist Change: my old address still works! But it will gradually fade away. Jeff Rushen rushenj@em.agr.ca From: IN%"ujhhtpo@ucl.ac.uk" "ujhhtpo" 27-JUL-1995 08:41:55.78 To: IN%"applied-ethology-xpnd@sask.usask.ca" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: To: aa266@cleveland.Freenet.Edu 20 July 1995 To D B Cameron DVM Regarding query from Julie Morrow You are right it is not easy to define psychological well-being which I believe first evolved in the Jurassic period with the appearance of the first mammals with a neocortex and brain 4-5 times larger than any fossil or extant reptile. I am enclosing a brief synopsis of my ideas on the subject. I would classify some of the basic needs you mention as "physical" ie food, sex, climate, shelter etc but of course they contribute to the animal's state of mind - especially if it has no control. I hope the following is of some value to you. Psychological well-being 1 I believe that this concept can only be applied to mammals and perhaps certain species of birds (eg. parrots, corvids). Other species may have simple behavioural needs, such as the newt's requirement for a certain type of water plant leaf in which to wrap its egg. 2 Psychological well-being refers to a state of mind (perhaps comparable with the human state of contentment). It is difficult to define in a sentence because the concept is based on behavioural and evolutionary evidence. 3 Lack of psychological well-being is indicated when an animal is apathetic and bored or carries out abnormal behaviours (Hediger 1955; Markowitz 1982). 4 Psychological well-being appears to be present when an animal is in an environment which meets its psychological needs. This requires a definition of "psychological needs". Psychological needs 1 The mammals evolved as individuals with a strong reliance on learning and intelligence for their survival (through convergent evolution some birds may also be similar). 2 As Jerison (1973, 1988) has pointed out mammals create in their brain through their experiences, a "real world". On the basis of this psychological ability they use intelligence (defined by Jerison as "The way one knows the world and uses that knowledge when adapting to changing situations") for survival. 3 In an earlier paper (Poole 1992) I put forward the view that suggested that mammals experience a need to acquire relevant information of a quality and quantity appropriate to that which enables them create a sufficiently complete model of the real world to enable them to survive in the wild. Mammals have a unique period of childhood to create a mental model of the world in which they live, acquiring information in a protected situation and, as adults, a daily programme of activity to ensure that they regularly revise this knowledge. If this psychological need (hunger?) for information cannot be satisfied, the individual suffers because its need to acquire information for survival is frustrated, thus compromising its psychological well-being. The animal, depending on its character, tries to compensate either by just giving up (apathy) or spending its time busily engaged in pointless activities which cannot achieve any objective. 4 A mammal's psychological needs are met by the natural environment, so that it should be satisfied by a captive one which provides the major features found in nature. Field studies of a wide variety of mammals indicate that these are: Security in the form of a safe location or a supportive social group Complexity adequate for the animal to carry out a normal behavioral repertoire opportunities for the Achievement of goals (control) an element of Novelty or uncertainty To summarise animals which are intelligent need adequately rich and varied experiences to meet their psychological needs and thus ensure their psychological well-being. References: Hediger H 1955 Studies of the Psychology and Behaviour of Captive Animals in Zoos and Circuses. Butterworth: London Jerison H J 1973 Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence. Academic Press: New York and London Jerison H J 1988 Evolutionary biology of intelligence: the nature of the problem. In Jerison H J and Jerison I (eds) Intelligence and Evolutionary Biology. Springer-Verlag: Berlin Markowitz H 1982 Behavioral Enrichment in the Zoo. Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York Poole T B 1992 The nature and evolution of behavioural needs in mammals. Animal Welfare 1: 203-220 Comments welcome! Best wishes, Trevor Poole Scientific Director International Academy of Animal Welfare Sciences E-mail address: trevor.poole@ucl.ac.uk From: IN%"ape@meer.meer.net" 2-AUG-1995 23:29:07.82 To: IN%"APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca", IN%"primate-talk@primate.wisc.edu", IN%"pgarber@UX1.CSO.UIUC.EDU" CC: Subj: Gorilla auction Donations Solicited from Artists, Craftpersons, Jewelry Designers, Travel Agents, Innkeepers, Winegrowers, Restaurants, Primatologists and Interested Others Project Koko is an interspecies communication study of language acquisition in lowland gorillas. The Gorilla Foundation, the parent organization of the project, will sponsor a fundraising auction Labor Day weekend in Hawaii. The silent auction will take place on Saturday, September 2 and Sunday, September 3, 1995 at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel at the Kapalua Resort on Maui. The auction will be a part of the "Rainbow Within You" multi-cultural community celebration headlining this exciting weekend. The festival will focus on communication (our specialty!) and in addition to the auction, there will be informative displays, a brand new documentary about Project Koko followed by a question-and-answer session by Dr. Patterson, a mini-clinic in sign language for children taught by Dr. Patterson and a concert by Henry Kapono, one of Hawaii's favorite singers. Items to be auctioned include travel packages, a once-in-a-lifetime visit with the gorilla Koko, artwork, original gorilla memorabilia and much more. Tickets to this event are $5.00 and all proceeds go toward the Allan G. Sanford Gorilla Preserve on Maui, Hawaii. The Gorilla Foud all proceeds go toward the Allan G. Sanford Gorilla Preserve on Maui, Hawaii. Foundation needs your support not only in attending this event, but in making a tax-deductible contribution of goods or services to the auction. The several hundred guests attending this event will have the opportunity to see and appreciate your unique contribution. As a benefactor of the auction, your name will be published in our semi-annual journal, Gorilla, which is distributed to our 74,000 members as well as schools, scientific colleagues and interested individuals. We expect the event to be well attended by the news media, the community and several celebrities. Gorillas are rapidly losing their natural habitat and need our protection if they are to survive. We are establishing a unique sanctuary for endangered gorillas in a tropical climate most suitable for their species. Roaming freely within spacious enclosures on our 70-acre preserve in Hawaii, these shy and gentle primates will be safe from the many dangers that threaten their free-living kin in Africa. Using knowledge gained over the past 22 years from our language-using gorillas, Koko And Michael, we are designing this state-of-the-art preserve to foster natural and healthy gorilla groups and to promote the survival of the species. This fundraising event will bring the gorillas Koko, Michael and Ndume one giant step closer to their new home on Maui. The Gorilla Foundation looks forward to breaking ground at the site shortly. For more information or to discuss your donation, please contact the Gorilla Foundation at 415-851-8505 or 1-800-643-6273 (1-800-64-GO-APE). Nell Bekiares WWW URL:http://meer.meer.net/~ape/ ape@meer.meer.net 715 Garland Drive Palo Alto, CA 94303 415-321-0422 From: IN%"csmith@nalusda.gov" "Cynthia Smith" 3-AUG-1995 08:37:32.71 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: products for environmental enrichment for farm animals The USDA Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC) in conjunction with the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) have been busy creating an extensive resource publication on environmental enrichment for laboratory animals other than primates. We are now in the process of compiling a listing of vendors that supply environmental enrichment devices for use with farm animals. If you have any information on such vendors please let Tim Allen know at tallen@nalusda.gov or (301)-504-5174 or (301) 504-7125. Thanks, USDA, NAL, AWIC 5th Floor 10301 Baltimore Blvd. Beltsville, MD 20705