From: IN%"joseph.garner@New.oxford.ac.uk" "Joe Garner" 15-JUL-1996 09:53:46.92 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Mice mazes Hello there. This is an e-mail for Chris Sherwin (sorry, I've lost your address), and anyone out there who's ever used y-mazes or other forms of choice test with mice or bank voles. I was wondering whether anyone had used those slot-together mice mazes you can get in pet shops, and whether people had found cheap suppliers or alternatives. I need to build an arrangement that looks something like this: | | ____| |____ | __/ \__ | | | | | | | | | |\| | | \ or / = a one-way door. | |__| |__| | |____\ /____| | | | | I'm exploring possibilities at the moment, so any suggestions for building this sort of apparatus would be very useful. Cheers, Joe. From: IN%"harrism@sask.usask.ca" 15-JUL-1996 17:26:40.07 To: IN%"aa266@cleveland.Freenet.Edu" "D.B. Cameron" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: vole identification Seems to me that Dr. Cameron's logic would only apply if we were talking about humans and could ask "Would you care to sacrifice this toe for the sake of science?". Unfortunately, the rodents in question are not in a position to choose whether or not to lose (the digit); the benefit for the amputee, then, is small, the risk large. - Moira Harris On Mon, 15 Jul 1996, D.B. Cameron wrote: > > > Seems to me that the risk:benefit ratio is the factor of > interest, not size or species. I, for one, would be more than willing > to sacrifice a toe (sans anesthetic if necessary) to aid in the > discovery of a cure for chemical addiction, but I would think twice > about trimming my nails for, say, a sexism study. > > > -- > DBC (aka D.B. Cameron, DVM) > Animal Behavior Clinic > Middleburg Hts., OH 44130 > 216/826-0013 Fax: 234-3407 > From: IN%"croning@hari.agvic.gov.au" "Greg Cronin" 15-JUL-1996 21:43:44.69 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Introduction I would like to introduce myself to the Applied Ethology network. I am a research scientist with Agriculture Victoria, Victorian Institute of Animal Science, based at Werribee. I am involved predominately in research on sow and piglet behaviour and the development of practical alternative housing systems for farrowing / lactating sows and their piglets. I am currently interested to hear from anyone who is conducting research with European Wild Swine, especially in relation to behaviour and physiology with comparisons to modern, domestic pigs. Thanks Greg Cronin Victorian Institute of Animal Science Animal Welfare Department Werribee Victoria Australia From: IN%"Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "CM. Sherwin" 16-JUL-1996 02:26:51.03 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: mouse mazes Dear Joe (and others intrested in mouse mazes), During some of my research on demand for resources, I have used apparatus or mazes built of "Habitrail" tubing. This is 5cm wide plastic tubes/cages/junctions, etc which interlock. They are designed as housing for pet hamsters but serve equally well as state-of-the art, escape proof, extended experimental laboratory housing for mice! e.g. Sherwin and Nicol, Anim. Behav. 51:1087-1093 (please excuse the advertisement). These are available from most pet shops. I have used one way doors, but after CONSIDERABLE efforts, I am convinced the only way to achieve this reliably is to have a door that is controlled by a system which recognises the position of the mouse and electronically locks and unlocks the door. Passive one-way doors (e.g. gravity operated) prove to be a challenge which the mouse is always equal to. Hope this is the information you required Regards, Chris Sherwin University of Bristol chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk From: IN%"J.Eddison@plymouth.ac.uk" "J Eddison" 16-JUL-1996 03:10:59.65 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: book review (short) John Webster's book, 'Animal Welfare - A Cool Eye towards Eden', was reviewed by Alistair Lawrence in the October 1995 issue of the ISAE Newsletter. What a good reason to become a member of the ISAE! (Membership Secretary, Mark Rutter; email: ISAE.MEMBERSHIP@BBSRC.AC.UK). I hope to increase the number of book reviews included in the Newsletter. So, if anybody wishes to see specific books reviewed, please inform me. Furthermore, I shall also be looking to review useful software. John Eddison Communications Officer, ISAE jeddison@plymouth.ac.uk fax +44 (0) 1626 325626 Date: Sun, 14 Jul 1996 13:41:00 -0600 (CST) From: harrism@sask.usask.ca Subject: book review (short) To: etho-list Cc: HARRISM Has John Webster's book "Animal Welfare: a cool eye towards eden" been reviewed in Applied Animal Behaviour Science or anywhere else -- and if so could someone point me to the right journal/volume? Thanks, - Moira Harris harrism@sask.usask.ca From: IN%"101675.152@compuserve.com" "MONKEY SANCTUARY" 16-JUL-1996 11:29:44.05 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology and Ani" CC: Subj: Beepping watch? Hello all I am Jordi from The Monkey Sanctary Does anybody know the proper technical term for a watch that 'bips' a particular set intervals used in time based observations?. I do know there is a better term than 'beepping watch', but I cannot remember it. Do you know, by the way, where I can get one? (in the U.K.) Thanks Jordi The Monkey Sanctuary e-mail:101675.152@compuserve.com From: IN%"mrenner@wcupa.edu" "Renner, Michael" 16-JUL-1996 12:21:18.46 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "'Applied Ethology List'" CC: Subj: FW: Beepping watch? I've seen and used the term "interval timer" for this type of device. A good one can be had for less than $50 (US) from a company called "High Purity Chemical" which lists only a toll-free number in its advertisements (800-541-5805 for the US members). Their mailing address is P.O. Box 17376, Portland, OR 97217 USA. Michael Renner ---------- From: applied-ethology-error To: Applied Ethology and Ani Subject: Beepping watch? Date: Tuesday, July 16, 1996 1:23PM Hello all I am Jordi from The Monkey Sanctary Does anybody know the proper technical term for a watch that 'bips' a particular set intervals used in time based observations?. I do know there is a better term than 'beepping watch', but I cannot remember it. Do you know, by the way, where I can get one? (in the U.K.) Thanks Jordi The Monkey Sanctuary e-mail:101675.152@compuserve.com From: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" 16-JUL-1996 13:38:55.33 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Beepping watch? -REPONSE >>>>Does anybody know the proper technical term for a watch that 'bips' a particular set intervals used in time based observations?. I do know there is a better term than 'beepping watch', but I cannot remember it. Do you know, by the way, where I can get one? (in the U.K.)>>> I have an appropriately-named "Ironman Triathalon" from Timex. It is a watch with stopwatch and what it calls an "interval timer". It can be set to beep at regular intervals down to 5 secs (although the new ones keep beeping for 10s, so that is the effective lower limit). I use it all the time in experiments and it has the advantage of allowing you to buy your wrist-watch on your research grant. You can get them in most watch shops in Canada, so I imagine they are sold in the UK. However, the name "Ironman" might be too exciting for British people, so it is possible they are sold under a more reserved-sounding name. Jeffrey Rushen, Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 90, 2000 Route 108E, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada J1M 1Z3 Ph. 1-819-5659171 Fax: 1-819-5645507 Email: rushenj@em.agr.ca http://res.agr.ca/PUB/CDRN/portfoli/private/jeff/jeff.html From: IN%"zanella@pilot.msu.edu" 16-JUL-1996 22:41:27.02 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Introduction I introduced myself last year. As I changed my job I would like to say something about my current research. My name is Adroaldo Zanella. Since April I am in the Department of Animal Science. Michigan State University in East Lansing (USA). My position is Assistant Professor (Ethology and Environmental Physiology). I am going to be looking at neurophysiology of stereotypies in several species. I am interested in getting some information about animal behavior & welfare teaching in the United States and Canada. I will be taking part in a debate (very soon) about this topic and it would be nice to know more about it. Adroaldo From: IN%"71064.3474@CompuServe.COM" "Richard Senft" 17-JUL-1996 05:55:39.32 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: Behavioral Software This is a reply to the question about data loggers and behavioral software. Amber Waves Software is developing on a foraging behavior simulation software package called Forager. This software enables researchers to set up models based on any of several current foraging concepts. You can also set up a map of the foraging environment and specify movement rules. In addition to the modeling capabilities, Forager contains tools for creating publication quality reports, graphs, and maps. It will run under Windows 3.1 or Windows 95. This program will be an excellent complement to field studies in that field observations can easily be compared to foraging concepts. Forager is expected to go into Beta (pre-release user testing) in September and be released later in the fall. Information is available from: Amber Waves Software 531 West Frederick Street Lancaster, PA 17603 FAX: 717-293-1952 e-mail: rsenft@redrose.net --- Richard Senft From: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" 17-JUL-1996 06:32:48.88 To: IN%"applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: teaching in US and Canada >>> I introduced myself last year. As I changed my job I would like to say something about my current research. My name is Adroaldo Zanella. I am interested in getting some information about animal behavior & welfare teaching in the United States and Canada. I will be taking part in a debate (very soon) about this topic and it would be nice to know more about it. >>> What specifically are you interested in? This debate sounds like it would be of interest to people on this list. Could we have more information about it? Jeffrey Rushen, Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 90, 2000 Route 108E, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada J1M 1Z3 Ph. 1-819-5659171 Fax: 1-819-5645507 Email: rushenj@em.agr.ca http://res.agr.ca/PUB/CDRN/portfoli/private/jeff/jeff.html From: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" 17-JUL-1996 06:35:08.75 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: teaching in US and Canada >>> I introduced myself last year. As I changed my job I would like to say something about my current research. My name is Adroaldo Zanella. I am interested in getting some information about animal behavior & welfare teaching in the United States and Canada. I will be taking part in a debate (very soon) about this topic and it would be nice to know more about it. >>> What specifically are you interested in? This debate sounds like it would be of interest to people on this list. Could we have more information about it? Jeffrey Rushen, Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 90, 2000 Route 108E, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada J1M 1Z3 Ph. 1-819-5659171 Fax: 1-819-5645507 Email: rushenj@em.agr.ca http://res.agr.ca/PUB/CDRN/portfoli/private/jeff/jeff.html From: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" 17-JUL-1996 09:11:37.22 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: ISAE journal and general meeting Both Ian Duncan and Harold Gonyou have mentioned that the question of an ISAE journal will be debated at the annual general meeting of the ISAE on the 14th August at Guelph. I would add to their voices in encouraging all ISAE memebers going to the conference to attend that meeting and to make their views known. From previous discussions on this topic, you can see that, in contrast to most sedate, boring annual general meetings, this one will be action-packed, with social conflict and raised voices. Decisions will also be made about how to spend lots of your money! We have received 301 responses to the journal survey, which is a fairly healthy response. The full results will be presented at Guelph and in the ISAE newsletter. In short, 70% were in favour of an ISAE journal, with only 8% opposed (22% were uncertain). Harold mentioned the interest of Elsevier in establishing a new arrangment, and I have previously mentioned the contact we have had with CABI. At this stage I think we should put aside the question of the specific publisher, and concentrate on deciding what the requirements of the ISAE for a journal would be. We can then contact a range of publishers and choose the one that best meets our needs. I think we should try to finalize the list of our needs at the Guelph meeting, so that we can begin contacting publishers as soon as possible after the meeting. I will try to circulate MY suggested list of requirements before the meeting. Please make your views known. (Sadly, there are those who are fascinated by and opinionated on this topic, but whose opinions will be totally ignored and will have no effect on the world at all, because they are not members of the ISAE. Incidently, the Membership Secretary, Mark Rutter can be contacted at; email: ISAE.MEMBERSHIP@BBSRC.AC.UK). Jeffrey Rushen, Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 90, 2000 Route 108E, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada J1M 1Z3 Ph. 1-819-5659171 Fax: 1-819-5645507 Email: rushenj@em.agr.ca http://res.agr.ca/PUB/CDRN/portfoli/private/jeff/jeff.html From: IN%"harrism@sask.usask.ca" 17-JUL-1996 14:16:14.28 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "etho-list" CC: IN%"HARRISM@sask.usask.ca" "HARRISM" Subj: RE: Paradigms in ethology (fwd) I have forwarded this message sent to me with Diane's permission .... ---------- Forwarded message ---------- Date: Mon, 15 Jul 1996 11:13:47 -0400 (EDT) From: DDUTTON To: harrism@sask.usask.ca Subject: Re: Paradigms in ethology Nice article on Kuhn; ironically Kuhn was later pressurised to 'tone down' his views to fit in more comfortably with the existing scientific paradigm! I'm currently writing a paper examining how the existing paradigms in ethology determine animal research. I would say that today ethologists operate according to the 'animals as machines' metaphor, with its emphasis on classification of observable behaviour and causal explanations for that behaviour. Current problems that ethologists are struggling with as a result of this paradigm: animal emotions, cognition, in fact the entire question of the experience of other species.... I could go on . Maybe I'll just go and finish my paper... xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Diane Dutton, Psychology dept \_|_/ Liverpool Hope University College || Hope Park, Liverpool L16 8ND ddutton@email.livhope.ac.uk Tel. 0151 737 3077 (work) 0151 727 5860 (home) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx From: IN%"101675.152@compuserve.com" "MONKEY SANCTUARY" 17-JUL-1996 15:38:56.09 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology and Ani" CC: Subj: Subcutanean tracking chips? Hello all. I am Jordi from the Monkey Sanctuary, and this time I would like to know information about tracking methods in primates. I do know about the collars, but I have heard about microchips inserted in the skin of the animal to track. Does anybody know information about it? I am particulary interested in price, where I can buy them, how it works, how long it lasts, if must be removed once expired, and side efects. Thanks Jordi The Monkey Sanctuary Looe, Cornwall, U.K. e-mail: 101675.152@compuserve.com P.S.: This is for the post-rehabilitation monitoring of our colony of Woolly Monkeys From: IN%"REBECCA.LARKIN@smtpgwy.agric.nsw.gov.au" 17-JUL-1996 17:50:39.09 To: IN%"applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: WEEBSTER REVIEW >Dear All, >John Webster's book " Animal welfare: a cool eye towards Eden" was >very favourably reviewed by Ken Johnson in ANZCACART new vol 8, No 4, >Dec 1995. >Best wishes, >Chris Sherwin >University of Bristol Chris is correct (I knew I read it somewhere but a quick search couldn't locate it) - for the sake of accuracy and for any one overseas who is interested and may find problems getting a copy: 'ANZCCART News' is the newsletter of the Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching and contains a wealth of articles, book reviews and information for any one involved in research, including people on ethics committees, in Australia and New Zealand. This issue (December 1995) had a number of wildlife related articles which may be of interest. ISSN 1039-9089 Contact Robert Baker, Executive Officer, PO Box 19, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia, ph 61-8-320 6228, fax 61-8-303 7113, email anzccart@adelaide.edu.au. Rebecca Larkin Veterinary Officer, Animal Welfare Unit NSW Agriculture, Locked Bag 21 Orange NSW 2800 61-63-913708 fax 61-63-913570 email larkinr@agric.nsw.gov.au From: IN%"aa266@cleveland.Freenet.Edu" 17-JUL-1996 22:18:22.76 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: vole identification Since the researcher has already made all sorts of other decisions re: the rodents in question, it seems not unreasonable to expect that a reasonable, rational adult (or even a committee of such adults) could quite objectively make such a decision for the voles. This assumes the the reasonable, rational adult (or committee) have already demonstrated that they have the vole species welfare uppermost in their minds and are not just out there in -40C weather trapping and nipping voles for their own amazement. As to whether there is benefit for the amputee, we veterinarians are traditionally trained to concern ourselves, professionally, with the herd (group) welfare, and the individual is specifically of secondary concern. So from that perspective the individual amputee is most certainly benefitted if the relatively innocuous nipping benefits the survival of the species. Reply to message from harrism@sask.usask.ca of Mon, 15 Jul > > >Seems to me that Dr. Cameron's logic would only apply if we were talking >about humans and could ask "Would you care to sacrifice this toe for the >sake of science?". Unfortunately, the rodents in question are not in a >position to choose whether or not to lose (the digit); the benefit for >the amputee, then, is small, the risk large. > >- Moira Harris > >On Mon, 15 Jul 1996, D.B. Cameron wrote: > >> >> >> Seems to me that the risk:benefit ratio is the factor of >> interest, not size or species. I, for one, would be more than willing >> to sacrifice a toe (sans anesthetic if necessary) to aid in the >> discovery of a cure for chemical addiction, but I would think twice >> about trimming my nails for, say, a sexism study. >> >> >> -- >> DBC (aka D.B. Cameron, DVM) >> Animal Behavior Clinic >> Middleburg Hts., OH 44130 >> 216/826-0013 Fax: 234-3407 >> > > -- DBC (aka D.B. Cameron, DVM) Animal Behavior Clinic Middleburg Hts., OH 44130 216/826-0013 Fax: 234-3407 From: IN%"Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "CM. Sherwin" 18-JUL-1996 03:35:21.55 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: vole ID (I think!) Dear All, I have two comments on the message by D.B. Cameron copied below: Firstly, I am rather surprised that veterinarians concern themselves primarily with the welfare of groups of animals rather than individuals. To me, the essence of welfare is what an animal perceives and "feels" about itself and its environment. We can do anything we like to an unconscious animals without there being a compromise in its welfare. It is only when the animal begins to regain consciousness that welfare issues become a concern. Therefore, welfare is about experiences at the individual level, not at the herd level (unless non-humans are empathic or telepathic!). Surely then, vets are treating animals to improve the welfare of the individual not the group. If a sick individual from a popoulation of wild animals is brought to the clinic, does the vet refuse treatment on the basis that the welfare of the group will be improved if the sick individual is allowed to die (they will have access to more resources such as food and water, lower probability of aggression, reduced disease incidence, etc)? Secondly, can we really describe amputation of a toe without anaesthetic (the procedure which initiated this discussion) as "relatively innocuous nipping"? Best wishes Chris Sherwin University of Bristol On Thursday 18 July 1996, D.B. Cameron wrote: " Since the researcher has already made all sorts of other decisions re: the rodents in question, it seems not unreasonable to expect that a reasonable, rational adult (or even a committee of such adults) could quite objectively make such a decision for the voles. This assumes the the reasonable, rational adult (or committee) have already demonstrated that they have the vole species welfare uppermost in their minds and are not just out there in -40C weather trapping and nipping voles for their own amazement. As to whether there is benefit for the amputee, we veterinarians are traditionally trained to concern ourselves, professionally, with the herd (group) welfare, and the individual is specifically of secondary concern. So from that perspective the individual amputee is most certainly benefitted if the relatively innocuous nipping benefits the survival of the species. From: IN%"bregman@interactive.net" "Vivian&Mickey" 18-JUL-1996 07:01:05.38 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Was vole IDhas become animal welfare >Firstly, I am rather surprised that veterinarians concern themselves >primarily with the welfare of groups of animals rather than individuals. >To me, the essence of welfare is what an animal perceives and "feels" >about itself and its environment. We can do anything we like to an >unconscious animals without there being a compromise in its welfare. >It is only when the animal begins to regain consciousness that welfare >issues become a concern. Therefore, welfare is about experiences at the >individual level, not at the herd level (unless non-humans are empathic or >telepathic!). Surely then, vets are treating animals to improve the >welfare of the individual not the group. If a sick individual from a >popoulation of wild animals is brought to the clinic, does the vet refuse >treatment on the basis that the welfare of the group will be improved if >the sick individual is allowed to die (they will have access to more resources >such as food and >water, lower probability of aggression, reduced disease incidence, etc)? >Chris Sherwin >University of Bristol Chris I am not a vet....But: A vet who experiments on animals to find a cure for a disease is really hurting the animals he's experimenting on to find a cure for the many. Even if all he's doing is a study where half the animals get treated to see if the treatment works. The needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few. Vivian Vivian Bregman and the BC's Member NADOI Kelev Canine College Inc. in scenic Wayne, NJ bregman@interactive.net From: IN%"nlewis@cc.UManitoba.CA" "N. Lewis" 18-JUL-1996 10:28:17.41 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: IN%"nlewis@cc.UManitoba.CA" Subj: vole I.D. Thank you for all of the replies to my query on vole identification. It is interesting that toe clipping became an issue in this discussion as this was the very procedure for which I wished to find an alternative. The following suggestions are listed for information. 1. plastic ear tags (if anyone knows of a small enough plastic ear tag please let me know) 2. toe or tail tatooing 3. ear notching ( I beleive this would reduce blood flow to the extent that ear dammage would be inflicted. If anyone has used ear notching successfully in small rodents at low temperatures please let me know. ) 4. injectable microchips 5. radiocollar 6. nail polish etc. (Would they groom these off? does anyone know?) Thank you again. From: IN%"nlewis@cc.UManitoba.CA" "N. Lewis" 18-JUL-1996 10:55:04.21 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: IN%"nlewis@cc.UManitoba.CA" Subj: vole I.D. Two references which may be of interest in this question: 1. Comparison or ear-tagging and toe-clipping in prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster. J. Mammol. 71:252 (1990). 2. Acceptable field methods in mammology: preliminary guidelines approved by the American Society of Mammologists. Supplement to J. Mammol. vol 68, Nov. 1987. From: IN%"robin@coape.win-uk.net" "Robin E Walker" 18-JUL-1996 11:31:43.74 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Kuhn and Paradigms (interminably long) >What paradigms do we currently operate within in the field of applied >ethology? Is "animals feel pain and experience emotions" an appropriate >paradigm - or is it too narrow, too broad or for some other reason not a >paradigm at all? What about Kuhn's puzzles? Can anyone offer an example >of a puzzle (an anomaly within a paradigm) that we are currently seeking >to explain in animal behaviour? > > >- Moira Harris >harrism@sask.usask.ca > Everywhere you look wounded paradigmata are brought to bay and worried by snarling ethologists. It is how the herd of theories is kept healthy! Cruising the thermals of anxietology the other day (Current Controversies in the Anxiety Disorders 1996 Ed. Ronald M. Rapee, page 146: OCD: A Neuropsychiatric Perspective) I spotted the canine acral lick dermatitis paradigm under attack. "....Rapaport (1992) has proposed that canine ALD may represent a useful model for OCD.... repetitive, stereotypical characteristics suggest some degree of compulsivity that may be similar tocompulsive behaviors manifested by patients with OCD....Unfortunately, this model is limited by several factors, including the fact that the etiology of ALD remains unknown..." Elsewhere in the same volume (p 195) Salkovskis assails the paradigm and offers the compulsively shuttling dogs of Solomon, Kamin and Wynne (1954) with their "...bizarre and stereotyped variants of the shuttling response. Furthermore once the unconditioned stimulus (electric shock) was removed, animals persisted in the shuttling response..(it) was only extinguished when the animals were forcibly prevented from shuttling; under these circumstances, the aninmals demonstrated extreme agitation and the re-emergence of anxiety. This was significant because during the phase when they were allowed to shutle freely, the avoidance response became highly practiced and apperaed tobe anxiety-free.....The availablity of this well-validated model makes it difficult to se why canine acral lick dermatitis (as described by Pigott et al.) should be regarded as a particularly usefulmodel for OCD." Dodman (1996 The Dog who Loved Too Much) attempts some resuscitation of the wounded paradigm in his useful book (my associate has retrieved her copy) along the lines of "..perhaps the dog really does have a compulsion,..one more good lick and this paw will be clean..." In Readings in Companion Animal Behaviour 1996, Eds. Voith and Borchelt, p 153 Compulsive Disorder in Dogs, we see Hewson and Luescher bite the paradigm in half! "...OCD is a human psychiatric conditon that is defined in the American {sychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Masnual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)...Because no one knows whether animals have obsessive thoughts, we prefer to omit the word obsessive and use the term compulsive disorder to describe the behavioiural syndrome in animals....The behaviors might share a similar pathophysiology (e.g., changes in serotonin, dopamine, and beta-endorphin systems). Compulsive behaviors seem abnormal because they are displayed out of context and are o ften repetitive, exaggerated, or sustained (e.g. persistent tail-chasing or freezing in one position). This is exciting! In an earlier post:- Date: Tue, 28 May 1996 14:20:50 -0400 Resent-from: Caroline Hewson From: Caroline Hewson Subject: Re: Vice breaker collars for horses? To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Hewson says:- "b) More importantly, my understanding of a treatment is that it should be directed at the cause of the problem. Consider stable "vices" (anthropocentric term which is wholly inappropriate for animals, in my view): there is growing evidence that they stem from frustrated motivation --> a high state of arousal which the animal cannot reduce because e.g. the environment does not provide an appropriate means of de-arousal." It gets better! At this point a new paradigm bounds onto the meadow:- Blum et al.,offer us Reward Deficiency Syndrome (Addictive, impulsive and compulsive disorders-including alcoholism, attention-deficcit disorder, drug abuse and food bingeing-may have a common gentetic basis) Ametican Scientist, Volume 84 (Mar/April 1996) pp 132-145. "We believe that these disorders are linked by a common biological substrate ....that provides pleasure in the process of rewarding behaviour....If these needs are threatened OR ARE NOT BEING MET (my caps), we experience discomfort and anxiety..This syndrome involves a form of sensory deprivation of the brain's pleasure mechanisms. It can be manifested in relatively mild or severe forms that follow as a consequence of an individual's biochemical inability to derive reward from ordinary, everyday activities." "....Dopamine appears to be the primary neurotransmitter at these reinforcement sites. Although the system of neurotransmitters involved in the biology of reward is complex, at least three other neurotransmitters are known to beivolved at several sites in the brain; serotonin in the hypothalamus, the enkephalins (opioid peptides) in the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens, and the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens." "...in a normal person, these neurotransmitters work together in a cascade of excitation or inhibition - betweencomplex stimuli and complex responses - leading to a feeling of well being, the ultimate reward. In the cascade theory of reward, a disruption of these intercellular interactions result in anxiety, anger and other "bad feelings" or in a craving for a substance that alleviates theae negative emotions." for veterinary purposes the part of the discussion that interests me is as follows:- "...disorders of the cells and molecules in the "upstream" part of the cascade may also disrupt the normal activity of the reward system. the cascade begins with the excitatory activity of serotonin-releasing neurons in the hypothalamus. This causes the release of the opioid peptide met-enkephalin in the ventral tegmental area, which inhibits the activity of neurons that release the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA). The disinhibition of dopamine-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area allows them to release dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and in certain parts of the hippocampus, permitting the completion of the cascade." This seems to give us the REINFORCEMENT MECHANISM that underlies all instrumental conditioning. Now I will let my little paradigm wobble forth to certain death on the meadow! From all the above it seems that we have been blind to the implications of how aversive NON-REWARD is; how REWARDING escape from from aversive stimulus (RELIEF) is; and how FRUSTRATING partial obstruction of REWARD can be. Consummatory behaviours such as chewing, mounting are a means to induce the pleasure cascade. Running and whirling and hollering are also means to induce self-gratification. Acupunture, acupressure, massage, tickling, scratching, self-mutilation..are all means to the same end. The geatest oversight has been how ADDICTIVE self-gratificattion can be. To me the "viscious cycle behaviour" of a shuttling dog, or the obedience dog glued fast to its owners' leg (in the eye of a hurrican of punishment and suffused with the llmbic csacade of relief that it is safe) are examples of auto-addiction to endorphins and dopamine. The odd behavior of the ALD dog might be explained by two aspects of the mechanism. Self gratification by a rythmic gustatory sequence (licking) supplentmented after a time by auto relief of skin damage. A double addiction! Careful consideration of Blum's cascade might give us a better rationale for drug use tht simply applying a "human" remedy to a DSM label. A process which to my mind has caused much confusion in the veterinary literature. Some paradoxes could be explained. 1. Enhancing GABA inhibition of dopamine release might reduce reward. Giving a child phenobarbitone (and some dogs) ccan cause hyperactivity! But if lack of reward has induced frustrastion then frantic attemps to achieve well-being by mad motor routines seems a explainable result. 2. Mothers of fractious infants sometimes batter the baby after being put on diazepam. It has been suggested that their moral or guilt mechanisms have been negated. But what if the GABA agonist hs further depressed the reward outcome of the reinforcement cascade? Might a sharp increase in frustration and discomfort have ensued? 3. A healthy Westie who whirls when frustrated can be calmed very rapidly by the serotonin enhancement of Prozak. But if an animal were to have a D2 receptor deficiency or be far gone in an addictive state might the restoration of a normal pleasure mechanism be inordinately slow? And counter-conditioning tantamount to trying to decoy a crack addict from his snort with the offer of a toffee? This is problably longer than most will endure and it will all be sorted out in Guelph and I wish I was going! Robin Walker From: IN%"STOOKEY@sask.usask.ca" 18-JUL-1996 16:11:34.44 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Farm Animal Behaviour and Welfare Dear Joe Two or three months ago you kindly circulated a message on my behalf to members of the applied ethology electronic network, seeking their views about the merit of reprinting the book "Farm Animal Behaviour and Welfare". I had a large number of positive responses and as a result, we are going ahead. Would it be possible for you now to circulate the message below around the network? Many thanks if you can - please confirm if you can do so. Best wishes Tim Hardwick CAB International e-mail: t.hardwick@cabi.org CAB INTERNATIONAL is pleased to announce that it is republishing the third edition of "Farm Animal Behaviour and Welfare", by A F Fraser and D M Broom. The book will be available again from the beginning of September 1996. It will not be a new edition, but rather a direct reprint of the 1990 edition, apart from the correction of a few typographical errors. It was previously published by Bailliere Tindall, but put out of print by that publisher in 1995. The price of the book is US dollars 45 in North and Central America and British pounds 24.50 elsewhere. The ISBN is 0 85199 160 2. If you are recommending the book to a class of students, please encourage your local bookshop to take stock of the book. In all parts of the world except North and Central America it can be obtained through CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8DE, UK (tel: +44-1491-832111, fax +44-1491-826090, e-mail: cabi@cabi.org). In North and Central America it is published by CAB International but distributed by Oxford University Press, 2001 Evans Road, Cary NC 27513 (call toll free on 1-800-451-7556). From: IN%"REBECCA.LARKIN@smtpgwy.agric.nsw.gov.au" 18-JUL-1996 17:30:49.61 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Webster review >Dear All, >John Webster's book " Animal welfare: a cool eye towards Eden" was >very favourably reviewed by Ken Johnson in ANZCACART new vol 8, No 4, >Dec 1995. >Best wishes, >Chris Sherwin >University of Bristol Chris is correct (I knew I read it somewhere but a quick search couldn't locate it) - for the sake of accuracy and for any one overseas who is interested and may find problems getting a copy: 'ANZCCART News' is the newsletter of the Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching and contains a wealth of articles, book reviews and information for any one involved in research, including people on ethics committees, in Australia and New Zealand. This issue (December 1995) had a number of wildlife related articles which may be of interest. ISSN 1039-9089 Contact Robert Baker, Executive Officer, PO Box 19, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia, ph 61-8-320 6228, fax 61-8-303 7113, email anzccart@adelaide.edu.au. Rebecca Larkin Veterinary Officer, Animal Welfare Unit NSW Agriculture, Locked Bag 21 Orange NSW 2800 61-63-913708 fax 61-63-913570 email larkinr@agric.nsw.gov.au From: IN%"REBECCA.LARKIN@smtpgwy.agric.nsw.gov.au" 18-JUL-1996 17:30:50.60 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: cattle transport times Greetings from Down Under A colleague of mine not on the list is interested in any literature on maximum transport times in cattle (by truck) and the effects of prolonged transportation. Amanda in the process of re-writing our transport code of practice. A particular sticking point has been 36 vs 48 hours as a maximum. The only published stuff we can find is European where the distances travelled seem to be much shorter! If any one can point me in the right direction, I'd be grateful. Rebecca Larkin Veterinary Officer, Animal Welfare Unit NSW Agriculture, Locked Bag 21 Orange NSW 2800 61-63-913708 fax 61-63-913570 email larkinr@agric.nsw.gov.au From: IN%"REBECCA.LARKIN@smtpgwy.agric.nsw.gov.au" 18-JUL-1996 19:43:34.90 To: IN%"applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Cattle transport times Greetings from Down Under A colleague of mine not on the list is interested in any literature on maximum transport times in cattle (by truck) and the effects of prolonged transportation. Amanda in the process of re-writing our transport code of practice. A particular sticking point has been 36 vs 48 hours as a maximum. The only published stuff we can find is European where the distances travelled seem to be much shorter! If any one can point me in the right direction, I'd be grateful. Rebecca Larkin Veterinary Officer, Animal Welfare Unit NSW Agriculture, Locked Bag 21 Orange NSW 2800 61-63-913708 fax 61-63-913570 email larkinr@agric.nsw.gov.au From: IN%"H.HOPSTER@id.dlo.nl" 19-JUL-1996 00:28:24.28 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: MAFF publication Dear all, I'm desperately seeking for a publication from the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, UK, entitled "Operations on farm animals: a guide to legislation" which was published in 1991. I already tried the British Library, but they couldn't provide me with this publication. If somebody could send me a copy, I would be very grateful. Kind regards, Hans Hopster Dept. Behaviour, Stressphysiology and Management Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-DLO) Edelhertweg 15, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands tel: 31.320.238205 fax: 31.320.238050 From: IN%"J.Eddison@plymouth.ac.uk" "J Eddison" 19-JUL-1996 07:14:07.58 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: MAFF publication Dear All, All the MAFF Welfare Recommendations are available free from: MAFF Publications London SE99 7TP John Eddison Date: Fri, 19 Jul 1996 08:29:07 +0000 (GMT) From: H.HOPSTER@id.dlo.nl Subject: MAFF publication To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Dear all, I'm desperately seeking for a publication from the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, UK, entitled "Operations on farm animals: a guide to legislation" which was published in 1991. I already tried the British Library, but they couldn't provide me with this publication. If somebody could send me a copy, I would be very grateful. Kind regards, Hans Hopster Dept. Behaviour, Stressphysiology and Management Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-DLO) Edelhertweg 15, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands tel: 31.320.238205 fax: 31.320.238050 From: IN%"dynavet@nat.fr" "xavier aubry" 19-JUL-1996 07:36:06.29 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: dogs and cats pheromones Dear colleague, I take the opportunity to introduce myself. I am actually working on a scientific thesis involving pheromones. I am a young french veterinarian, specialized in canine and feline behavior. I am trying to find recent articles on the detection, analysis or synthesis of mammalian pheromones (mainly dogs, cats, horses, cows...). Could you help me to find some relevant information ? I can't find anything on these subjects. The only information I have found yet was in a book by Brown and MacDonald ("Social Odours in Mammals"). Hoping that you will be able to answer to my request, Thanks a lot by advance, Xavier Aubry, veterinarian field of interest : dogs and cats clinical ethology From: IN%"Ludek.Bartos@beba.cesnet.cz" 19-JUL-1996 09:20:28.70 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca", IN%"DeerMail@majordomo.srv.ualberta.ca", IN%"@cunyvm.cuny.edu:ethology@searn.bitnet" "ethology", IN%"svec@service.rba.ch", IN%"p.brain@swansea.ac.uk", IN%"hanusg@epo.gov.on.ca", IN%"fotta@interlog.com", IN%"back@ma CC: Subj: Fwd: ATTENTION : Internet virus (fwd) I wonder if this is not another false warning. Just in case, I am passing it to the net. If anybody knows, please do tell us it is, hopefully, a nonsence... Ludek Bartos >From: MARECHAL <100641.3163@compuserve.com> >Message-ID: <960707202819_100641.3163_JHB166-5@CompuServe.COM> >To: Elisabeth EISENHAUER >Subject: ATTENTION : Internet virus > ><1> Subject: Please pass on this information to your colleagues. > > There is a computer virus that is being sent across the Internet. If >you receive an email message with the subject line "Good Times", DO NOT >read the message, DELETE it immediately. Please read the messages > below. Some miscreant is sending email under the title "Good Times" >nationwide, if you get anything like this, DON'T DOWN LOAD THE FILE! >It has a virus that rewrites your hard drive, obliterating anything on it. > > Please be careful and forward this mail to anyone you care about. > > The FCC released a warning last Wednesday concerning a matter of major >importance to any regular user of the Internet. Apparently a new computer >virus has been engineered by a user of AMERICA ON LINE that is >unparalleled in its destructive capability. Other more well-known viruses >such as "Stoned", "Airwolf" and "Michaelangelo" pale in comparison to the prospects >of this newest creation by a warped mentality. What makes this virus so >terrifying, said the FCC, is the fact that no program needs to be exchanged >for a new computer to be infected. It can be spread through the existing >email systems of the Internet. > >Once a Computer is infected, one of several things can happen. If >the computer contains a hard drive, that will most likely be destroyed. If >the program is not stopped, the computer's processor will be placed in an >nth-complexity infinite binary loop -which can severely damage the >processor if left running that way too long. >