From: IN%"MadEddie@aol.com" 15-JUN-2004 10:15:32.04 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Help from an Ethologist, please Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBBMIXG4SG8Y6NLB@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from MadEddie@aol.com); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 10:15:29 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBBMIV4UWG8Y6NKT@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 10:15:22 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBBMITL6PK8WW9JA@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 10:15:19 -0600 (CST) Received: from skynet.usask.ca (skynet.usask.ca [128.233.192.233]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5FFmB6f001264 for <@spamf1.usask.ca:applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca>; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 10:15:04 -0600 (envelope-from MadEddie@aol.com) Received: from imo-m15.mx.aol.com (imo-m15.mx.aol.com [64.12.138.205]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBBK5XO41I8WWGF2@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 09:07:42 -0600 (CST) Received: from MadEddie@aol.com by imo-m15.mx.aol.com (mail_out_v37_r2.6.) id z.c1.41e9d142 (3948) for ; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 11:06:12 -0400 (EDT) Date: Tue, 15 Jun 2004 11:06:12 -0400 (EDT) From: MadEddie@aol.com Subject: RE: Help from an Ethologist, please To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: 9.0 for Windows sub 5032 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_HewN3z7/LVkc83rJGJdvMg)" X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='NO_REAL_NAME 0.000' --Boundary_(ID_HewN3z7/LVkc83rJGJdvMg) Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT >>If I offer this one food, he does his threat gape, followed >> by a bite. That is a real problem, because he has to eat, >>but I don,t want to reinforce the biteing by giving him the food. >Would you necessarily be reinforcing the biting, though? I would >have thought it was arguable that the way he behaves is simply the >result of very extreme fear and that frequent small offerings of food >would train him to associate you with pleasant outcomes and reduce >the fear which is causing the bites. If he was a feral cat I'd say this >was perfectly normal behaviour and I'd expect the threats to decrease >as he progressed to associating me with food. Is there any way >(e.g. offering food on tongs) you can give him the food without actually >getting bitten? > Rosemary Rodd
>>If I offer this one food, he does his threat gape, followed
>> by a bite.  That is a real problem, because he has to eat,
>>but I don,t want to reinforce the biteing by giving him the food.

>Would you necessarily be reinforcing the biting, though? I would
>have thought it was arguable that the way he behaves is simply the
>result of very extreme fear and that frequent small offerings of food
>would train him to associate you with pleasant outcomes and reduce
>the fear which is causing the bites. If he was a feral cat I'd say this
>was perfectly normal behaviour and I'd expect the threats to decrease
>as he progressed to associating me with food. Is there any way
>(e.g. offering food on tongs) you can give him the food without actually
>getting bitten?
> Rosemary Rodd <rr25@cam.ac.uk
 
 
Hello again CeAnn----
This is Sue, who related to you (off-list) an experience I had with
a young, fearful raccoon. (can't find it now---wanted to repost for
the group; but, ---in a nutshell:
I gave a fear-biting baby raccoon the freedom of a whole room
(thought it'd be less stressful than pulling him in/out of a vari-kennel). 
Once loose, he mostly hid and avoided any interaction.  At one point
he got himself in trouble and fell into our 55 gal aquarium--When
I rushed to get him out, he bit me. I tried again, and at first I thought
he'd accept my help, but --then he tried to bite again. When I flinched,
he ended up back in the aquarium. I was going to get my gloves, but,  
because I saw a glimmer of acceptance,  I let him swim a minute,
before trying to scoup him out again.   This time, he was tired.  He
allowed me to pick him up, take him to the couch and be put on my lap. 
There, I put a towel over him, kept my arms underneath with him and
stayed in that position (rather motionless) for about 2 1/2 hours. 
(he was now dry, I was still soaked)    Anyway, when he woke up,
he treated me almost as mom, and we were able to start the
feeding/rehab process from there.
 
Anyway, I wanted to agree with Rosemary.<rr25@cam.ac.uk  
Who said she'd  "expect threats to decrease with frequent small
offerings of food".  I agree and I don't think by trying to feed him
you'll be reinforcing his biting.
 
Again, I'm no ethologist. My worry is that the more time that goes by 
--in which his hiding, avoiding, evading and snapping works for him,
--the more he'll have set-in-his-mind that "that's"  how he has to survive.  
I'm not sure if it would be appropriate,  in your situation;  but,  I'd be
tempted to take a more direct approach.  
 
I've noticed that "hands" are sometimes more worrisome to creatures
than a person's body or arms. (gloved-hands are often perceived worse)
Anyway, I've used that raccoon experience of sitting quietly with arms
cradling (for 2 1/2 hours!!!) with other little guys.  (time intensive---but,
worth it in the long run, especially for extremely fearful little ones)
 
What's worked for me is to get one
before trying to scoup him out again.   This time, he was tired.  He
allowed me to pick him up, take him to the couch and be put on my lap. 
There, I put a towel over him, kept my arms underneath with him and
stayed in that position (rather motionless) for about 2 1/2 hours. 
(he was now dry, I was still soaked)    Anyway, when he woke up,
he treated me almost as mom, and we were able to start the
feeding/rehab process from there.
 
Anyway, I wanted to agree with Rosemary.<rr25@cam.ac.uk  
Who said she'd  "expect threats to decrease with frequent small
offerings of food".  I agree and I don't think by trying to feed him
you'll be reinforcing his biting.
 
Again, I'm no ethologist. My worry is that the more time that goes by 
--in which his hiding, avoiding, evading and snapping works for him,
--the more he'll have set-in-his-mind that "that's"  how he has to survive.  
I'm not sure if it would be appropriate,  in your situation;  but,  I'd be
tempted to take a more direct approach.  
 
I've noticed that "hands" are sometimes more worrisome to creatures
than a person's body or arms. (gloved-hands are often perceived worse)
Anyway, I've used that raccoon experience of sitting quietly with arms
cradling (for 2 1/2 hours!!!) with other little guys.  (time intensive---but,
worth it in the long run, especially for extremely fearful little ones)
 
What's worked for me is to get one on my lap, under a blanket, cradling
only with my arms and body.  In that position, I get them used to lots of 
"casual"  body/arm movements and adjustments first --before I try a
matter-of-fact pet from my hand.  They don't seem to bite at my body or
arms this way. (although they will growl)   
 
I then add food-offerings from hand.  But, my hand is rather motionless;
open, flat, almost as part of the ground their walking on (lap).  
Once they accept eating from and being pet with my hands, under cover,
I make a sort of tent shape with the blanket, and slowly add my talking,
cooing  face to the senerio.  I might do this 10 or 12 times a day, but they
get lots of chances of food-- and do eat---from me.  
 
Once we remove the blanket--they seek my "familiar" arms and body in
comfort, and just kind of accept that the rest of me comes with the package.
Don't know if this is at all helpful to you----but, just thought I'd offer.
Sue Kozoyed
 
    
 
 
 
--Boundary_(ID_HewN3z7/LVkc83rJGJdvMg)-- From: IN%"ceannicrc@yahoo.com" "Cecilia Lambert" 15-JUN-2004 11:47:09.46 To: IN%"MadEddie@aol.com", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Help from an Ethologist, please Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBBPPLM1LC8Y6NL5@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from ceannicrc@yahoo.com); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 11:47:08 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBBPPLIPZ48Y6NKX@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 11:47:02 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBBPPJ8TGA8WWHQQ@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 11:47:02 -0600 (CST) Received: from web11806.mail.yahoo.com (web11806.mail.yahoo.com [216.136.172.160]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with SMTP id i5FHkc2v019860 for ; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 11:46:47 -0600 (envelope-from ceannicrc@yahoo.com) Received: from [4.224.93.173] by web11806.mail.yahoo.com via HTTP; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 10:46:19 -0700 (PDT) Date: Tue, 15 Jun 2004 10:46:19 -0700 (PDT) From: Cecilia Lambert Subject: RE: Help from an Ethologist, please In-reply-to: To: MadEddie@aol.com, applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <20040615174620.92875.qmail@web11806.mail.yahoo.com> MIME-version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='TO_HAS_SPACES 0.000, IN_REP_TO 0' --- MadEddie@aol.com wrote: .> > >Would you necessarily be reinforcing the biting, ..I am adjusting my thinking about reinforcing the bitting by giving food. Something interesting just happened. I had felt some irregular spots along the refrigirator cord. He had been bitting on the cord. This probably happened the first time he got back there. A friend and I had to put our hands back there to wrap electricle tape around the cord. He just layed there and watched us. No threat gape and no trying to bite. Maybe, I am making more progress than I thought. The problem with trying to hold him is the fight I have to go through to pick him up. He does have freedom of a room. CeAnn > > Hello again CeAnn---- > This is Sue, who related to you (off-list) an > experience I had with > a young, fearful raccoon. (can't find it > now---wanted to repost for > the group; but, ---in a nutshell: > I gave a fear-biting baby raccoon the freedom of a > whole room > (thought it'd be less stressful than pulling him > in/out of a vari-kennel). > Once loose, he mostly hid and avoided any > interaction. At one point > he got himself in trouble and fell into our 55 gal > aquarium--When > I rushed to get him out, he bit me. I tried again, > and at first I thought > he'd accept my help, but --then he tried to bite > again. When I flinched, > he ended up back in the aquarium. I was going to get > my gloves, but, > because I saw a glimmer of acceptance, I let him > swim a minute, > before trying to scoup him out again. This time, > he was tired. He > allowed me to pick him up, take him to the couch and > be put on my lap. > There, I put a towel over him, kept my arms > underneath with him and > stayed in that position (rather motionless) for > about 2 1/2 hours. > (he was now dry, I was still soaked) Anyway, when > he woke up, > he treated me almost as mom, and we were able to > start the > feeding/rehab process from there. > > Anyway, I wanted to agree with Rosemary. > ===== CeAnn Lambert Indiana Coyote Rescue Center www.WolfPark.org/ICRC __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? Yahoo! Mail - You care about security. So do we. http://promotions.yahoo.com/new_mail From: IN%"probards@ozemail.com.au" "Pat Robards" 15-JUN-2004 12:44:17.32 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Was Seligman's using the yawn as an example even correct, Let alone the theory based on it?.... Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBBRPBIMXS8Y6NLB@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from probards@ozemail.com.au); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 12:44:16 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBBRP9FD9S8Y6NKX@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 12:44:04 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBBRP6VICQ8WWHX2@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 12:44:02 -0600 (CST) Received: from smta09.mail.ozemail.net (smta09.mail.ozemail.net [203.103.165.130]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5FIhF2v028699 for ; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 12:43:32 -0600 (envelope-from probards@ozemail.com.au) Received: from TOSHIBA ([203.102.111.136]) by smta09.mail.ozemail.net with SMTP id <20040615184046.BMJH23219.smta09.mail.ozemail.net@TOSHIBA> for ; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 18:40:46 +0000 Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2004 04:40:45 +1000 From: Pat Robards Subject: Re: Was Seligman's using the yawn as an example even correct, Let alone the theory based on it?.... To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Reply-to: Pat Robards Message-id: <00f501c45308$46078c00$0300a8c0@TOSHIBA> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_0eKnT6Olt8HX1T6c1cvorQ)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='HTML_FONT_COLOR_BLUE 0' This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_0eKnT6Olt8HX1T6c1cvorQ) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT From: John R. Lane Sent: Tuesday, June 15, 2004 7:48 PM Subject: Was Seligman's using the yawn as an example even correct, Let alone the theory based on it? John wrote in part: <<>> Regards John L. New Zealand. Hi John, Regarding your example of extinction, I see it as the ABC's, establishing the relationship between behaviour and consequences. With extinction, a behaviour is weakened through the _absence of any kind of reinforcement_. It's a procedure where the previously reinforced behaviour is discontinued. You established a relationship between behaviour and consequences, the dog paused long enough so you reinforced it. That's operant conditioning. You taught the dog to stop licking, I don't see this as an example of an animal purposefully *thinking* "I must refrain from licking". <<>> John, can you explain to me please: Psychological preparedness for what? How to prepare for Terrorism and War? Mental rehearsal of a yawn that reinforces the performance of the skill? Do you think this possible of a dog? Kindest Regards Pat Robards (Australia) http://www.k9events.com/ --Boundary_(ID_0eKnT6Olt8HX1T6c1cvorQ) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
From: John R. Lane
Sent: Tuesday, June 15, 2004 7:48 PM
Subject: Was Seligman's using the yawn as an example even correct, Let alone
the theory based on it?

John wrote in part:

<<<I was able to almost completely extinguish this behaviour towards me by
using simple extinguishment methods ( removing the strongest reinforcer
there was for this behaviour i.e. my attention and any food). By also
responding with R+ when the licking paused for long enough that I could
reliably say it had purposefully been stopped by the animal..>>>

Regards John L.
New Zealand.

Hi John,

Regarding your  example of  extinction, I see it as  the ABC's, establishing
the relationship between behaviour and consequences. With extinction, a
behaviour is weakened through the _absence of any kind of reinforcement_. It's a
procedure where the  previously reinforced behaviour is discontinued.

You established a relationship between behaviour and consequences, the dog
paused  long enough so you reinforced it. That's operant conditioning. You
taught the dog to stop licking,  I don't see this as an  example of an animal
purposefully *thinking* "I must refrain from licking".

<snip>

<<<To state that the yawning that dogs do under duress may not have a
"preparedness" to yawn in other circumstances may not in fact be correct.>>>

John, can you explain to me please:

Psychological preparedness for what? How to prepare for  Terrorism and  War?

Mental rehearsal of a yawn that reinforces the performance of the skill?

Do you think this possible of  a dog?
 
Kindest Regards

Pat Robards (Australia)
http://www.k9events.com/
--Boundary_(ID_0eKnT6Olt8HX1T6c1cvorQ)-- From: IN%"michael.zechmann@panthera.cc" "Michael Zechmann" 15-JUN-2004 14:07:20.17 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Would rabbits like Trix cereal? Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBBUMBU4XS8Y6NL5@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from michael.zechmann@panthera.cc); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:07:18 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBBUM9W1R48Y6NKY@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:07:10 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBBUM858KO8WWEA9@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:07:08 -0600 (CST) Received: from skynet.usask.ca (skynet.usask.ca [128.233.192.233]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5FJpV7f019896 for <@spamf1.usask.ca:applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca>; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:07:00 -0600 Received: from smtp.uibk.ac.at (lmr1.uibk.ac.at [138.232.1.142]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTPS id <01LBB9R0DCB88WWG7K@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 04:10:04 -0600 (CST) Received: from pc8c706 (pc8-c706.uibk.ac.at [138.232.69.23]) by smtp.uibk.ac.at (8.12.10/8.12.10/F1) with SMTP id i5F9xavD005007 for ; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 11:59:37 +0200 Date: Tue, 15 Jun 2004 11:56:59 +0200 From: Michael Zechmann Subject: Re: Would rabbits like Trix cereal? To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <005b01c452bf$1cd8d4e0$1745e88a@pc8c706> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_S2M7omxkKtwjZ2LIsOuxQA)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-Spam-Score: -2.5 () HTML_40_50,HTML_MESSAGE,RCV_SMTP_UIBK X-Scanned-By: MIMEDefang 2.42 at uibk.ac.at X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIIII, Probability=9%, Report='HTML_FONT_FACE_ODD 0.201, HTML_50_70 0.092, SUPERLONG_LINE 0.003, MAILTO_LINK 0.001, REFERENCES 0.000' References: <67.2ba30710.2dffaa73@aol.com> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_S2M7omxkKtwjZ2LIsOuxQA) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Even if it was meant as a joke ;-) Rabbits do indeed like sweets. But like humans, they prefer to eat what they like. Every rabbit is different. One of my rabbits favored dry hamburger-buns over dry bread. I've never given him chocolate, but they sure like it (as elephants do). The most important thing in that question is, that its not good for rabbits! They can't throw up (when they ate too much sweets), and they are not build for digesting sweets, so it can happen that they die... or get hell of a flatulence! But I've never done any serious experiment about that subject... :-) regards Michael ----- Original Message ----- From: Michalchik@aol.com To: applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca Sent: Tuesday, June 15, 2004 3:27 AM Subject: Would rabbits like Trix cereal? Rabbits seem to like crunchy things, but we are debating if the sweetneess would be an enticement. Do rabbits like sweet things? Just curious. Any actual experimental results would be most appreciated. --Boundary_(ID_S2M7omxkKtwjZ2LIsOuxQA) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
Even if it was meant as a joke ;-)
Rabbits do indeed like sweets. But like humans, they prefer to eat what they like. Every rabbit is different.
One of my rabbits favored dry hamburger-buns over dry bread. I've never given him chocolate, but they sure like it (as elephants do).
The most important thing in that question is, that its not good for rabbits! They can't throw up (when they ate too much sweets), and they are not build for digesting sweets, so it can happen that they die... or get hell of a flatulence!
 
But I've never done any serious experiment about that subject...
:-)
 
regards
Michael
 
 
----- Original Message -----
Sent: Tuesday, June 15, 2004 3:27 AM
Subject: Would rabbits like Trix cereal?

Rabbits seem to like crunchy things, but we are debating if the sweetneess would be an enticement. Do rabbits like sweet things? Just curious. Any actual experimental results would be most appreciated.
--Boundary_(ID_S2M7omxkKtwjZ2LIsOuxQA)-- From: IN%"ceannicrc@yahoo.com" "Cecilia Lambert" 15-JUN-2004 14:23:49.00 To: IN%"rr25@cus.cam.ac.uk" "R. Rodd", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Help from an Ethologist, please Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBBV6PN1CW8Y6NL5@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from ceannicrc@yahoo.com); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:23:48 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBBV6PGYUO8Y6NKX@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:23:36 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBBV6NRINY8WWIBF@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:23:36 -0600 (CST) Received: from skynet.usask.ca (skynet.usask.ca [128.233.192.233]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5FJpVBL019896 for <@spamf1.usask.ca:applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca>; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:23:16 -0600 (envelope-from ceannicrc@yahoo.com) Received: from web11804.mail.yahoo.com (web11804.mail.yahoo.com [216.136.172.158]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with SMTP id <01LBBDC3A8JK8WWGQN@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 05:52:36 -0600 (CST) Received: from [4.224.102.100] by web11804.mail.yahoo.com via HTTP; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 04:52:29 -0700 (PDT) Date: Tue, 15 Jun 2004 04:52:29 -0700 (PDT) From: Cecilia Lambert Subject: RE: Help from an Ethologist, please In-reply-to: To: "R. Rodd" , applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <20040615115229.2461.qmail@web11804.mail.yahoo.com> MIME-version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='IN_REP_TO 0' --- "R. Rodd" wrote: .Is there any way (e.g. > offering food on tongs) > you can give him the food without actually getting > bitten? That is a great idea!! Thanks. CeAnn . > > ===== CeAnn Lambert Indiana Coyote Rescue Center www.WolfPark.org/ICRC __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? Take Yahoo! Mail with you! Get it on your mobile phone. http://mobile.yahoo.com/maildemo From: IN%"Michalchik@aol.com" 15-JUN-2004 14:31:33.95 To: IN%"michael.zechmann@panthera.cc", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Would rabbits like Trix cereal? Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBBVGG3EDS8Y6NL5@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from Michalchik@aol.com); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:31:33 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBBVGE8Z1S8Y6NKX@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:31:27 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBBVGCA9QU8WWIBK@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:31:25 -0600 (CST) Received: from imo-m24.mx.aol.com (imo-m24.mx.aol.com [64.12.137.5]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5FKUv2v015240 for ; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:31:06 -0600 (envelope-from Michalchik@aol.com) Received: from Michalchik@aol.com by imo-m24.mx.aol.com (mail_out_v37_r2.6.) id k.c0.f368336 (1320); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 16:28:30 -0400 (EDT) Date: Tue, 15 Jun 2004 16:28:30 -0400 (EDT) From: Michalchik@aol.com Subject: Re: Would rabbits like Trix cereal? To: michael.zechmann@panthera.cc, applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: 9.0 for Windows sub 5000 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_wajaOpTWA2qEWUhmkpl4hw)" X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='HTML_50_70 0.092, TO_HAS_SPACES 0.000, NO_REAL_NAME 0.000' --Boundary_(ID_wajaOpTWA2qEWUhmkpl4hw) Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT After the rather rancorous exchange I thought a bit of light-hearted ethological inquiry would be a good idea. It was a really question that came up in conversation at my work-place yesterday. --Boundary_(ID_wajaOpTWA2qEWUhmkpl4hw) Content-type: text/html; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
After the rather rancorous exchange I thought a bit of light-hearted ethological inquiry would be a good idea. It was a really question that came up in conversation at my work-place yesterday.
 
 --Boundary_(ID_wajaOpTWA2qEWUhmkpl4hw)-- From: IN%"shetts@msn.com" "Suzanne Hetts" 15-JUN-2004 14:49:21.61 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Help from an Ethologist, please Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBBW3GFYRK8Y6NL5@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from shetts@msn.com); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:49:21 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBBW3EOV1C8Y6NKU@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:49:13 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBBW3D59LC8WWG1U@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:49:11 -0600 (CST) Received: from hotmail.com (bay3-dav147.bay3.hotmail.com [65.54.169.177]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5FKmk2v018545 for ; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:48:55 -0600 (envelope-from shetts@msn.com) Received: from mail pickup service by hotmail.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 13:48:04 -0700 Received: from 216.160.156.203 by bay3-dav147.bay3.hotmail.com with DAV; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 20:48:04 +0000 Date: Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:47:37 -0600 From: Suzanne Hetts Subject: Re: Help from an Ethologist, please X-Originating-IP: [216.160.156.203] X-Sender: shetts@msn.com To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By MSN MimeOLE V9.00.0013.2101 X-Mailer: MSN 9 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_EWnQdAyydL41ZZ7AU6skgA)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal Seal-Send-Time: Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:47:37 -0600 X-Originating-Email: [shetts@msn.com] X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=XIII, Probability=13%, Report='MISSING_OUTLOOK_NAME 1.110, SUPERLONG_LINE 0.003, REFERENCES 0.000' References: X-OriginalArrivalTime: 15 Jun 2004 20:48:04.0358 (UTC) FILETIME=[0E12BA60:01C4531A] This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_EWnQdAyydL41ZZ7AU6skgA) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT I think Rosemary and a few others have it right regarding the coyote pup. From the description of the threat gape and the rest of the pup's behavior, it isn't about "dominance" - (not much aggression is in domestic dogs either in my opinion), but about fear, which you accurately point out. Associating the handler with "good things" (food) is an example of classical conditioning, which in this situation will be far more successful than trying to reward or punish fearful behavior (operant conditioning). I would not agree with a "deference" program and a gentle leader for what I am assuming is essentially a feral coyote pup. First coyotes aren't dogs, and secondly 'deference' has nothing to do with fearful behavior. As an aside, I find personal attacks on other people who may happen to have a difference of opinion, childish and not appropriate for this list. We learned in graduate school how to have honest debates with one another, and then go out for beer in a friendly way after disagreeing with each other's opinions. Suzanne Hetts, Ph.D. Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist Subscribe to our online newsletter at www.AnimalBehaviorAssociates.com --Boundary_(ID_EWnQdAyydL41ZZ7AU6skgA) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
I think Rosemary and a few others have it right regarding the coyote pup.  From the description of the threat gape and the rest of the pup's behavior, it isn't about "dominance" - (not much aggression is in domestic dogs either in my opinion), but about fear, which you accurately point out.  Associating the handler with "good things" (food) is an example of classical conditioning, which in this situation will be far more successful than trying to reward or punish fearful behavior (operant conditioning).  I would not agree with a  "deference" program and a gentle leader for what I am assuming is essentially a feral coyote pup.  First coyotes aren't dogs, and secondly 'deference' has nothing to do with fearful behavior.
As an aside, I find personal attacks on other people who may happen to have a difference of opinion, childish and not appropriate for this list.  We learned in graduate school how to have honest debates with one another, and then go out for beer in a friendly way after disagreeing with each other's opinions.
 
Suzanne Hetts, Ph.D.
Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist
Subscribe to our online newsletter at
www.AnimalBehaviorAssociates.com
--Boundary_(ID_EWnQdAyydL41ZZ7AU6skgA)-- From: IN%"ceannicrc@yahoo.com" "Cecilia Lambert" 15-JUN-2004 15:38:42.44 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: coyote puppy Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBBXSOZNK08Y6NL5@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from ceannicrc@yahoo.com); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 15:38:42 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBBXSOWZHS8Y6NKT@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 15:38:36 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBBXSMTPM88WWH0W@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 15:38:36 -0600 (CST) Received: from web11802.mail.yahoo.com (web11802.mail.yahoo.com [216.136.172.156]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with SMTP id i5FLc74t005129 for ; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 15:38:21 -0600 (envelope-from ceannicrc@yahoo.com) Received: from [4.225.16.18] by web11802.mail.yahoo.com via HTTP; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:38:06 -0700 (PDT) Date: Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:38:06 -0700 (PDT) From: Cecilia Lambert Subject: coyote puppy To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <20040615213806.41014.qmail@web11802.mail.yahoo.com> MIME-version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='' Thank you to everyone on the list. I got some really good tips. I spoke to Erich Klinghammer today, by phone. He made it very simple for me. His advice was ,"Throw the puppy some food. Sit quietly within reach of the puppy. The puppy must approach you, not you the puppy." I knew this , but just hadn't had to use it the last couple of years, because the puppies that I had been getting had been very ill and dependant on my care. It was an "Ah Ha" moment. I apologise to the list for my reaction to an email from one of the list members. That was not one of my "proud moments". CeAnn ===== CeAnn Lambert Indiana Coyote Rescue Center www.WolfPark.org/ICRC __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? Yahoo! Mail Address AutoComplete - You start. We finish. http://promotions.yahoo.com/new_mail From: IN%"k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz" "John R. Lane" 15-JUN-2004 17:59:46.27 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: is extinction operant conditioning? Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBC2QKQJ5C8Y7Q75@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 17:59:45 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBC2QJ2KG08Y6O98@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 17:59:40 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBC2QDEPLA8WWB4L@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 17:59:37 -0600 (CST) Received: from avmta4-rme.xtra.co.nz (avmta4-rme.xtra.co.nz [210.86.15.159]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5FNwd2v014705 for ; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 17:58:47 -0600 Received: from mta3-rme.xtra.co.nz ([210.86.15.140]) by avmta4-rme.xtra.co.nz with ESMTP id <20040615235743.YDGL9143.avmta4-rme.xtra.co.nz@mta3-rme.xtra.co.nz> for ; Wed, 16 Jun 2004 11:57:43 +1200 Received: from lanepc ([222.152.135.51]) by mta3-rme.xtra.co.nz with SMTP id <20040615235742.MMWT11405.mta3-rme.xtra.co.nz@lanepc> for ; Wed, 16 Jun 2004 11:57:42 +1200 Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2004 11:56:25 +1200 From: "John R. Lane" Subject: is extinction operant conditioning? To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <000801c45334$5eaa4b40$0700000a@lanepc> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_4o1T0s0DrHvwp/YU/9YAuw)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='HTML_50_70 0.092, SUPERLONG_LINE 0.003, HTML_FONT_COLOR_BLUE 0' This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_4o1T0s0DrHvwp/YU/9YAuw) Content-type: text/plain; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Hi Pat, As you see I finally got back on this topic as I said I would privately. Thanks for your response. You said: Regarding your example of extinction, I see it as the ABC's, establishing the relationship between behaviour and consequences. With extinction, a behaviour is weakened through the _absence of any kind of reinforcement_. It's a procedure where the previously reinforced behaviour is discontinued. I agree with your definition of extinction and of ABC's Pat and your definition of extintion but I suggest that extinction does actually fall under the umbrella of operant conditioning. It is not something seperate. I don't have time to access the relevant books at the moment for accuracy so my forgettory could be in error but I am almost sure off the top of my head that Birch and Bailey "How dogs learn'" even credits Skinner for this or a similar statement. Anyway on to my own analogy. I said in my post that there were two parts to the way I acheived this: The first was extinguishing the unwanted behaviour by as you quite rightly say absolutely no reinforcement of any kind. The animal wasn't therefore getting any reinforcement of this behaviour in that set of circumstances and so the behaviour began to lessen in that particular set of circumstances. This is using extinction. I know I have made no mention of the extinction curve etc but I am wanting to keep this as simple as possible. Lets reduce and equate my example to the simplest form of studied O.C. (The Skinner box). The lip licking was equivelant of the rat pushing the lever, the previous reinforcement was the equivelant of the hopper feeding the rat, What I did in this area was the equivelant of putting the rat back in the box but now pushing the lever produced no food. This will extinguish the behaviour. This is O.C. in operation using extinction. Now let's also say I always had a red spot on the opposite wall of the box but previously poking at it didn't produce any reinforcement. Now let's say I have added a another dimension to the enviroment. Lets say that in the box now while pushing the lever no longer bought the food but nosing at the red spot on the wall now did. The rat now has to learn an alternative behaviour to get the food. O.C. in operation again using teaching an alternative behaviour. Now let's take this example back out again to our dog. When the behaviour begins to lessen we along with the extinction introduce the new requirement. Sitting and just looking at me without any lick lipping display now gets the reinforcement. The alternative behaviour. You established a relationship between behaviour and consequences, the dog paused long enough so you reinforced it. That's operant conditioning. You taught the dog to stop licking, Correct Pat, but as I say there were two processes involved not just one. One was extinction one was teaching an alternative behaviour. I don't see this as an example of an animal purposefully *thinking* "I must refrain from licking". Maybe you are correct here Pat. I don't know enough about that particular dog's cognition processes (or even any dog's) to say definitely one way or the other. All I can say definitely is that using the two O.C. process (extinction and operantly training an alternative behaviour ) in conjuction with each other worked and bought about a change in response in that particular set of circumstances. Thoughts? Regards John L. New Zealand --Boundary_(ID_4o1T0s0DrHvwp/YU/9YAuw) Content-type: text/html; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
Hi Pat,
         As you see I finally got back on this topic as I said I would privately. Thanks for your response.
 
You said:
Regarding your  example of  extinction, I see it as  the ABC's, establishing the relationship between behaviour and consequences.
With extinction, a behaviour is weakened through the _absence of any kind of reinforcement_. It's a
procedure where the  previously reinforced behaviour is discontinued.
 
I agree with your definition of extinction and of ABC's Pat and your definition of extintion but I suggest that extinction does actually fall under the umbrella of operant conditioning. It is not something seperate.
 
 I don't have time to access the relevant books at the moment for accuracy so my forgettory could be in error but I am almost sure off the top of my head that Birch and Bailey "How dogs learn'" even credits Skinner for this or a similar statement.
 
Anyway on to my own analogy. I said in my post that there were two parts to the way I acheived this:
 
 The first was extinguishing the unwanted behaviour by as you quite rightly say absolutely no reinforcement of any kind. The animal wasn't therefore getting any reinforcement of this behaviour in that set of circumstances and so the behaviour began to lessen in that particular set of circumstances. This is using extinction.
 
 I know I have made no mention of the extinction curve etc but I am wanting to keep this as simple as possible.
 
Lets reduce and equate my example to the simplest form of studied O.C. (The Skinner box). The lip licking was equivelant of the rat pushing the lever, the previous reinforcement was the equivelant of the hopper feeding the rat,
What I did in this area was the equivelant of putting the rat back in the box but now pushing the lever  produced no food. This will extinguish the behaviour. This is O.C. in operation using extinction.
 
Now let's also say I always had a red spot on the opposite wall of the box but previously poking at it didn't produce any reinforcement.
 
 Now let's say I have added a another dimension to the enviroment. Lets say that in the box now while pushing the lever no longer bought the food but nosing at the red spot on the wall now did.
 
 The rat now has to learn an alternative behaviour to get the food. O.C. in operation again using teaching an alternative behaviour.
 
Now let's take this example back out again to our dog. When the behaviour begins to lessen we along with the extinction introduce the new requirement. Sitting and just looking at me without any lick lipping display now gets the reinforcement. The alternative behaviour.


You established a relationship between behaviour and consequences, the dog paused  long enough so you reinforced it. That's operant conditioning. You
taught the dog to stop licking,
 
Correct Pat, but as I say there were two processes involved not just one. One was extinction one was teaching an alternative behaviour.
 
  I don't see this as an  example of an animal
purposefully *thinking* "I must refrain from licking".
 
Maybe you are correct here Pat. I don't know enough about that particular dog's cognition processes (or even any dog's) to say definitely one way or the other.
 
 All I can say definitely is that using the two O.C. process (extinction and operantly training an alternative behaviour ) in conjuction with each other worked and bought about a change in response in that particular set of circumstances.
 
Thoughts?
 
Regards John L.
New Zealand
 
 
 
 
 

 --Boundary_(ID_4o1T0s0DrHvwp/YU/9YAuw)-- From: IN%"k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz" "John R. Lane" 15-JUN-2004 18:08:53.51 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: alternate definition of "Psychological preparedness" Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBC31SURNK8Y7Q6V@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 18:08:53 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBC31QWJR48Y7Q6U@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 18:08:43 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBC31NHJ6M8WWDI6@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 18:08:40 -0600 (CST) Received: from mta207-rme.xtra.co.nz (mta207-rme.xtra.co.nz [210.86.15.118]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5G08E4t030092 for ; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 18:08:19 -0600 Received: from mta3-rme.xtra.co.nz ([210.86.15.142]) by mta207-rme.xtra.co.nz with ESMTP id <20040616000813.WPGE151.mta207-rme.xtra.co.nz@mta3-rme.xtra.co.nz> for ; Wed, 16 Jun 2004 12:08:13 +1200 Received: from lanepc ([222.152.135.51]) by mta3-rme.xtra.co.nz with SMTP id <20040616000812.MXGP11405.mta3-rme.xtra.co.nz@lanepc> for ; Wed, 16 Jun 2004 12:08:12 +1200 Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2004 12:06:56 +1200 From: "John R. Lane" Subject: alternate definition of "Psychological preparedness" To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <001101c45335$d62f1b40$0700000a@lanepc> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_agd+G7BMhPLRJ6N7l0mlTw)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='HTML_50_70 0.092, HTML_FONT_COLOR_BLUE 0' This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_agd+G7BMhPLRJ6N7l0mlTw) Content-type: text/plain; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Hi again Pat, I'm not about to try and teach you how to "suck eggs". I know better. But regarding your question below. John, can you explain to me please: Psychological preparedness for what? Firstly for a full explanation of what Seligman himself meant by this term I suggest you resource and read his paper that Jackie mentioned. To put it in plain language, at least as I understand it, I think a more easily understandable term would be "Psychologicaly / Neurologicaly incapable." Maybe others have other ideas. Regards John L. New Zealand. --Boundary_(ID_agd+G7BMhPLRJ6N7l0mlTw) Content-type: text/html; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
Hi again Pat,
                  I'm not about to try and teach you how to "suck eggs". I know better. But regarding your question below.
 
John, can you explain to me please:

Psychological preparedness for what?
 
Firstly for a full explanation of what Seligman himself meant by this term I suggest you resource and read his paper that Jackie mentioned.
 
To put it in plain language, at least as I understand it, I think a more easily understandable term would be "Psychologicaly / Neurologicaly incapable."
 
Maybe others have other ideas.
 
Regards John L.
New Zealand.
 
--Boundary_(ID_agd+G7BMhPLRJ6N7l0mlTw)-- From: IN%"probards@ozemail.com.au" "Pat Robards" 15-JUN-2004 20:37:23.72 To: IN%"k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz" "John R. Lane", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Was Seligman's using the yawn as an example even correct, Let alone the theory based on it?.... Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBC88X5XKW8Y7Q6V@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from probards@ozemail.com.au); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 20:37:23 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBC88VHZKG8Y6O98@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 20:37:14 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBC88UD2G48WWGW6@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 20:37:11 -0600 (CST) Received: from skyway.usask.ca (skyway.usask.ca [128.233.192.232]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5G26SGt016608 for <@spamf1.usask.ca:applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca>; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 20:36:56 -0600 (envelope-from probards@ozemail.com.au) Received: from smta06.mail.ozemail.net (smta06.mail.ozemail.net [203.103.165.100]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBBIDKDQ168WWH0N@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 08:16:37 -0600 (CST) Received: from TOSHIBA ([203.102.111.136]) by smta06.mail.ozemail.net with SMTP id <20040615141300.DMVZ19662.smta06.mail.ozemail.net@TOSHIBA>; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 14:13:00 +0000 Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2004 00:12:59 +1000 From: Pat Robards Subject: Re: Was Seligman's using the yawn as an example even correct, Let alone the theory based on it?.... To: "John R. Lane" , applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Reply-to: Pat Robards Message-id: <025301c452e2$ddf27f00$0300a8c0@TOSHIBA> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_pKB6Q0Wu6CCw4RprBAhBrQ)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='HTML_FONT_COLOR_BLUE 0, REFERENCES 0.000' References: <000801c452bd$f481a450$0700000a@lanepc> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_pKB6Q0Wu6CCw4RprBAhBrQ) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT From: John R. Lane Sent: Tuesday, June 15, 2004 7:48 PM Subject: Was Seligman's using the yawn as an example even correct, Let alone the theory based on it? John wrote in part: <<>> Regards John L. New Zealand. Hi John, Regarding your example of extinction, I see it as the ABC's, establishing the relationship between behaviour and consequences. With extinction, a behaviour is weakened through the _absence of any kind of reinforcement_. It's a procedure where the previously reinforced behaviour is discontinued. You established a relationship between behaviour and consequences, the dog paused long enough so you reinforced it. That's operant conditioning. You taught the dog to stop licking, I don't see this as an example of an animal purposefully *thinking* "I must refrain from licking". <<>> John, can you explain to me please: Psychological preparedness for what? How to prepare for Terrorism and War? Mental rehearsal of a yawn that reinforces the performance of the skill? Do you think this possible of a dog? Kindest Regards Pat Robards (Australia) http://www.k9events.com/ --Boundary_(ID_pKB6Q0Wu6CCw4RprBAhBrQ) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
From: John R. Lane
Sent: Tuesday, June 15, 2004 7:48 PM
Subject: Was Seligman's using the yawn as an example even correct, Let alone
the theory based on it?

John wrote in part:

<<<I was able to almost completely extinguish this behaviour towards me by
using simple extinguishment methods ( removing the strongest reinforcer
there was for this behaviour i.e. my attention and any food). By also
responding with R+ when the licking paused for long enough that I could
reliably say it had purposefully been stopped by the animal..>>>

Regards John L.
New Zealand.

Hi John,

Regarding your  example of  extinction, I see it as  the ABC's, establishing
the relationship between behaviour and consequences. With extinction, a
behaviour is weakened through the _absence of any kind of reinforcement_. It's a
procedure where the  previously reinforced behaviour is discontinued.

You established a relationship between behaviour and consequences, the dog
paused  long enough so you reinforced it. That's operant conditioning. You
taught the dog to stop licking,  I don't see this as an  example of an animal
purposefully *thinking* "I must refrain from licking".

<snip>

<<<To state that the yawning that dogs do under duress may not have a
"preparedness" to yawn in other circumstances may not in fact be correct.>>>

John, can you explain to me please:

Psychological preparedness for what? How to prepare for  Terrorism and  War?

Mental rehearsal of a yawn that reinforces the performance of the skill?

Do you think this possible of  a dog?
 
Kindest Regards

Pat Robards (Australia)
http://www.k9events.com/
--Boundary_(ID_pKB6Q0Wu6CCw4RprBAhBrQ)-- From: IN%"gooddog@dodo.com.au" "Geiger" 15-JUN-2004 23:06:00.88 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Help from an Ethologist, please Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBCDF4XOA88Y7Q6V@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from gooddog@dodo.com.au); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 23:06:00 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBCDF4SZOW8Y7Q6L@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 23:05:48 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBCDF4PZLW8WWJHT@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 23:05:47 -0600 (CST) Received: from relay01.kbs.net.au (relay01.kbs.net.au [203.220.32.149]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5G55j2v020786 for ; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 23:05:46 -0600 (envelope-from gooddog@dodo.com.au) Received: from [203.221.69.71] (helo=STUDY) by relay01.kbs.net.au with esmtp (Exim 3.36 #2) id 1BaScH-0007HJ-00 for Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca; Wed, 16 Jun 2004 15:05:41 +1000 Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2004 15:05:03 +1000 From: Geiger Subject: RE: Help from an Ethologist, please In-reply-to: <2AA6962772BCBA4AAA5E08FE22EB7EB6F75CD7@cvm37.vetmed.wsu.edu> To: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <000301c4535f$9139f670$4745ddcb@STUDY> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Importance: Normal X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='IN_REP_TO 0' Sorry everyone. Regards, Jackie PErkins -----Original Message----- From: Francois Martin [mailto:fmartin@vetmed.wsu.edu] Sent: Tuesday, June 15, 2004 8:31 AM To: Cecilia Lambert; Geiger; applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Subject: RE: Help from an Ethologist, please Don't both of you have other things to do? I know I do and I would appreciate not having to witness your childish behavior. That's enough already. Francois Martin, Ph.D. Associate Director of the Center for the Study of Animal Well-Being and Head of People-Pet Partnership College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Tel. 509 335.4569 Fax 509 335.6094 fmartin@vetmed.wsu.edu http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/depts-pppp/ -----Original Message----- From: Cecilia Lambert [mailto:ceannicrc@yahoo.com] Sent: Monday, June 14, 2004 3:25 PM To: Geiger; applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Subject: RE: Help from an Ethologist, please I am so glad that you have chosen to share a personal email to you with the list. That says more about you, then it does about me. CeAnn --- Geiger wrote: > Everyone uses punishment based techniques. Some are > honest enough to admit > it. I am better described as a pet psychiatrist > anyway. > I have posted this to the list because everyone > should know how narrow > minded and ignorant you are. > Jackie PErkins > > -----Original Message----- > From: Cecilia Lambert [mailto:ceannicrc@yahoo.com] > Sent: Monday, June 14, 2004 5:30 AM > To: Geiger > Subject: RE: Help from an Ethologist, please > > I do not use punishment based techniques. That is > why > I asked for Ethologists to respond. I can tell from > your web site that you are not an Ethologist. > CeAnn > --- Geiger wrote: > > I will assume a coyote is similar to a dog (big > > assumption). 4 weeks old: he > > should not be weaned yet and requires the > structure > > and discipline received > > from dam and litter. Are there other similar aged > > pups at least he could be > > put with? He also needs possibly a head collar and > > deference program. Many > > books could be written about these to explain the > > practice and theory. If > > you require info about deference and head collars, > > perhaps we should talk > > off list. He should not be isolated. > > Regards, > > Jackie PErkins > > > > -----Original Message----- > > From: Cecilia Lambert [mailto:ceannicrc@yahoo.com] > > > Sent: Friday, June 11, 2004 12:38 AM > > To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca > > Subject: Help from an Ethologist, please > > > > I just got in a four week old coyote puppy. He is > > doing his threat gape and biting me. In seventeen > > years of working with wild coyote puppies, I have > > never had this happen. > > He was found in an apartment complex. Who knows > > what he may have gone through. Possibly children > > throwing stones at him. > > I have him in a kennel cab. He just cowers in > the > > back corner. I have done the calling puppy sounds > > like Mom makes when I bring him food. He does not > > react to the sounds at all. We are going on our > > third > > day. Nothing has changed. > > Erich tells me to just leave him alone, but I > have > > to clean out the kennel cab. I have to towel him > to > > get him out. This just makes things worse. > > The gape first starts as a startle response in > > puppies > > Could it be that his eyesight isn't good? Any > tips > > at > > all, using innate behaviors would be appreciated. > > CeAnn > > > > ===== > > CeAnn Lambert > > Indiana Coyote Rescue Center > > www.WolfPark.org/ICRC > > > > > > > > > > __________________________________ > > Do you Yahoo!? > > Friends. Fun. Try the all-new Yahoo! Messenger. > > http://messenger.yahoo.com/ > > > > > > > > > ===== > CeAnn Lambert > Indiana Coyote Rescue Center > www.WolfPark.org/ICRC > > > > > __________________________________ > Do you Yahoo!? > Friends. Fun. Try the all-new Yahoo! Messenger. > http://messenger.yahoo.com/ > > > > ===== CeAnn Lambert Indiana Coyote Rescue Center www.WolfPark.org/ICRC __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? Friends. Fun. Try the all-new Yahoo! Messenger. http://messenger.yahoo.com/ From: IN%"oryctolagus@earthlink.net" "Heather" 15-JUN-2004 23:19:56.72 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Help from an Ethologist, please Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBCDWI6SM88Y7Q6V@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from oryctolagus@earthlink.net); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 23:19:56 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBCDWI37KW8Y7Q6L@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 23:19:48 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBCDWHFTTC8WWFKB@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 15 Jun 2004 23:19:48 -0600 (CST) Received: from snipe.mail.pas.earthlink.net (snipe.mail.pas.earthlink.net [207.217.120.62]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5G5JX4t011887 for ; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 23:19:35 -0600 (envelope-from oryctolagus@earthlink.net) Received: from user-0cei9si.cable.mindspring.com ([24.233.39.146] helo=heather) by snipe.mail.pas.earthlink.net with esmtp (Exim 3.33 #1) id 1BaSph-00038C-00 for applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca; Tue, 15 Jun 2004 22:19:33 -0700 Date: Tue, 15 Jun 2004 23:19:24 -0600 From: Heather Subject: RE: Help from an Ethologist, please In-reply-to: <000301c4535f$9139f670$4745ddcb@STUDY> To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <007801c45361$801f3b00$9227e918@heather> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.6626 Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Importance: Normal X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='IN_REP_TO 0' We have good and bad days. The problem with email is that we are tempted to say things/write things, it is so TEXT and so fast. The people on this list come from so many different backgrounds/training and fields in their quest to study animals that we often run into this it seems on this list. Maybe we should invent an AE-ism, "LNFWAB". "let's not fight, want a beer?" (referring to students going out for beer after heated discussion of intellectual topics) Heather -----Original Message----- From: Geiger [mailto:gooddog@dodo.com.au] Sent: Tuesday, June 15, 2004 11:05 PM To: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Subject: RE: Help from an Ethologist, please Sorry everyone. Regards, Jackie PErkins From: IN%"randihelene@tillung.no" "Randi Helene Tillung" 17-JUN-2004 10:52:07.09 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Help with adresses, Serpell and Paul Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBEGDLFITC8Y8XGR@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from randihelene@tillung.no); Thu, 17 Jun 2004 10:52:05 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBEGDLBPB48Y8XGQ@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Thu, 17 Jun 2004 10:51:39 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBEGDKBUWW8WWSKI@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Thu, 17 Jun 2004 10:51:39 -0600 (CST) Received: from skynet.usask.ca (skynet.usask.ca [128.233.192.233]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5HGmr3B015552 for <@spamf1.usask.ca:applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca>; Thu, 17 Jun 2004 10:51:31 -0600 (envelope-from randihelene@tillung.no) Received: from smtp210.tiscali.dk (smtp210.tiscali.dk [62.79.79.113]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTPS id <01LBEG4VXHVQ8WWM8X@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Thu, 17 Jun 2004 10:44:41 -0600 (CST) Received: from cpmail.dk.tiscali.com (mail.tiscali.dk [212.54.64.159]) by smtp210.tiscali.dk (8.12.6p3/8.12.6) with ESMTP id i5HGdXtH001077 for ; Thu, 17 Jun 2004 18:39:34 +0200 Received: from randid81xulnn5 (82.164.100.59) by cpmail.dk.tiscali.com (6.7.018) id 40C382C80000AD56 for applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca; Thu, 17 Jun 2004 18:39:33 +0200 Date: Thu, 17 Jun 2004 18:39:22 +0200 From: Randi Helene Tillung Subject: Help with adresses, Serpell and Paul In-reply-to: <007801c45361$801f3b00$9227e918@heather> To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <001201c45489$a755fe60$0202a8c0@randid81xulnn5> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.2616 Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Importance: Normal X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='IN_REP_TO 0' Dear everybody, I have been searching the net for emailadresses for Elizabeth S. Paul and James Serpell. They developed a questionnaire in 1993 that can be used to measure peoples current attitudes to animals, and this is the one I am looking for. I have found the adresses esp@holyrood.ed.ac.uk, E.Paul@ed.ac.uk and serpell@vet.upenn.edu. None of them seem to work... Can anybody help me with the correct adresses for either email og snailmail? Thank you very much!! Cheers, Randi Helene Tillung From: IN%"k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz" "John R. Lane" 18-JUN-2004 00:36:19.65 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Do rabbits like sweet things Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBF95VA15S8Y9NAZ@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz); Fri, 18 Jun 2004 00:36:18 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBF95TDEPS8YACO0@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Fri, 18 Jun 2004 00:36:10 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBF95TNJ988WWW1M@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Fri, 18 Jun 2004 00:36:08 -0600 (CST) Received: from mta205-rme.xtra.co.nz (mta205-rme.xtra.co.nz [210.86.15.187]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5I6Zx2v003644 for ; Fri, 18 Jun 2004 00:36:00 -0600 Received: from mta1-rme.xtra.co.nz ([210.86.15.140]) by mta205-rme.xtra.co.nz with ESMTP id <20040618063558.FNDT18335.mta205-rme.xtra.co.nz@mta1-rme.xtra.co.nz> for ; Fri, 18 Jun 2004 18:35:58 +1200 Received: from lanepc ([222.152.150.140]) by mta1-rme.xtra.co.nz with SMTP id <20040618063557.EBUL21194.mta1-rme.xtra.co.nz@lanepc> for ; Fri, 18 Jun 2004 18:35:57 +1200 Date: Fri, 18 Jun 2004 18:34:38 +1200 From: "John R. Lane" Subject: Do rabbits like sweet things To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <000801c454fe$54c5ebe0$0700000a@lanepc> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_8xKqqk8scJ5wx9vBo1LVAw)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='HTML_50_70 0.092' This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_8xKqqk8scJ5wx9vBo1LVAw) Content-type: text/plain; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT >Do rabbits like sweet things? Just curious. Any actual >experimental results would be most appreciated. We have a house rabbit (dutch mini lop) that absolutely luuvvvs it's toast and honey in the morning. She lines up every morning at the kitchen door for it. Just as an aside when we are home this rabbit runs free in the house with our two Kelpies with no problems. Regards John Lane New Zealand --Boundary_(ID_8xKqqk8scJ5wx9vBo1LVAw) Content-type: text/html; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
>Do rabbits like sweet things? Just curious. Any actual >experimental results would be most appreciated.
 
We have a house rabbit (dutch mini lop) that absolutely luuvvvs it's toast and honey in the morning. She lines up every morning at the kitchen door for it.
 
 
Just as an aside when we are home this rabbit runs free in the house with our two Kelpies with no problems.
 
 
Regards John Lane
New Zealand
 
--Boundary_(ID_8xKqqk8scJ5wx9vBo1LVAw)-- From: IN%"booga_b@email.it" "Filippo" 19-JUN-2004 20:28:47.99 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: sharp edge thesis Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBHT3OPIGW8YBA1A@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from booga_b@email.it); Sat, 19 Jun 2004 20:28:47 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBHT3OMOR48YC9JT@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sat, 19 Jun 2004 20:28:39 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBHT3OJD608WX2JW@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sat, 19 Jun 2004 20:28:39 -0600 (CST) Received: from smtp-out2.email.it (smtp-out2.email.it [80.247.70.7]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5K2SF2v023895 for ; Sat, 19 Jun 2004 20:28:24 -0600 (envelope-from booga_b@email.it) Received: by smtp-out2.email.it (Email.it, from userid 101) id 86A001BC0B5; Sun, 20 Jun 2004 04:28:52 +0200 (CEST) Received: from filippo.email.it (host154-21.pool80117.interbusiness.it [80.117.21.154]) by smtp-out2.email.it (Email.it) with ESMTP id B86BA1BC0A4for ; Sun, 20 Jun 2004 04:28:51 +0200 (CEST) Date: Sun, 20 Jun 2004 04:26:02 +0200 From: Filippo Subject: sharp edge thesis X-Sender: booga_b@email.it@popmail.email.it To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <6.0.0.22.2.20040620041945.02815a30@popmail.email.it> MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Version 6.0.0.22 Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT X-Copyrighted-Material: Please visit http://www.email.it/ita/privacy.html X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=XII, Probability=12%, Report='X_NJABL_DUL 1, RCVD_IN_NJABL_ORG 0' Hello all, near and distant friends and Doctors! I am searching for a "sharp edge" topic for my thesis, i was oriented on aggressive behavior, but i need to be informed of the last studies and other. Can You please help if you have any hot idea for me? I am italian so dont bother writing english if you are too! thank you people and good work Filippo -- Email.it, the professional e-mail, gratis per te: http://www.email.it/f Sponsor: Cepu offre una soluzione di insegnamento individuale e personalizzato * tutor specializzati e assistenza nel disbrigo delle pratiche burocratiche * Clicca qui: http://adv.email.it/cgi-bin/foclick.cgi?mid=2611&d=20-6 From: IN%"ngourkow@spca.bc.ca" "Nadine Gourkow" 22-JUN-2004 16:58:54.87 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: aggression Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBLSNFLHI88YEZVB@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from ngourkow@spca.bc.ca); Tue, 22 Jun 2004 16:58:54 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBLSNCTYR48YEZV3@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 22 Jun 2004 16:58:43 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBLSN8Y6L28WXB6D@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 22 Jun 2004 16:58:39 -0600 (CST) Received: from bcspcaexch1.w2k.vrbspca.bc.ca (h209-139-204-202.gtconnect.net [209.139.204.202]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5MMvi2v032265 for ; Tue, 22 Jun 2004 16:58:07 -0600 (envelope-from ngourkow@spca.bc.ca) Date: Tue, 22 Jun 2004 15:55:37 -0700 From: Nadine Gourkow Subject: aggression To: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft Exchange V6.0.5762.3 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_W0z0ou6Jn3E3r7N+Njo4+Q)" Thread-Topic: aggression Thread-Index: AcRYrAjtFeVxqMDAROKJgDUf1O9eOA== content-class: urn:content-classes:message X-MS-Has-Attach: X-MS-TNEF-Correlator: X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='HTML_50_70 0.092, SUPERLONG_LINE 0.003, MAILTO_LINK 0.001, HTML_FONT_COLOR_BLUE 0' This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_W0z0ou6Jn3E3r7N+Njo4+Q) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Does anyone know of published papers (or unpublished data) on the success of various rehabilitation practices for aggression of dogs towards people? A study done (or data collected) in an animal shelter would be ideal. I do have Karen Overall's list of indicators for success of rehab and Katherine Houpt's paper on treatment for inter dog aggression. Expert opinion would also of use on types of aggression and chances of success for rehab in the shelter environment or foster home (new environment for the dog) thanks nadine _____ Nadine Gourkow, BEd, MSc Animal Welfare Manager BC SPCA Administration Centre 1245 East 7th Avenue Vancouver, BC V5T 1R1 Ph. 604.709.6714 Fax. 604.681 7022 www.spca.bc.ca ngourkow@spca.bc.ca --Boundary_(ID_W0z0ou6Jn3E3r7N+Njo4+Q) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
Does anyone know of published papers (or unpublished data) on the success of various rehabilitation practices for aggression of dogs towards people?  A study done (or data collected) in an animal shelter would be ideal.
I do have Karen Overall's list of indicators for success of rehab and Katherine Houpt's paper on treatment for inter dog aggression. 
 
Expert opinion would also of use on types of aggression and chances of success for rehab in the shelter environment or foster home (new environment for the dog)
 
thanks
nadine
 
 
Nadine Gourkow, BEd, MSc
Animal Welfare Manager
BC SPCA Administration Centre
1245 East 7th Avenue
Vancouver, BC  V5T 1R1
Ph. 604.709.6714  Fax. 604.681 7022
www.spca.bc.ca  ngourkow@spca.bc.ca
 
--Boundary_(ID_W0z0ou6Jn3E3r7N+Njo4+Q)-- From: IN%"Michalchik@aol.com" 22-JUN-2004 20:25:52.96 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: antibird dogs Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBLZV3WRCG8YEZVB@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from Michalchik@aol.com); Tue, 22 Jun 2004 20:25:52 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBLZV293Y88YEZV3@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 22 Jun 2004 20:25:44 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBLZUYUEIA8WXDDG@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 22 Jun 2004 20:25:42 -0600 (CST) Received: from skyway.usask.ca (skyway.usask.ca [128.233.192.232]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5N28e7b003031 for <@spamf2.usask.ca:applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca>; Tue, 22 Jun 2004 20:25:22 -0600 (envelope-from Michalchik@aol.com) Received: from imo-d06.mx.aol.com (imo-d06.mx.aol.com [205.188.157.38]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBLWQXS4W88WXE11@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 22 Jun 2004 18:56:07 -0600 (CST) Received: from Michalchik@aol.com by imo-d06.mx.aol.com (mail_out_v37_r2.6.) id z.1f1.23a89205 (3964) for ; Tue, 22 Jun 2004 20:48:15 -0400 (EDT) Date: Tue, 22 Jun 2004 20:48:15 -0400 (EDT) From: Michalchik@aol.com Subject: antibird dogs To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <1f1.23a89205.2e0a2d4f@aol.com> MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: 9.0 for Windows sub 5000 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_3hTZVqptKY/U/fciVz965g)" X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='HTML_50_70 0.092, NO_REAL_NAME 0.000' --Boundary_(ID_3hTZVqptKY/U/fciVz965g) Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT I was wondering if border collies are safe to have around parrots and conures. My girlfried says she has a friend who's labradore killed her parrots. I am not terribly surprised because labradores were bred to retrieve dead birds. As I understand it shepards have had their killer instincts strongly supressed so I was wondering if they would make a pet that was compatible with Parrots. --Boundary_(ID_3hTZVqptKY/U/fciVz965g) Content-type: text/html; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
I was wondering if border collies are safe to have around parrots and conures. My girlfried says she has a friend who's labradore killed her parrots. I am not terribly surprised because labradores were bred to retrieve dead birds. As I understand it shepards have had their killer instincts strongly supressed so I was wondering if they would make a pet that was compatible with Parrots.
 
 --Boundary_(ID_3hTZVqptKY/U/fciVz965g)-- From: IN%"k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz" "John R. Lane" 23-JUN-2004 02:53:50.88 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Seligmans paper Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBMDF1RAJK8YEZVF@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz); Wed, 23 Jun 2004 02:53:50 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBMDF033DC8YEZUH@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Wed, 23 Jun 2004 02:53:39 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBMDEZY36K8WXCLW@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Wed, 23 Jun 2004 02:53:36 -0600 (CST) Received: from mta204-rme.xtra.co.nz (mta204-rme.xtra.co.nz [210.86.15.147]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5N8rH4t010093 for ; Wed, 23 Jun 2004 02:53:22 -0600 Received: from mta1-rme.xtra.co.nz ([210.86.15.141]) by mta204-rme.xtra.co.nz with ESMTP id <20040623085255.CSBE4752.mta204-rme.xtra.co.nz@mta1-rme.xtra.co.nz> for ; Wed, 23 Jun 2004 20:52:55 +1200 Received: from Lanepc ([222.152.132.73]) by mta1-rme.xtra.co.nz with SMTP id <20040623085254.HICQ21194.mta1-rme.xtra.co.nz@Lanepc> for ; Wed, 23 Jun 2004 20:52:54 +1200 Date: Wed, 23 Jun 2004 20:51:14 +1200 From: "John R. Lane" Subject: Seligmans paper To: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <000801c458ff$46a1a540$0700000a@Lanepc> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_El59gHp9LqRKhFzQ+mnb1A)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='SUPERLONG_LINE 0.003' This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_El59gHp9LqRKhFzQ+mnb1A) Content-type: text/plain; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Hi all, Several people have asked me off list whether there is an original copy of Seligmans paper on biological/ psychological preparedness on the web. While it may not perhaps be an original the best look at its contents I have found at this point is at the URL: http://www.stfx.ca/people/khennig/teaching/readings/sauce-bernaise.rtf If you do a search on the page for the word "yawn" you will find the statement that Jackie referred to about dogs being contraprepared to learn to yawn in order to food solicit. There are many others others which tie this theory to many other aspects of psychology and behaviour and trainability. One very interesting one suggests that this may be the basis for "insinctive drift" or "the misbehaviour of organisms" factors published by the "Brelands". Dr Simon Gadbois (please excuse the spelling if I have your sirname wrong Simon. I am working from my memory.) commented on this aspect ealier to Jackie in the archives.. Perhaps he might like to further comment on this. Jackie, As several of these enquirers have been from Aussie perhaps you would like to tell them via this medium where they can find it in Aussie resource libraries etc. Jackie, At this point I still await your comment on my suggestion (leaving aside for a moment Seligmans actual theory) that perhaps his example using the yawning behaviour in canines as an example of contraprearedness may actually be an incorrect example. If this is the case then showing that canines do have preparedness (are not contraprepared to do this behaviour for other reasons e.g. food soliciting) in this area neither proves or disproves the general theory. Regards John L. New Zealand --Boundary_(ID_El59gHp9LqRKhFzQ+mnb1A) Content-type: text/html; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
Hi all,
       Several people have asked me off list whether there is an original copy of Seligmans paper on biological/ psychological preparedness on the web. While it may not perhaps be an original the best look at its contents I have found at this point is at the URL:
 
 
If you do a search on the page for the word "yawn" you will find the statement that Jackie referred to about dogs being contraprepared to learn to yawn in order to food solicit.
 
There are many others others which tie this theory to many other aspects of psychology and behaviour and trainability.
 
One very interesting one suggests that this may be the basis for "insinctive drift" or "the misbehaviour of organisms" factors published by the "Brelands".
 Dr Simon Gadbois (please excuse the spelling if I have your sirname wrong Simon. I am working from my memory.) commented on this aspect ealier to Jackie in the archives.. Perhaps he might like to further comment on this.
 
Jackie, As several of these enquirers have been from Aussie perhaps you would like to tell them via this medium where they can find it in Aussie resource libraries etc.
 
Jackie, At this point I still await your comment on my suggestion (leaving aside for a moment Seligmans actual theory) that perhaps his example using the yawning behaviour in canines as an example of contraprearedness may actually be an incorrect example.
 
 If this is the case then showing that canines do have preparedness (are not contraprepared to do this behaviour for other reasons e.g. food soliciting) in this area neither proves or disproves the general theory.
 
Regards John L.
New Zealand
--Boundary_(ID_El59gHp9LqRKhFzQ+mnb1A)-- From: IN%"probards@ozemail.com.au" "Pat Robards" 23-JUN-2004 13:35:26.42 To: IN%"k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz" "John R. Lane", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Seligmans paper Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBMZTKBKXS8YEZVB@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from probards@ozemail.com.au); Wed, 23 Jun 2004 13:35:25 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBMZTHXGE88YF055@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca); Wed, 23 Jun 2004 13:35:17 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBMZTFDRY48WXGI9@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca); Wed, 23 Jun 2004 13:35:13 -0600 (CST) Received: from skynet.usask.ca (skynet.usask.ca [128.233.192.233]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5NJ4m5t009209 for <@spamf2.usask.ca:applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca>; Wed, 23 Jun 2004 13:34:56 -0600 (envelope-from probards@ozemail.com.au) Received: from smta06.mail.ozemail.net (smta06.mail.ozemail.net [203.103.165.100]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBMY9LXKK68WXEST@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca); Wed, 23 Jun 2004 12:50:17 -0600 (CST) Received: from TOSHIBA ([203.102.168.87]) by smta06.mail.ozemail.net with SMTP id <20040623185008.ZOEK19662.smta06.mail.ozemail.net@TOSHIBA>; Wed, 23 Jun 2004 18:50:08 +0000 Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2004 04:50:09 +1000 From: Pat Robards Subject: Re: Seligmans paper To: "John R. Lane" , applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Reply-to: Pat Robards Message-id: <063001c45952$e92dcde0$0300a8c0@TOSHIBA> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_SaPVCUfjR0nKEyCL9njnEw)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='BIG_FONT 0.146, HTML_50_70 0.092, SUPERLONG_LINE 0.003, MAILTO_LINK 0.001, HTML_FONT_COLOR_RED 0, REFERENCES 0.000' References: <000801c458ff$46a1a540$0700000a@Lanepc> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_SaPVCUfjR0nKEyCL9njnEw) Content-type: text/plain; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT From: John R. Lane Sent: Wednesday, June 23, 2004 6:51 PM Excellent John, thank so much, Ahahah, "yawn to get fed" indeed makes a difference. <> Regards John L. New Zealand Yes, I can see it being that way John, Jackie seemed to be confused as to the 80% proficiency, the Brelands used it with their animals in the l940's before it went into the lab, 10 trials, 8 correct, it does not need to be in succession. . What MOO said (Misbehaviour of Organisms) was that a trained behaviour that paralleled in topography a natural or instinctive behaviour gradually assumed many of the characteristics of the instinctive behaviour. This became known as "instinctive drift" thus the trainer needs to be aware that there can be interaction between those early instinctive behaviours and the new learned ones........ You will find this url interesting. http://segate.sunet.se/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9705&L=ethology&F=&S=&P=8594 Regards Pat Robards Australia http://www.k9events.com/ --Boundary_(ID_SaPVCUfjR0nKEyCL9njnEw) Content-type: text/html; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
 
Sent: Wednesday, June 23, 2004 6:51 PM
 
<snip>
 
Excellent  John, thank so much, Ahahah,  "yawn to get fed" indeed makes a difference.  
 
<<One very interesting one suggests that this may be the basis for "instinctive drift" or "the misbehaviour of organisms" factors published by the "Brelands".>> <snip>
 
Regards John L.
New Zealand
 
Yes, I can see it being that way John, Jackie seemed to be confused as to the 80% proficiency, the Brelands used it with   their animals in the l940's before it went into the lab, 10 trials, 8 correct, it does not need to be in succession. .
What MOO said (Misbehaviour of Organisms) was that a trained behaviour that paralleled in topography a natural or instinctive behaviour gradually assumed many of the characteristics of the instinctive behaviour.  This became known as "instinctive drift"  thus the trainer needs to be aware that there can be interaction between those early instinctive behaviours and the new learned ones........   
 
 
Regards
Pat Robards Australia
 
--Boundary_(ID_SaPVCUfjR0nKEyCL9njnEw)-- From: IN%"ngourkow@spca.bc.ca" "Nadine Gourkow" 23-JUN-2004 17:26:31.97 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: trapping mice Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBN7V9IJ808YFGHV@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from ngourkow@spca.bc.ca); Wed, 23 Jun 2004 17:25:52 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBN7QBEQK08YFWB9@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Wed, 23 Jun 2004 17:21:46 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBN7Q4Z57C8WXHYH@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Wed, 23 Jun 2004 17:21:43 -0600 (CST) Received: from bcspcaexch1.w2k.vrbspca.bc.ca (h209-139-204-202.gtconnect.net [209.139.204.202]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5NNLC2v010053 for ; Wed, 23 Jun 2004 17:21:27 -0600 (envelope-from ngourkow@spca.bc.ca) Date: Wed, 23 Jun 2004 16:20:11 -0700 From: Nadine Gourkow Subject: trapping mice To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft Exchange V6.0.5762.3 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_y0LFMdij9LAQUNqeCukZyA)" Thread-Topic: Seligmans paper Thread-Index: AcRZYSrBGrOFtfvJRx2yZo6XG0pyZQAFpbFA content-class: urn:content-classes:message X-MS-Has-Attach: X-MS-TNEF-Correlator: X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=X, Probability=10%, Report='HTML_70_90 0.572, MAILTO_LINK 0.001, HTML_FONT_COLOR_BLUE 0' This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_y0LFMdij9LAQUNqeCukZyA) Content-type: text/plain; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT We are currently debating the best method for trapping mice. Because we are a humane organisation we want to be sure that our decision is based on research (if available). Is there research looking at indicators of stress and/or pain involved in various trapping techniques Thus far techniques suggests include Glue traps rodentacide (poison) Snap traps Live traps (how to extract and euthanise is the question here) Housing a cat in the area Thanks Nadine _____ Nadine Gourkow, BEd, MSc Animal Welfare Manager BC SPCA Administration Centre 1245 East 7th Avenue Vancouver, BC V5T 1R1 Ph. 604.709.6714 Fax. 604.681 7022 www.spca.bc.ca ngourkow@spca.bc.ca --Boundary_(ID_y0LFMdij9LAQUNqeCukZyA) Content-type: text/html; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
We are currently debating the best method for trapping mice.  Because we are a humane organisation we want to be sure that our decision is based on research (if available).
 
Is there research looking at indicators of stress and/or pain involved in various trapping techniques
Thus far techniques suggests include
Glue traps
rodentacide (poison)
Snap traps
Live traps (how to extract and euthanise is the question here)
Housing a cat in the area
Thanks
Nadine
 
Nadine Gourkow, BEd, MSc
Animal Welfare Manager
BC SPCA Administration Centre
1245 East 7th Avenue
Vancouver, BC  V5T 1R1
Ph. 604.709.6714  Fax. 604.681 7022
www.spca.bc.ca  ngourkow@spca.bc.ca
--Boundary_(ID_y0LFMdij9LAQUNqeCukZyA)-- From: IN%"Canidresearch@aol.com" 24-JUN-2004 02:13:50.91 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: aggression Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBNQBOYAOW8YFW8K@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from Canidresearch@aol.com); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 02:13:49 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBNQBLYRQ88YFWWV@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 02:13:34 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBNQBLSXQE8WXI9B@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 02:13:30 -0600 (CST) Received: from skyway.usask.ca (skyway.usask.ca [128.233.192.232]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5O8AJUq031456 for <@spamf2.usask.ca:Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca>; Thu, 24 Jun 2004 02:13:29 -0600 (envelope-from Canidresearch@aol.com) Received: from imo-d20.mx.aol.com (imo-d20.mx.aol.com [205.188.139.136]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBMSOSU1XO8WXHHB@sask.usask.ca> for Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Wed, 23 Jun 2004 10:10:41 -0600 (CST) Received: from Canidresearch@aol.com by imo-d20.mx.aol.com (mail_out_v37_r2.6.) id z.8d.e11395d (3842) for ; Wed, 23 Jun 2004 12:00:19 -0400 (EDT) Date: Wed, 23 Jun 2004 12:00:19 -0400 (EDT) From: Canidresearch@aol.com Subject: Re: aggression To: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <8d.e11395d.2e0b0313@aol.com> MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: 8.0 for Windows sub 6032 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_ZGSApiMGKNdzYxOT26x6nQ)" X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='BIG_FONT 0.146, HTML_50_70 0.092, MAILTO_LINK 0.001, QUOTED_EMAIL_TEXT 0, LINK_TO_NO_SCHEME 0.000, NO_REAL_NAME 0.000, HTML_FONT_COLOR_BLUE 0' --Boundary_(ID_ZGSApiMGKNdzYxOT26x6nQ) Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Jean Donaldson is doing some work in this area. And we are currently collecting data on b-mod for shelter dogs with food aggression. Emily Weiss, Ph.D., CAAB EWC 2672 SW Indianola Benton, KS, 67017 (316) 778-1991 www.emilyweiss.com Providing Positive Humane Solutions In a message dated 6/22/2004 6:03:41 PM Central Standard Time, ngourkow @spca.bc.ca writes: > Does anyone know of published papers (or unpublished data) on the success > of various rehabilitation practices for aggression of dogs towards people? A > study done (or data collected) in an animal shelter would be ideal. > I do have Karen Overall's list of indicators for success of rehab and > Katherine Houpt's paper on treatment for inter dog aggression. > > Expert opinion would also of use on types of aggression and chances of > success for rehab in the shelter environment or foster home (new environment for > the dog) > > thanks > nadine > > > Nadine Gourkow, BEd, MSc > Animal Welfare Manager > BC SPCA Administration Centre > 1245 East 7th Avenue > Vancouver, BC V5T 1R1 > Ph. 604.709.6714 Fax. 604.681 7022 > www.spca.bc.ca ngourkow@spca.bc.ca > > > --Boundary_(ID_ZGSApiMGKNdzYxOT26x6nQ) Content-type: text/html; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Jean Donaldson is doing some work in this area.  And we are currently collecting data on b-mod for shelter dogs with food aggression. 


Emily Weiss, Ph.D., CAAB
EWC
2672 SW Indianola
Benton, KS, 67017
(316) 778-1991
www.emilyweiss.com
Providing Positive Humane Solutions

In a message dated 6/22/2004 6:03:41 PM Central Standard Time, ngourkow@spca.bc.ca writes:

Does anyone know of published papers (or unpublished data) on the success of various rehabilitation practices for aggression of dogs towards people?  A study done (or data collected) in an animal shelter would be ideal.
I do have Karen Overall's list of indicators for success of rehab and Katherine Houpt's paper on treatment for inter dog aggression. 

Expert opinion would also of use on types of aggression and chances of success for rehab in the shelter environment or foster home (new environment for the dog)
 
thanks
nadine
 

Nadine Gourkow, BEd, MSc
Animal Welfare Manager
BC SPCA Administration Centre
1245 East 7th Avenue
Vancouver, BC  V5T 1R1
Ph. 604.709.6714  Fax. 604.681 7022
www.spca.bc.ca  ngourkow@spca.bc.ca





 --Boundary_(ID_ZGSApiMGKNdzYxOT26x6nQ)-- From: IN%"gooddog@dodo.com.au" "Geiger" 24-JUN-2004 02:55:19.20 To: IN%"k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz" "'John R. Lane'", IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Seligmans paper Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBNRR9W2IO8YEUB3@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from gooddog@dodo.com.au); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 02:55:18 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBNRR9SYG08YFW1J@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 02:55:09 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBNRR9LQPQ8WXKP8@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 02:55:09 -0600 (CST) Received: from relay01.kbs.net.au (relay01.kbs.net.au [203.220.32.149]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5O8t5Qs009734 for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2004 02:55:06 -0600 (envelope-from gooddog@dodo.com.au) Received: from [203.221.67.18] (helo=STUDY) by relay01.kbs.net.au with esmtp (Exim 3.36 #2) id 1BdQ0X-0002qx-00; Thu, 24 Jun 2004 18:54:57 +1000 Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2004 18:54:46 +1000 From: Geiger Subject: RE: Seligmans paper In-reply-to: <000801c458ff$46a1a540$0700000a@Lanepc> To: "'John R. Lane'" , Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <000201c459c8$ea1dcf90$1243ddcb@STUDY> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable Importance: Normal X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='IN_REP_TO 0' If preparedness supporters now seek to claim that yawning is simply a = poor example of contrapreparedness, they can be criticized for being = unscientific and flakey. You can not just jump from counterexample to counterexample = ad in-finitum asserting a failing theory. It would be more rational, and = less emotive, to simply ditch the theory and work on a new more scientific = one in keeping with the facts. It seems to me that the notion of psychological preparedness may be unscientific anyhow because it is unproveable in principle; ie for every counterexample blown away, a new counterexample = can simply be hypothesized. Such is not a scientific procedure.=20 The notion of psychological preparedness never sat well with me. Physiological preparedness is fine, but I rather think the only real = power of psychological preparedness is the poetic notion, or perhaps the anthropocentric idea that humans have fewer limits on learning than = other species. =20 Have you heard of a dog recently reported who can identify some 200 = objects, and demonstrates a knowledge of the category of "other"? ie the dog can = go pick out the novel object (that is, the one he has never seen before). I = am yet to read the details, so please do not take my words to be perfectly accurate. This breaks down yet another old icon.=20 Seligmans article is available through many university libraries. I = received my copy through the University of Sydney, Veterinary Education = Information Network.=20 Regards, Jackie Perkins -----Original Message----- From: John R. Lane [mailto:k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz]=20 Sent: Wednesday, June 23, 2004 6:51 PM To: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Subject: Seligmans paper Hi all, =A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 Several people have asked me off list whether there = is an original copy of Seligmans paper on biological/ psychological preparedness on the web. While it may not perhaps be an original the best look at its = contents I have found at this point is at the URL: =A0 http://www.stfx.ca/people/khennig/teaching/readings/sauce-bernaise.rtf =A0 If you do a search on the page for the word "yawn" you will find the statement that Jackie referred to about dogs being contraprepared to = learn to yawn in order to=A0food solicit. =A0 There are many others others which tie this theory to many other aspects = of psychology and behaviour and trainability. =A0 One very interesting one suggests that this may be the basis for = "insinctive drift" or "the misbehaviour of organisms" factors=A0published by the "Brelands". =A0Dr Simon Gadbois (please excuse the spelling if I have your sirname = wrong Simon. I am working from my memory.) commented on this aspect ealier to Jackie in the archives.. Perhaps he might like to further comment on = this. =A0 Jackie, As several of these enquirers have been from Aussie perhaps you would like to tell them via this medium where they can find it in Aussie resource libraries etc. =A0 Jackie,=A0At this point I still await your comment on my suggestion = (leaving aside for a moment Seligmans actual theory)=A0that perhaps his example = using the yawning behaviour in canines as an example of = contraprearedness=A0may actually be an incorrect example. =A0 =A0If this is the case then showing that canines do have preparedness = (are not contraprepared to do this behaviour for other reasons e.g. food = soliciting) in this area neither proves or disproves the general theory. =A0 Regards John L. New Zealand From: IN%"probards@ozemail.com.au" "Pat Robards" 24-JUN-2004 03:23:11.08 To: IN%"k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz" "John R. Lane", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Seligmans paper Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBNSQRZWG08YEUB3@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from probards@ozemail.com.au); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 03:23:10 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBNSQQAE688YFW1J@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 03:23:00 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBNSQPI8PI8WXCRX@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 03:22:58 -0600 (CST) Received: from skyway.usask.ca (skyway.usask.ca [128.233.192.232]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5O9MkFZ027538 for <@spamf2.usask.ca:applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca>; Thu, 24 Jun 2004 03:22:51 -0600 (envelope-from probards@ozemail.com.au) Received: from smta02.mail.ozemail.net (smta02.mail.ozemail.net [203.103.165.60]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBNSQCAIYQ8WXIKV@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 03:22:45 -0600 (CST) Received: from TOSHIBA ([203.102.168.87]) by smta02.mail.ozemail.net with SMTP id <20040624092238.YEMB5908.smta02.mail.ozemail.net@TOSHIBA>; Thu, 24 Jun 2004 09:22:38 +0000 Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2004 19:22:37 +1000 From: Pat Robards Subject: Re: Seligmans paper To: "John R. Lane" , applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Reply-to: Pat Robards Message-id: <009c01c459cc$cbe269b0$0300a8c0@TOSHIBA> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_nZQA3gB2P5S39GyMe4Bfeg)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='HTML_50_70 0.092, SUPERLONG_LINE 0.003, MAILTO_LINK 0.001, HTML_FONT_COLOR_BLUE 0, REFERENCES 0.000' References: <000801c458ff$46a1a540$0700000a@Lanepc> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_nZQA3gB2P5S39GyMe4Bfeg) Content-type: text/plain; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT ----- Original Message ----- From: John R. Lane Sent: Wednesday, June 23, 2004 6:51 PM John wrote in part: <>> Regards John L. New Zealand Jackie didn't mention in the background of "Teaching Dogs To Yawn" that dogs were contraprepared to learn to yawn in order to food solicit. Her words were "That a dog can not learn to yawn on cue was presented as such a contraprepared learning task" . Was the url you gave us incomplete John, does Seligman use the word cue? From how I read it, dogs yawn to solicit food, they are not cued to do so, if it were to be on cue, would they not starve from the video presented? Kindest Regards Pat Robards (Australia) http://www.k9events.com/ --Boundary_(ID_nZQA3gB2P5S39GyMe4Bfeg) Content-type: text/html; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
----- Original Message -----
Sent: Wednesday, June 23, 2004 6:51 PM

 
John wrote in part:
 
<<If you do a search on the page for the word "yawn" you will find the statement that Jackie referred to about dogs being contraprepared to learn to yawn in order to food solicit.>>> <snip>
 
Regards John L.
New Zealand
 
Jackie didn't  mention in the background of "Teaching Dogs To Yawn" that dogs were contraprepared to learn to yawn in order to food solicit. Her words were "That a dog can not learn to yawn on cue was presented as such a contraprepared learning task" . Was the url you gave us incomplete John, does Seligman use the word cue?  From how  I read it, dogs yawn to solicit food, they are not cued to do so, if it were to be  on cue,  would they not starve from the video presented?  
 
Kindest Regards

Pat Robards (Australia)
http://www.k9events.com/
--Boundary_(ID_nZQA3gB2P5S39GyMe4Bfeg)-- From: IN%"probards@ozemail.com.au" "Pat Robards" 24-JUN-2004 04:22:50.86 To: IN%"gooddog@dodo.com.au" "Geiger", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Seligmans paper Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBNUTR3XF48YEUB3@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from probards@ozemail.com.au); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 04:22:50 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBNUTPJD5S8YFW1J@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 04:22:40 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBNUTJH3FE8WXFGM@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 04:22:38 -0600 (CST) Received: from smta03.mail.ozemail.net (smta03.mail.ozemail.net [203.103.165.70]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5OALMQs019950 for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2004 04:21:48 -0600 (envelope-from probards@ozemail.com.au) Received: from TOSHIBA ([203.102.168.87]) by smta03.mail.ozemail.net with SMTP id <20040624102120.HHYG11826.smta03.mail.ozemail.net@TOSHIBA>; Thu, 24 Jun 2004 10:21:20 +0000 Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2004 20:21:21 +1000 From: Pat Robards Subject: Re: Seligmans paper To: Geiger , applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Reply-to: Pat Robards Message-id: <01cc01c459d4$ff516640$0300a8c0@TOSHIBA> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_git5rl3hU7xbsly4EpENiQ)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='HTML_50_70 0.092, MAILTO_LINK 0.001, HTML_FONT_COLOR_RED 0, HTML_FONT_TINY 0, REFERENCES 0.000' References: <000201c459c8$ea1dcf90$1243ddcb@STUDY> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_git5rl3hU7xbsly4EpENiQ) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT From: "Geiger" Sent: Thursday, June 24, 2004 6:54 PM <>> . Regards, Jackie Perkins Actually is it very easy to do.... for a dog to pick up a novel object and stymie an audience if they are not familiar in animal training. An object was placed, one that the dog had never seen before although to a naive person they would not realise the animal was possibly scenting, another Clever Hans story. From the website: "When they put a new object into a room filled with old objects Rico fetched it seven times out of 10, evidently figuring out that the new word he heard referred to the new object." http://abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s1129608.htm Good old fashioned *scent discrimination*, I wonder what other cues were given, a raised eyebrow, a smile perhaps? Kindest Regards Pat Robards (Australia) http://www.k9events.com/ --Boundary_(ID_git5rl3hU7xbsly4EpENiQ) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT


From: "Geiger" <gooddog@dodo.com.au>
Sent: Thursday, June 24, 2004 6:54 PM

<snip>

<<Have you heard of a dog recently reported who can identify some 200
objects,
and demonstrates a knowledge of the category of "other"? ie the dog can go
pick out the novel object (that is, the one he has never seen before). I am
yet to read the details, so please do not take my words to be perfectly
accurate. This breaks down yet another old icon.>>> <snip> .

Regards,
Jackie Perkins

Actually is it very easy to do.... for a dog to pick up a novel object and
stymie an audience   if they are not familiar in animal training. An object
was  placed,  one  that the dog had never seen before although
to a naive  person they would not  realise the animal was  possibly scenting,   
another  Clever Hans story.

From the website:

  "When they put a new object into a room filled with old objects
Rico fetched it seven times out of 10, evidently figuring out that
the new word he heard referred to the new object."
http://abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s1129608.htm

Good old fashioned  *scent discrimination*, I wonder what other cues
were given, a raised eyebrow, a smile perhaps?

Kindest Regards

Pat Robards (Australia)
http://www.k9events.com/
--Boundary_(ID_git5rl3hU7xbsly4EpENiQ)-- From: IN%"probards@ozemail.com.au" "Pat Robards" 24-JUN-2004 07:08:28.58 To: IN%"gooddog@dodo.com.au" "Geiger", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Seligmans paper/apology Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBO0M2IOLC8YEUB3@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from probards@ozemail.com.au); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 07:08:28 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBO0M0XLHS8YFW1J@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 07:08:16 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBO0LXWBX68WXJRD@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 07:08:14 -0600 (CST) Received: from smta01.mail.ozemail.net (smta01.mail.ozemail.net [203.103.165.50]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5OD7RQs004178 for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2004 07:07:41 -0600 (envelope-from probards@ozemail.com.au) Received: from TOSHIBA ([203.102.168.87]) by smta01.mail.ozemail.net with SMTP id <20040624130703.LCGE17080.smta01.mail.ozemail.net@TOSHIBA>; Thu, 24 Jun 2004 13:07:03 +0000 Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2004 23:07:04 +1000 From: Pat Robards Subject: Re: Seligmans paper/apology To: Geiger , applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Reply-to: Pat Robards Message-id: <03a501c459ec$25bbb8f0$0300a8c0@TOSHIBA> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_bW7Fp/7DpOAjqahw1Nn1BA)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=X, Probability=10%, Report='HTML_70_90 0.572, HTML_FONT_TINY 0, REFERENCES 0.000' References: <000201c459c8$ea1dcf90$1243ddcb@STUDY> <01cc01c459d4$ff516640$0300a8c0@TOSHIBA> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_bW7Fp/7DpOAjqahw1Nn1BA) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Actually is it very easy to do.... for a dog to pick up a novel object and stymie an audience if they are not familiar in animal training. An object was placed, one that the dog had never seen before although to a naive person they would not realise the animal was possibly scenting, another Clever Hans story. Apologies, I noticed that *naive* came out in a bigger type, that was not my intention, it looks rude, sorry. Pat --Boundary_(ID_bW7Fp/7DpOAjqahw1Nn1BA) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
 
<snip>

Actually is it very easy to do.... for a dog to pick up a novel object and
stymie an audience   if they are not familiar in animal training. An object
was  placed,  one  that the dog had never seen before although
to a naive  person they would not  realise the animal was  possibly scenting,   
another  Clever Hans story.
 
Apologies,  I noticed that *naive* came out in a bigger type,  that
was not my intention,  it looks rude, sorry.

Pat
--Boundary_(ID_bW7Fp/7DpOAjqahw1Nn1BA)-- From: IN%"probards@ozemail.com.au" "Pat Robards" 24-JUN-2004 20:29:58.81 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Seligmans paper Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBOSLR8VA88YHL28@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from probards@ozemail.com.au); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 20:29:57 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBOSLP26808YHPG5@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 20:29:45 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBOSLOR3368WXWBC@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Thu, 24 Jun 2004 20:29:41 -0600 (CST) Received: from smta01.mail.ozemail.net (smta01.mail.ozemail.net [203.103.165.50]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5P2TSFZ027609 for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2004 20:29:33 -0600 (envelope-from probards@ozemail.com.au) Received: from TOSHIBA ([203.102.168.87]) by smta01.mail.ozemail.net with SMTP id <20040625022926.XLEA17080.smta01.mail.ozemail.net@TOSHIBA> for ; Fri, 25 Jun 2004 02:29:26 +0000 Date: Fri, 25 Jun 2004 12:29:27 +1000 From: Pat Robards Subject: Re: Seligmans paper To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Reply-to: Pat Robards Message-id: <00b101c45a5c$3dd4bde0$0300a8c0@TOSHIBA> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_s8zQ+CTMgZ/c+FDtA+sJng)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='HTML_50_70 0.092, REFERENCES 0.000' References: <000201c459c8$ea1dcf90$1243ddcb@STUDY> <01cc01c459d4$ff516640$0300a8c0@TOSHIBA> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_s8zQ+CTMgZ/c+FDtA+sJng) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Sent: Thursday, June 24, 2004 8:21 PM Subject: Re: Seligmans paper Good old fashioned *scent discrimination*, I wonder what other cues were given, a raised eyebrow, a smile perhaps? Kindest Regards Pat Robards (Australia) http://www.k9events.com/ I have received several private posts over my remark *another Clever Hans story.* Clever Hans had not mastered mathematics but had in effect learned to read peoples' minds by observing subtle changes in their posture, breathing and facial expressions. However Clever Hans was not a fraud, it was the scientists themselves who displayed not the slightest interest in understanding the horse's uncanny, extra-sensory abilities, the same applies to the dog Rico, if the objects were placed using mechanical means then possibly the outcome may have differed. When it comes to animal intelligence, it seems as though reality has to conform to existing scientific theories rather than the other way around, Hans the horse had showed up the absurdities of gauging the intelligence of animals by *strictly human criteria*. That is what I meant. Kindest Regards Pat Robards (Australia) http://www.k9events.com/ --Boundary_(ID_s8zQ+CTMgZ/c+FDtA+sJng) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
 
 
Sent: Thursday, June 24, 2004 8:21 PM
Subject: Re: Seligmans paper


Good old fashioned  *scent discrimination*, I wonder what other cues
were given, a raised eyebrow, a smile perhaps?

Kindest Regards

Pat Robards (Australia)
http://www.k9events.com/
 
I have received several private posts over my remark  *another  Clever Hans story.*
Clever Hans had not mastered mathematics  but had in effect learned to read peoples'
minds by observing subtle changes in their posture, breathing and facial expressions.
 
However Clever Hans was not a fraud, it was the scientists themselves who displayed
not  the slightest interest in understanding the horse's uncanny, extra-sensory abilities,  
the same applies to the dog Rico, if the objects were placed using mechanical means
then possibly the outcome may have differed.  
 
When it comes to animal intelligence, it seems as though reality has to conform to
existing scientific theories rather than the other way around,  Hans the horse had
showed up the absurdities of gauging the intelligence of animals by *strictly human
criteria*. That is what I meant.
 
Kindest Regards

Pat Robards (Australia)
http://www.k9events.com/
--Boundary_(ID_s8zQ+CTMgZ/c+FDtA+sJng)-- From: IN%"k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz" "John R. Lane" 25-JUN-2004 03:56:36.04 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: unscientific? Flakey? Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBP87K7JLC8YHL28@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz); Fri, 25 Jun 2004 03:56:35 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBP87INJ408YGKA1@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca); Fri, 25 Jun 2004 03:56:26 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBP87HUNVM8WY474@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca); Fri, 25 Jun 2004 03:56:24 -0600 (CST) Received: from skynet.usask.ca (skynet.usask.ca [128.233.192.233]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5P9t3Fx026064 for <@spamf2.usask.ca:Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca>; Fri, 25 Jun 2004 03:56:16 -0600 Received: from mta201-rme.xtra.co.nz (mta201-rme.xtra.co.nz [210.86.15.144]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBP84H99OE8WY0XP@sask.usask.ca> for Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca); Fri, 25 Jun 2004 03:54:06 -0600 (CST) Received: from mta2-rme.xtra.co.nz ([210.86.15.143]) by mta201-rme.xtra.co.nz with ESMTP id <20040625095356.CJQG27956.mta201-rme.xtra.co.nz@mta2-rme.xtra.co.nz> for ; Fri, 25 Jun 2004 21:53:56 +1200 Received: from Lanepc ([222.152.144.57]) by mta2-rme.xtra.co.nz with SMTP id <20040625095355.CFAB21940.mta2-rme.xtra.co.nz@Lanepc> for ; Fri, 25 Jun 2004 21:53:55 +1200 Date: Fri, 25 Jun 2004 21:52:19 +1200 From: "John R. Lane" Subject: unscientific? Flakey? To: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <000801c45a9a$2017f180$0700000a@Lanepc> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_nCb3WrC+GL8eQcuPQLD7Cg)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='SUPERLONG_LINE 0.003, QUOTED_EMAIL_TEXT 0' This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_nCb3WrC+GL8eQcuPQLD7Cg) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT FROM JACKIE: > If preparedness supporters now seek to claim that yawning is simply a poor > example of contrapreparedness, they can be criticized for being unscientific > and flakey. MY RESPONSE: Hi Jackie, First let me make one thing absolutely 100% crystal clear for you before you proceed further down this track. I am not a so called Seligman supporter!!! Please stick to known facts and do not just make wild absolutely unfounded assumptions then base your response to me on those assumptions. This does not do you or your arguement any credit. What I am trying to do is make an objective, openminded critical examination of Seligman's theory, your counter arguement and supporting evidence and align these what I know as an experienced dog trainer and training consultant in order to try and reach a conclusion in my own mind. So I hope it is now clear to you that I am not a "supporter" on either side of this debate. FROM JACKIE: > You can not just jump from counterexample to counterexample ad > in-finitum asserting a failing theory. It would be more rational, and less > emotive, to simply ditch the theory and work on a new more scientific one in > keeping with the facts. MY RESPONSE: Firstly as I have pointed out in my opening I am not being irrational, emotional or unscientific. I am in fact trying very hard to be exactly the opposite. Secondly in your response regarding ditching the theory altogether because it or the thought process of the originator may not be 100% correct in all the nuts and bolts: Should the base theory of evolution have been chucked out in total because early scientists had some nuts and bolts parts of it incorrect Jackie? Remember we have the advantage of newer, more detailed knowledge. Although it wasn't exactly what he said, I agree with Simon when he indicated in different words science and theories always progress and adapt. Scientific theories aren't stagnant things to be either totally right or wrong only in the form they exist in at one particular snapshot in time.. But this progress is always done by carefull examination of evidence and if need be changing the theory to fit the facts not the other way around. Or even sometimes as you are suggesting by completely chucking out the theory if no Q.E.D. But this is done on careful examination of all the evidence not on the basis of one example. FROM JACKIE: It seems to me that the notion of psychological > preparedness may be unscientific anyhow because it is unproveable in > principle; ie for every counterexample blown away, a new counterexample can > simply be hypothesized. Such is not a scientific procedure. MY RESPONSE: Oh Really Jackie? Then why, when I want to do a data study on an issue, do I first put forward a hypothesis and then a null hypothesis on the same issue. (or maybe even several) Then set about collecting data in sufficient quantities to enable me to carry out a Chi Squared analysis to show me trends in the area under study. Or is this not a scientific procedure? Where is your wide data study showing sufficient trending to make your case in this area? Does the actions of two dogs under what are basically laboratory conditions really give wide enough indication to be able to conclusively justify your claim that Seligman is definitely incorrect in total? FROM JACKIE: > The notion of psychological preparedness never sat well with me. > Physiological preparedness is fine, MY RESPONSE: I think the two are often tied together Jackie or does nuerology and internal chemical/electrical states etc not enter into psychological processes? FROM JACKIE: but I rather think the only real power > of psychological preparedness is the poetic notion, or perhaps the > anthropocentric idea that humans have fewer limits on learning than other > species. MY RESPONSE: Give me evidence that explains why you feel this way Jackie and I might agree but to just make a blank statement like this without reasons can be portrayed by your oponents as circular logic. FROM JACKIE: > Have you heard of a dog recently reported who can identify some 200 objects, MY RESPONSE: Yes I have but to use this arguement in this case proves nothing. Individual dogs are not the "generic" dog. It is the "generic" dog we are talking about here. I remember in one of Dunbar's books he also made mention of a case of a dog that had an enormous repitore of commands way outside the bell curve of the norm but that this didn't mean that all dogs could learn this many. I agree with this assessment. FROM JACKIE: > Seligmans article is available through many university libraries. I received > my copy through the University of Sydney, Veterinary Education Information > Network. MY RESPONSE: Thanks Jackie. I am sure this will prove valuable to many on your side of the Tasman. Regards John L. New Zealand. --Boundary_(ID_nCb3WrC+GL8eQcuPQLD7Cg) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
FROM JACKIE:
 
> If preparedness supporters now seek to claim that yawning is simply a poor > example of contrapreparedness, they can be criticized for being unscientific
> and flakey.
 
MY RESPONSE:
Hi Jackie,
              First let me make one thing absolutely 100% crystal clear for you before you proceed further down this track.
 
I am not a so called Seligman supporter!!!
 
 Please stick to known facts and do not just make wild absolutely unfounded assumptions then base your response to me on those assumptions. This does not do you or your arguement any credit.
What I am trying to do is make an objective, openminded critical examination of Seligman's theory, your  counter arguement and supporting evidence and align these what I know as an experienced dog trainer and training consultant in order to try and reach a conclusion in my own mind.
 
So I hope it is now clear to you that I am not a "supporter" on either side of this debate.
 
FROM JACKIE:
> You can not just jump from counterexample to counterexample ad > in-finitum asserting a failing theory.
 
 It would be more rational, and less > emotive, to simply ditch the theory and work on a new more scientific one in
> keeping with the facts.
 
MY RESPONSE:
Firstly as I have pointed out in my opening I am not being irrational, emotional or unscientific. I am in fact trying very hard to be exactly the opposite.
 
Secondly in your response regarding ditching the theory altogether because it or the thought process of the originator may not be 100% correct in all the nuts and bolts:
 Should the base theory of evolution have been chucked out in total because early scientists had some nuts and bolts parts of it incorrect Jackie?
 
Remember we have the advantage of newer, more detailed knowledge.
 
Although it wasn't exactly what he said, I agree with Simon when he indicated in different words science and theories always progress and adapt. Scientific theories aren't stagnant things to be either totally right or wrong only in the form they exist in at one particular snapshot in time..
 
 But this progress is always done by carefull examination of evidence and if need be changing the theory to fit the facts not the other way around.
 Or even sometimes as you are suggesting by completely chucking out the theory if no Q.E.D.
 
 But this is done on careful examination of all the evidence not on the basis of one  example.
 
 
FROM JACKIE:
 It seems to me that the notion of psychological
> preparedness may be unscientific anyhow because it is unproveable in > principle; ie for every counterexample blown away, a new counterexample can
> simply be hypothesized. Such is not a scientific procedure.
 
MY RESPONSE:
Oh Really Jackie? Then why, when I want to do a data study on an issue, do I first put forward a hypothesis and then a null hypothesis on the same issue. (or maybe even several) Then set about collecting data in sufficient quantities to enable me to carry out a Chi Squared analysis to show me trends in the area under study. Or is this not a scientific procedure? 
 
Where is your wide data study showing sufficient trending to make your case in this area?
 Does the actions of two dogs under what are basically laboratory conditions really give wide enough indication to be able to conclusively justify your claim that Seligman is definitely incorrect in total?
 
 
FROM JACKIE:
> The notion of psychological preparedness never sat well with me.
> Physiological preparedness is fine,
 
 
MY RESPONSE:
                           I think the two are often tied together Jackie or does nuerology and internal chemical/electrical states etc not enter into psychological processes?
 
FROM JACKIE:
 but I rather think the only real power
> of psychological preparedness is the poetic notion, or perhaps the
> anthropocentric idea that humans have fewer limits on learning than other
> species.
 
MY RESPONSE:
Give me evidence that explains why you feel this way Jackie and I might agree but to just make a blank statement like this without reasons can be portrayed by your oponents as circular logic.
 
FROM JACKIE:
> Have you heard of a dog recently reported who can identify some 200 objects,
 
MY RESPONSE:
Yes I have but to use this arguement in this case proves nothing. Individual dogs are not the "generic" dog. It is the "generic" dog we are talking about here.
I remember in one of Dunbar's books he also made mention of a case of a dog that had an enormous repitore of commands way outside the bell curve of the norm but that this didn't mean that all dogs could learn this many. I agree with this assessment.
 
FROM JACKIE:
> Seligmans article is available through many university libraries. I received
> my copy through the University of Sydney, Veterinary Education Information
> Network.
MY RESPONSE:
Thanks Jackie. I am sure this will prove valuable to many on your side of the Tasman.
 
Regards John L.
New Zealand.
 
--Boundary_(ID_nCb3WrC+GL8eQcuPQLD7Cg)-- From: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins" 26-JUN-2004 23:00:05.49 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: Punishment/retreat Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBRQFN39N48YLRQ9@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from jhaskins@tpg.com.au); Sat, 26 Jun 2004 23:00:04 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBRQFLBGHC8YLRGO@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sat, 26 Jun 2004 22:59:55 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBRQFL92Z88WYFVW@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sat, 26 Jun 2004 22:59:53 -0600 (CST) Received: from mail.tpgi.com.au (mail.tpgi.com.au [203.12.160.103]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5R4xlQs031911 for ; Sat, 26 Jun 2004 22:59:49 -0600 (envelope-from jhaskins@tpg.com.au) Received: from serialno (203-213-87-204-cof-ts1-2600.tpgi.com.au [203.213.87.204]) by mail.tpgi.com.au (8.12.10/8.12.10) with SMTP id i5R4xbLn019824 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 14:59:44 +1000 Date: Sun, 27 Jun 2004 13:40:28 +1000 From: Jenny Haskins Subject: Punishment/retreat To: Ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <04e201c45c04$8ea63ba0$cc57d5cb@serialno> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1106 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1106 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_JjT/EugG6NZNhUGFC9Rd8w)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-TPG-Antivirus: Passed X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='BIG_FONT 0.146, SUPERLONG_LINE 0.003' This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_JjT/EugG6NZNhUGFC9Rd8w) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT >>In the case of the coyote pup mentioned in my post . . . , we did not punish her for threatening and/or biting us. What we did was simply ignore her behavior and go about our business as if nothing was wrong or out of the ordinary. When I had to interact with her, or lean close to her for something, and she bit I did not withdraw my hand (yes, it did hurt). I simply waited for her to release her grip. Eventually she decided that her threats and "attacks" had no effect on me. I did not retreat and I did not retaliate. She eventually grew to trust me as well as her other main caretakers.>> I can see where this 'not withdrawing' is vital. Any threatening behaviour dirested at you to make you withdraw, is rewarded by a withdrawal. Therefore punishment to prevnt the behaviour would have to be strong enough to negate the reward of your withdrawal, and applied before of simultaneously with the withdrawal. With my own cockerels I know that with their first challenge to me -- which is usually nothing more that a peck at my ankle -- that if, unthinkingly, I merely move my ankle out of his way, I will have an aggressive rooster on my hands. Whereas, rasising my foot and lifting the cockerel off the ground and depositing him some feet away (it is not a kick) will usually have him strutting away from me -- even though uttering dire threats under his breath -- for the rest of his life. Yes, this is punishment -- as a unwelcome consequence of his behaviour which prevents it happeneing again. Move my foot away first, and then boot the bird hard, would have him coming back for more. (For Kayce Cover critics, I think this is where the confusion/misunderstanding re 'punish the precursors to aggression' comes in.) Jenny Haskins Family Dog Training Coffs Harbour, Australia --Boundary_(ID_JjT/EugG6NZNhUGFC9Rd8w) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT

>>In the case of the coyote pup mentioned in my post . . . , we did not
punish her for threatening and/or biting us. What we did was simply ignore
her behavior and go about our business as if nothing was wrong or out of the
ordinary. When I had to interact with her, or lean close to her for
something, and she bit I did not withdraw my hand (yes, it did hurt). I
simply waited for her to release her grip. Eventually she decided that her
threats and "attacks" had no effect on me. I did not retreat and I did not
retaliate. She eventually grew to trust me as well as her other main
caretakers.>>
 
I can see where this 'not withdrawing' is vital.  Any threatening behaviour dirested at you to make you withdraw, is rewarded by a withdrawal.  Therefore punishment to prevnt the behaviour would have to be strong enough to negate the reward of your withdrawal, and applied before of simultaneously with the withdrawal.
 
With my own cockerels I know that with their first challenge to me -- which is usually nothing more that a peck at my ankle -- that if, unthinkingly, I merely move my ankle out of his way, I will have an aggressive rooster on my hands.  Whereas, rasising my foot and lifting the cockerel off the ground and depositing him some feet away  (it is not a kick) will usually have him strutting away from me -- even though uttering dire threats under his breath -- for the rest of his life. 
 
Yes, this is punishment -- as a unwelcome consequence of his behaviour which prevents it happeneing again.  Move my foot away first, and then boot the bird hard, would have him coming back for more.
 
(For Kayce Cover critics, I think this is where the confusion/misunderstanding re 'punish the precursors to aggression' comes in.)
 
Jenny Haskins
Family Dog Training
Coffs Harbour, Australia
--Boundary_(ID_JjT/EugG6NZNhUGFC9Rd8w)-- From: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins" 26-JUN-2004 23:00:24.54 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: alternate definition of "Psychological preparedness" Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBRQFXP4288YLRQ9@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from jhaskins@tpg.com.au); Sat, 26 Jun 2004 23:00:22 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBRQFVZW5C8YLRGO@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sat, 26 Jun 2004 23:00:10 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBRQFTWP8O8WYM5N@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sat, 26 Jun 2004 23:00:07 -0600 (CST) Received: from mail.tpgi.com.au (mail.tpgi.com.au [203.12.160.103]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5R4xrFZ001642 for ; Sat, 26 Jun 2004 22:59:57 -0600 (envelope-from jhaskins@tpg.com.au) Received: from serialno (203-213-87-204-cof-ts1-2600.tpgi.com.au [203.213.87.204]) by mail.tpgi.com.au (8.12.10/8.12.10) with SMTP id i5R4xbLv019824 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 14:59:51 +1000 Date: Sun, 27 Jun 2004 14:34:16 +1000 From: Jenny Haskins Subject: Re: alternate definition of "Psychological preparedness" To: Ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <04e601c45c04$9279d8e0$cc57d5cb@serialno> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1106 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1106 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_nLTA9N+ma/caXXgVh0gksw)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-TPG-Antivirus: Passed X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='SUPERLONG_LINE 0.003, HTML_FONT_COLOR_BLUE 0, REFERENCES 0.000' References: <001101c45335$d62f1b40$0700000a@lanepc> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_nLTA9N+ma/caXXgVh0gksw) Content-type: text/plain; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT As I see it, and as i interpret Seligman's contention is that, a yawn is an involuntary reflex behaviour. In humans it is a response to a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood (though it can be 'contagious'). In dogs it is a response to stress. The question is, to me anyway, is 'Is a learned 'yawn' the same as a natural yawn?' I suspect that it is not, and thus I agree with Seligman (as I interpret him). Though, that still leavers the question of how can we be sure that a dog's yawn is the 'real thing' or just acting of the external signs? (We're pretty good at imitation yawns, but they surely do no feel nor give the same snse of relief as a 'real' yawn -- or sneeze for that matter.) Jenny Haskins Family Dog Training Coffs Harbour, Australia John, can you explain to me please: Psychological preparedness for what? Firstly for a full explanation of what Seligman himself meant by this term I suggest you resource and read his paper that Jackie mentioned. To put it in plain language, at least as I understand it, I think a more easily understandable term would be "Psychologicaly / Neurologicaly incapable." Maybe others have other ideas. Regards John L. --Boundary_(ID_nLTA9N+ma/caXXgVh0gksw) Content-type: text/html; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
 
As I see it, and as i interpret Seligman's contention is that, a yawn is an involuntary reflex behaviour.  In humans it is a response to a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood (though it can be 'contagious').  In dogs it is a response to stress.
 
The question is, to me anyway, is 'Is a learned 'yawn' the same as a natural yawn?'  I suspect that it is not, and thus I agree with Seligman  (as I interpret him).  Though, that still leavers the question of how can we be sure that a dog's yawn is the 'real thing' or just acting of the external signs?  (We're pretty good at imitation yawns, but they surely do no feel nor give the same snse of relief as a 'real' yawn -- or sneeze for that matter.)
 
 
Jenny Haskins
Family Dog Training
Coffs Harbour, Australia
John, can you explain to me please:

Psychological preparedness for what?
 
Firstly for a full explanation of what Seligman himself meant by this term I suggest you resource and read his paper that Jackie mentioned.
 
To put it in plain language, at least as I understand it, I think a more easily understandable term would be "Psychologicaly / Neurologicaly incapable."
 
Maybe others have other ideas.
 
Regards John L.
--Boundary_(ID_nLTA9N+ma/caXXgVh0gksw)-- From: IN%"F.L.Burton@udcf.gla.ac.uk" "Francis Burton" 27-JUN-2004 14:33:09.83 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: alternate definition of "Psychological preparedness" Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBSN07UC0G8YLRQ9@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from F.L.Burton@udcf.gla.ac.uk); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 14:33:08 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBSN07A4WG8YLRGO@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 14:32:46 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBSN06O14C8WYH2M@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 14:32:45 -0600 (CST) Received: from lenzie.cent.gla.ac.uk (lenzie.cent.gla.ac.uk [130.209.16.18]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5RKWdQs024115 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 14:32:42 -0600 (envelope-from F.L.Burton@udcf.gla.ac.uk) Received: from fury (fury.biomed.gla.ac.uk [130.209.48.24]) by lenzie.cent.gla.ac.uk (8.11.7/8.11.2) with SMTP id i5RKWWa02153 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 21:32:32 +0100 (BST) Date: Sun, 27 Jun 2004 21:35:38 +0100 From: Francis Burton Subject: Re: alternate definition of "Psychological preparedness" X-Sender: gpaa29@lenzie.cent.gla.ac.uk To: Ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <3.0.32.20040627213537.007d7460@lenzie.cent.gla.ac.uk> MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: Windows Eudora Pro Version 3.0 (32) Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='' At 14:34 27/06/04 +1000, Jenny Haskins wrote: >In humans it is a response to a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood Is this really true? Do you have a reference? I know it is commonly accepted, but I haven't ever seen hard scientific support for the notion. And there is one obvious objection: if it's just a matter of accelerating gas exchange, why don't we just take a deep breath or two? Francis From: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins" 27-JUN-2004 17:31:51.75 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: antibird dogs Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBST80S1KW8YN6HV@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from jhaskins@tpg.com.au); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 17:31:49 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBST7XPZ9C8YO2N4@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 17:30:52 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBST7XDFSM8WYNPZ@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 17:30:47 -0600 (CST) Received: from mail.tpgi.com.au (mail.tpgi.com.au [203.12.160.103]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5RNUfQs004337 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 17:30:43 -0600 (envelope-from jhaskins@tpg.com.au) Received: from serialno (203-213-87-126-cof-ts1-2600.tpgi.com.au [203.213.87.126]) by mail.tpgi.com.au (8.12.10/8.12.10) with SMTP id i5RNUdP8032573 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 09:30:40 +1000 Date: Mon, 28 Jun 2004 09:37:47 +1000 From: Jenny Haskins Subject: Re: antibird dogs To: Ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <00b601c45c9f$c1450d20$7e57d5cb@serialno> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1106 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1106 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_dFZijfT+8r6VLTe+oYfXmA)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-TPG-Antivirus: Passed X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='HTML_50_70 0.092, SUPERLONG_LINE 0.003, MAILTO_LINK 0.001, REFERENCES 0.000' References: <1f1.23a89205.2e0a2d4f@aol.com> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_dFZijfT+8r6VLTe+oYfXmA) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT I know a woman who uses her Jack Russell Terrier as a guard against foxes with her chooks (aka laying hens). If a Jack Russell can live in a chookyard without chasing and killing the hens, I'd say that a dog being safe with domestic or caged animals is more a question of training andaccostomisation than the dog breed itself. Any breed can become a 'killer' -- including top herding dogs. Jenny Haskins Family Dog Training Coffs Harbour, Australia ----- Original Message ----- From: Michalchik@aol.com To: applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca Sent: Wednesday, 23 June 2004 10:48 AM Subject: antibird dogs I was wondering if border collies are safe to have around parrots and conures. My girlfried says she has a friend who's labradore killed her parrots. I am not terribly surprised because labradores were bred to retrieve dead birds. As I understand it shepards have had their killer instincts strongly supressed so I was wondering if they would make a pet that was compatible with Parrots. --Boundary_(ID_dFZijfT+8r6VLTe+oYfXmA) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
 
I know a woman who uses her Jack Russell Terrier as a guard against foxes with her chooks (aka laying hens).  If a Jack Russell can live in a chookyard without chasing and killing the hens, I'd say that a dog being safe with domestic or caged animals is more a question of training andaccostomisation than the dog breed itself.  Any breed can become a 'killer' -- including top herding dogs.
 
Jenny Haskins
Family Dog Training
Coffs Harbour, Australia
----- Original Message -----
Sent: Wednesday, 23 June 2004 10:48 AM
Subject: antibird dogs

I was wondering if border collies are safe to have around parrots and conures. My girlfried says she has a friend who's labradore killed her parrots. I am not terribly surprised because labradores were bred to retrieve dead birds. As I understand it shepards have had their killer instincts strongly supressed so I was wondering if they would make a pet that was compatible with Parrots.
 
--Boundary_(ID_dFZijfT+8r6VLTe+oYfXmA)-- From: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins" 27-JUN-2004 19:47:33.70 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: testing address Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBSXYVS2ZK8YMU7J@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from jhaskins@tpg.com.au); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 19:47:32 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBSXYTL7CG8YLH24@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 19:47:03 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBSXYTDOZ08WYPCJ@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 19:47:00 -0600 (CST) Received: from mail.tpgi.com.au (mail.tpgi.com.au [203.12.160.103]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5S1ktQs006811 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 19:46:56 -0600 (envelope-from jhaskins@tpg.com.au) Received: from serialno (203-213-87-126-cof-ts1-2600.tpgi.com.au [203.213.87.126]) by mail.tpgi.com.au (8.12.10/8.12.10) with SMTP id i5S1krwN030237 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 11:46:54 +1000 Date: Mon, 28 Jun 2004 11:54:01 +1000 From: Jenny Haskins Subject: testing address To: Ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <03ca01c45cb2$c995fa80$7e57d5cb@serialno> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1106 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1106 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_A+UaE0/1nsSYerPIdTVdSQ)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-TPG-Antivirus: Passed X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=X, Probability=10%, Report='HTML_70_90 0.572' This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_A+UaE0/1nsSYerPIdTVdSQ) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Hi all, Have I now got the address right?? Jenny Haskins Family Dog Training Coffs Harbour, Australia --Boundary_(ID_A+UaE0/1nsSYerPIdTVdSQ) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
Hi all,
Have I now got the address right??
 
Jenny Haskins
Family Dog Training
Coffs Harbour, Australia
--Boundary_(ID_A+UaE0/1nsSYerPIdTVdSQ)-- From: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins" 27-JUN-2004 19:59:02.88 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: carbon dioxide levels Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBSYEEG5VK8YN6HV@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from jhaskins@tpg.com.au); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 19:59:01 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBSYECQ4RK8YN4O3@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 19:58:47 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBSYECNFXK8WYSYC@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 19:58:45 -0600 (CST) Received: from mail.tpgi.com.au (mail.tpgi.com.au [203.12.160.103]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5S1weQs009716 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 19:58:40 -0600 (envelope-from jhaskins@tpg.com.au) Received: from serialno (203-213-87-126-cof-ts1-2600.tpgi.com.au [203.213.87.126]) by mail.tpgi.com.au (8.12.10/8.12.10) with SMTP id i5S1wbaY019987 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 11:58:38 +1000 Date: Mon, 28 Jun 2004 12:05:46 +1000 From: Jenny Haskins Subject: carbon dioxide levels To: Ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <048701c45cb4$6d73f0c0$7e57d5cb@serialno> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1106 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1106 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_yUBo2pvIqKWyMOi2ahAgSw)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-TPG-Antivirus: Passed X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='BIG_FONT 0.146, QUOTED_EMAIL_TEXT 0' This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_yUBo2pvIqKWyMOi2ahAgSw) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT > >In humans it is a response to a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood > > Is this really true? Do you have a reference? I know it is commonly > accepted, but I haven't ever seen hard scientific support for the > notion. And there is one obvious objection: if it's just a matter of > accelerating gas exchange, why don't we just take a deep breath or > two? > > Francis Now, you've made me think. Certainly, it is what I learned at Uni, and what I have always taught as a secondary school biology teacher. As to references, I'd have to go searching. And you're right, it might not be the full story. But I do know that when I get the yawns, if I sit up straight and breath deeply expanding my chest, I feel better, brighter and stop yawning. Without being able to put my finger on references, I've also alweays believed and always taught that it is build up of carbon dioxide in the blood which gived you the uncomfortable suffocating feeling, rather than lack of oxygen. This is why strangling (where the arterial blood supply is cut off to the brain) is such a clam way to lose consciousness -- I've tried it when I learned Judo -- and dying from carbon monoxide poisoning is also so painless. I'll do a reference search re both of these -- unless someone else has a good reference on hand for me. Jenny Haskins Family Dog Training Coffs Harbour, Australia --Boundary_(ID_yUBo2pvIqKWyMOi2ahAgSw) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
> >In humans it is a response to a  build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood
>
> Is this really true? Do you have a reference? I know it is commonly
> accepted, but I haven't ever seen hard scientific support for the
> notion. And there is one obvious objection: if it's just a matter of
> accelerating gas exchange, why don't we just take a deep breath or
> two?
>
> Francis

Now, you've made me think.  Certainly, it is what I learned at Uni, and what
I have always taught as a secondary school biology teacher.  As to
references, I'd have to go searching.  And you're right, it might not be the
full story.

But I do know that when I get the yawns, if I sit up straight and breath
deeply expanding my chest, I feel better, brighter and stop yawning.

Without being able to put my finger on references, I've also alweays
believed and always taught that it is build up of carbon dioxide in the
blood which gived you the uncomfortable suffocating feeling, rather than
lack of oxygen.  This is why strangling (where the arterial blood supply is
cut off to the brain) is such a clam way to lose consciousness -- I've tried
it when I learned Judo -- and dying from carbon monoxide poisoning is also
so painless.

I'll do a reference search re both of these -- unless someone else has a
good reference on hand for me.


Jenny Haskins
Family Dog Training
Coffs Harbour, Australia
--Boundary_(ID_yUBo2pvIqKWyMOi2ahAgSw)-- From: IN%"clothier@telenet.net" "Suzanne Clothier" 27-JUN-2004 20:57:48.18 To: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: Punishment/retreat Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBT0G9PAF48YN6HV@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from clothier@telenet.net); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 20:57:45 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBT0G9J3748YO1QX@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 20:57:33 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBT0G94H3E8WYLJ6@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 20:57:33 -0600 (CST) Received: from newmail.logical.net (newmail.logical.net [209.23.116.20]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5S2vTQs025281 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 20:57:30 -0600 (envelope-from clothier@telenet.net) Received: from CPQ10443900021.telenet.net (ip-208-20-92-87.modem.logical.net [208.20.92.87]) by newmail.logical.net (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5S2urGx027914; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 22:57:21 -0400 Date: Sun, 27 Jun 2004 22:53:04 -0400 From: Suzanne Clothier Subject: Re: Punishment/retreat In-reply-to: <04e201c45c04$8ea63ba0$cc57d5cb@serialno> X-Sender: clothier@pop.telenet.net (Unverified) To: Jenny Haskins , Ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <6.0.1.1.2.20040627224439.01f4d040@pop.telenet.net> MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Version 6.0.1.1 Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='REFERENCES 0.000, IN_REP_TO 0' References: <04e201c45c04$8ea63ba0$cc57d5cb@serialno> > >I can see where this 'not withdrawing' is vital. Any threatening >behaviour dirested at you to make you withdraw, is rewarded by a >withdrawal. Therefore punishment to prevnt the behaviour would have to be >strong enough to negate the reward of your withdrawal, and applied before >of simultaneously with the withdrawal. Not sure punishment is necessary - why not simply create the situation where the quickest way to the reward is to stop biting (or not bite in the first place)? This is possible in some situations and works without the need for an aversive. Very useful in kennel settings where dogs charge & attack the fence as a person goes by. My rule is stop, disengage from the dog but stand quietly until he stops the display, then reward for that in the way of moving off & giving the dog what he was trying to achieve with the charge - you gone! Very quickly begins to limit the unwanted behavior, which then leaves an opening where you can put more in. This approach also gives them animal some new skill (i.e., modifying his behavior in a productive way), while aversives simply stop them but don't necessarily put something else in their place except perhaps avoidance?. Not sure it leaves the animal in a better state, which would be my goal if I wanted a working relationship with the animal, which may not be a goal at all with your cockerels. No question that pain & physical danger doesn't always make the no response/reward for cessation possible, but where it is safe to use it, that's my choice. Just my two cents... thanks - Suzanne Clothier > >With my own cockerels I know that with their first challenge to me -- >which is usually nothing more that a peck at my ankle -- that if, >unthinkingly, I merely move my ankle out of his way, I will have an >aggressive rooster on my hands. Whereas, rasising my foot and lifting the >cockerel off the ground and depositing him some feet away (it is not a >kick) will usually have him strutting away from me -- even though uttering >dire threats under his breath -- for the rest of his life. > >Yes, this is punishment -- as a unwelcome consequence of his behaviour >which prevents it happeneing again. Move my foot away first, and then >boot the bird hard, would have him coming back for more. > >(For Kayce Cover critics, I think this is where the >confusion/misunderstanding re 'punish the precursors to aggression' comes in.) > >Jenny Haskins >Family Dog Training >Coffs Harbour, Australia From: IN%"kc@synalia.com" 27-JUN-2004 21:00:47.57 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: IN%"dunlap1@mindspring.com" Subj: dogs trained to yawn Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBT0K5XB8W8YN6HV@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from kc@synalia.com); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 21:00:46 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBT0K5URW08YLH24@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 21:00:42 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBT0K3P5KO8WYMF7@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 21:00:41 -0600 (CST) Received: from elroy.edifax.com (elroy.edifax.com [216.54.61.24]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5S30TFZ018983 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 21:00:32 -0600 (envelope-from kc@synalia.com) Received: from synalia.com (localhost [127.0.0.1]) (authenticated (0 bits)) by elroy.edifax.com (8.11.6/8.11.6) with ESMTP id i5S2wAS25655; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 22:58:10 -0400 Received: from 68.229.114.184 (SquirrelMail authenticated user synalia@synalia.com) by www.synalia.com with HTTP; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 22:58:10 -0400 (EDT) Date: Sun, 27 Jun 2004 22:58:10 -0400 (EDT) From: Kayce Cover Subject: dogs trained to yawn In-reply-to: <048701c45cb4$6d73f0c0$7e57d5cb@serialno> To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Cc: dunlap1@mindspring.com Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Reply-to: kc@synalia.com Message-id: <1421.68.229.114.184.1088391490.squirrel@www.synalia.com> MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: SquirrelMail (version 1.2.11) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Importance: Normal X-Priority: 3 X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='REFERENCES 0.000, IN_REP_TO 0' References: <048701c45cb4$6d73f0c0$7e57d5cb@serialno> Marine mammal trainers routinely put signal behaviors on cue - everything from breaches, tail slaps, vocalizations, to nods and yawns. You can see this in any Sea World show, and in many others. Other normally autonomically controlled behaviors that have been put on cue for research projects I have been on include rate of breathing, quality of breath, and breath hold, urination, gag reflex, anal sphincter control, relaxation, stillness .... There is more. For any who doubt that yawning can be elicited on cue, here are two cases that people can examine. Please see the first Benji movie, (Benji trained by Frank Inn). Benji yawns, a small yawn, but shown in the movie, right near the beginning. This was thirty or forty years ago. This is a behavior he demonstrated, on cue, during publicity presentations, as I recall. In addition, Charlene Dunlap's Standard Poodle, April, performed this flawlessly, as seen in the movie, "Fuzzy Fairy". This was on cue, and was a captured behavior. See more of Dunlap's work, which is very precise and clean, at http://www.caninehorizons.com, where the movie can also be ordered. Outstanding work. Kayce Cover Syn Alia Training Systems http://www.synalia.com From: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins" 27-JUN-2004 21:29:28.17 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: Punishment/retreat Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBT1JOEKTS8YMU7J@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from jhaskins@tpg.com.au); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 21:29:27 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBT1JO4RMO8YO2N4@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 21:29:19 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBT1JNSOMM8WYTKA@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 21:29:19 -0600 (CST) Received: from mail.tpgi.com.au (mail.tpgi.com.au [203.12.160.103]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5S3TCFZ025924 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 21:29:13 -0600 (envelope-from jhaskins@tpg.com.au) Received: from serialno (203-213-87-1-cof-ts1-2600.tpgi.com.au [203.213.87.1]) by mail.tpgi.com.au (8.12.10/8.12.10) with SMTP id i5S3TAMG016088 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 13:29:10 +1000 Date: Mon, 28 Jun 2004 13:35:24 +1000 From: Jenny Haskins Subject: Re: Punishment/retreat To: Ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <04ae01c45cc1$138d7e20$7e57d5cb@serialno> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1106 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1106 Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-TPG-Antivirus: Passed X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='QUOTED_EMAIL_TEXT 0, REFERENCES 0.000' References: <04e201c45c04$8ea63ba0$cc57d5cb@serialno> <6.0.1.1.2.20040627224439.01f4d040@pop.telenet.net> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Suzanne Clothier" > Not sure punishment is necessary - why not simply create the situation > where the quickest way to the reward is to stop biting (or not bite in the > first place)? . . . My rule is stop, disengage from the > dog but stand quietly until he stops the display, . . . > No question that pain & physical danger doesn't always make the no > response/reward for cessation possible, but where it is safe to use it, > that's my choice. Thi8s is fine where there is a physical barrier between you and the animal. I want to be able to walk around with and handle my cockerels (as I and the handlers and trainers want to be able to personally interact with the seals, sea lions and dolphins at the Coffs Harbour Pet Porpoise Pool). Threat displays behind a barrier are a completely different kettle of fish to personal physical contact threats. When it comes to cockerels I am personally unable to walk around with a cockerel latched onto my ankle. It hurts, and I've only got bantams of the soft-feather variety!! I suspect also that this wouldn't work to prevent the behaviour. Cockerels 'threaten' other chooks. Roosters attack them back, and thus prevent any further challenges, at least for a while. Hens crouch with their wings held out for the cockerel to mount them. Standing there tends to encourage the cockerel to try to copulate with your foot. A hen out-of-lay who does not crouch is just as likely to get attacked, and a hen who just stands there gets repeatedly attacked. Roosters are not big on rewards when they are protecting their right to their hens either -- they are very likely to 'bite the hand that feeds them'. A very good reason for nipping any threat displays -- which pecking is, a full-blown attack is being raked with the spurs -- in the bud. And that means -- do not reward by withdrawal -- whether or not the animal is behind a physical barrier. I do think that learning about the behaviour of a variety of species can help very much in our ability to relate to and interact with our dogs. Because dogs have been domesticated in effect from the earliest times of Homo sapiens though, I think that knowledge of domestic canine behaviour is of lesser value when interacting with undomesticated species. Jenny Haskins Family Dog Training Coffs Harbour, Australia From: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins" 27-JUN-2004 22:56:37.33 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: Automated response: Re: Punishment/retreat Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBT4LNEJHS8YO28Q@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from jhaskins@tpg.com.au); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 22:56:36 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBT4LNB9RK8YO1QX@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 22:56:25 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBT4LN82GC8WY727@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 22:56:25 -0600 (CST) Received: from mail.tpgi.com.au (mail.tpgi.com.au [203.12.160.103]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5S4uKFZ012422 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 22:56:21 -0600 (envelope-from jhaskins@tpg.com.au) Received: from serialno (203-213-87-1-cof-ts1-2600.tpgi.com.au [203.213.87.1]) by mail.tpgi.com.au (8.12.10/8.12.10) with SMTP id i5S4uInE018520 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 14:56:19 +1000 Date: Mon, 28 Jun 2004 15:03:27 +1000 From: Jenny Haskins Subject: Re: Automated response: Re: Punishment/retreat To: Ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <04bd01c45ccd$40184540$7e57d5cb@serialno> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1106 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1106 Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-TPG-Antivirus: Passed X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='QUOTED_EMAIL_TEXT 0, REFERENCES 0.000' References: Is this message, which I keep getting spam or what??? Jenny Haskins Family Dog Training Coffs Harbour, Australia ----- Original Message ----- From: To: Sent: Monday, 28 June 2004 1:30 PM Subject: Automated response: Re: Punishment/retreat > Sorry, this address had to be changed because of spam. > Please re-send your message to the same address but ending .co.uk. > If you didn't send a message to this address, it was probably spam with the sender forged with your name, sorry for the inconvenience, please just delete it. > > From: IN%"lucy@equinesynergy.freeserve.co.uk" 28-JUN-2004 04:37:43.72 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied-ethology" CC: Subj: RE: carbon dioxide levels Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBTGIKAQ348YN6HV@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from lucy@equinesynergy.freeserve.co.uk); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 04:37:43 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBTGIINS408YLH24@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 04:37:32 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBTGIHVUZG8WYU1N@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 04:37:30 -0600 (CST) Received: from mwinf3016.me.freeserve.com (smtp1.freeserve.com [193.252.22.158]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5SAawQs027077 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 04:37:04 -0600 Received: by mwinf3016.me.freeserve.com (SMTP Server, from userid 1003) id A6537180008D; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 12:36:57 +0200 (CEST) Received: from wwinf3004 (wwinf3004 [172.22.159.31]) by mwinf3016.me.freeserve.com (SMTP Server) with ESMTP id 8C7C51800081 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 12:36:57 +0200 (CEST) Date: Mon, 28 Jun 2004 12:36:57 +0200 (CEST) From: lucy@equinesynergy.freeserve.co.uk Subject: Re: carbon dioxide levels X-Originating-IP: [81.136.212.221] To: Applied-ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Reply-to: lucy@equinesynergy.freeserve.co.uk Message-id: <31814442.1088419017566.JavaMail.www@wwinf3004> MIME-version: 1.0 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_tcMso/e8bSr01oK5BKB6WQ)" X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=XXXIIIIIIIII, Probability=39%, Report='RATWARE_SIGNATURE_3 4, BIG_FONT 0.146, NO_REAL_NAME 0.000, QUOTED_EMAIL_TEXT 0, HTML_TAG_UNKNOWN 0.000' --Boundary_(ID_tcMso/e8bSr01oK5BKB6WQ) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Apologies for going on and on and on about this website but www.baillement.com is entirely devoted to yawning including the physiology behind it. LucyG - promising not to mention it again. > Message date : Jun 28 2004, 03:00 AM > From : "Jenny Haskins" > To : "Ethology" > Copy to : > Subject : carbon dioxide levels > > >In humans it is a response to a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood > > > > Is this really true? Do you have a reference? I know it is commonly > > accepted, but I haven't ever seen hard scientific support for the > > notion. And there is one obvious objection: if it's just a matter of > > accelerating gas exchange, why don't we just take a deep breath or > > two? > > > > Francis > > Now, you've made me think. Certainly, it is what I learned at Uni, and what > I have always taught as a secondary school biology teacher. As to > references, I'd have to go searching. And you're right, it might not be the > full story. > > But I do know that when I get the yawns, if I sit up straight and breath > deeply expanding my chest, I feel better, brighter and stop yawning. > > Without being able to put my finger on references, I've also alweays > believed and always taught that it is build up of carbon dioxide in the > blood which gived you the uncomfortable suffocating feeling, rather than > lack of oxygen. This is why strangling (where the arterial blood supply is > cut off to the brain) is such a clam way to lose consciousness -- I've tried > it when I learned Judo -- and dying from carbon monoxide poisoning is also > so painless. > > I'll do a reference search re both of these -- unless someone else has a > good reference on hand for me. > > > Jenny Haskins > Family Dog Training > Coffs Harbour, Australia > -- Whatever you Wanadoo: http://www.wanadoo.co.uk/time/ This email has been checked for most known viruses - find out more at: http://www.wanadoo.co.uk/help/id/7098.htm --Boundary_(ID_tcMso/e8bSr01oK5BKB6WQ) Content-type: text/html Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT

Apologies for going on and on and on about this website but www.baillement.com is entirely devoted to yawning including the physiology behind it.

LucyG - promising not to mention it again.




> Message date : Jun 28 2004, 03:00 AM
> From : "Jenny Haskins"
> To : "Ethology"
> Copy to :
> Subject : carbon dioxide levels
>
> >In humans it is a response to a  build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood
> >
> > Is this really true? Do you have a reference? I know it is commonly
> > accepted, but I haven't ever seen hard scientific support for the
> > notion. And there is one obvious objection: if it's just a matter of
> > accelerating gas exchange, why don't we just take a deep breath or
> > two?
> >
> > Francis
>
> Now, you've made me think.  Certainly, it is what I learned at Uni, and what
> I have always taught as a secondary school biology teacher.  As to
> references, I'd have to go searching.  And you're right, it might not be the
> full story.
>
> But I do know that when I get the yawns, if I sit up straight and breath
> deeply expanding my chest, I feel better, brighter and stop yawning.
>
> Without being able to put my finger on refer nces, I've also alweays
> believed and always taught that it is build up of carbon dioxide in the
> blood which gived you the uncomfortable suffocating feeling, rather than
> lack of oxygen.  This is why strangling (where the arterial blood supply is
> cut off to the brain) is such a clam way to lose consciousness -- I've tried
> it when I learned Judo -- and dying from carbon monoxide poisoning is also
> so painless.
>
> I'll do a reference search re both of these -- unless someone else has a
> good reference on hand for me.
>
>
> Jenny Haskins
> Family Dog Training
> Coffs Harbour, Australia
>


Whatever you Wanadoo

This email has been checked for most known viruses - find out more here --Boundary_(ID_tcMso/e8bSr01oK5BKB6WQ)-- From: IN%"jra1@aber.ac.uk" "JOHN ROBERT ACTON" 28-JUN-2004 04:46:02.85 To: IN%"lucy@equinesynergy.freeserve.co.uk", IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied-ethology" CC: Subj: Yawn/Oystercatcher Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBTGSXITDS8YN6HV@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from jra1@aber.ac.uk); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 04:46:02 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBTGSVXJOW8YN587@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 04:45:53 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBTGSVVSE48WYM6N@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 04:45:51 -0600 (CST) Received: from tweli.aber.ac.uk (tweli.aber.ac.uk [144.124.16.41]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5SAjnFZ022834 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 04:45:50 -0600 (envelope-from jra1@aber.ac.uk) Received: from localhost.localdomain ([127.0.0.1] helo=tweli.aber.ac.uk) by tweli.aber.ac.uk with esmtp (Exim 4.20) id 1Bete0-0000Ew-BR; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 11:45:48 +0100 Received: from iswspubxp274.psv.aber.ac.uk ([144.124.5.161] helo=iswspubxp274) by tweli.aber.ac.uk with smtp (Exim 4.20) id 1Betd9-0000C2-Ah; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 11:44:55 +0100 Date: Mon, 28 Jun 2004 11:44:54 +0100 From: JOHN ROBERT ACTON Subject: Yawn/Oystercatcher To: lucy@equinesynergy.freeserve.co.uk, Applied-ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Reply-to: JOHN ROBERT ACTON Message-id: <014701c45cfc$f317be30$a1057c90@psv.aber.ac.uk> Organization: University of Wales, Aberystwyth MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_U+9K0/p027D//sCf0cij6A)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-Sophos-Scanned: from jra1@aber.ac.uk virus scanned OK X-UWA-Mid: 1Betd9-0000C2-Ah X-UWA-Originating-IP: 144.124.5.161 X-UWA-Bounce-Filter: EZdVJ4PZTQ X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=XXXIIIIIIIII, Probability=39%, Report='RATWARE_SIGNATURE_3 4, BIG_FONT 0.146, MAILTO_LINK 0.001, NOSPAM_INC 0, HTML_TAG_UNKNOWN 0.000, REFERENCES 0.000' References: <31814442.1088419017566.JavaMail.www@wwinf3004> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_U+9K0/p027D//sCf0cij6A) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Yawn. Can anybody help me with links or sources devoted to Haematopus ostralegus (Eurasian Oystercatcher)? I am trying to find some briefings on its behaviours on British shorelines, as part of my studies. Diolch yn fawr/Thank you kindly, JR Acton ----- Original Message ----- From: lucy@equinesynergy.freeserve.co.uk To: Applied-ethology Sent: Monday, June 28, 2004 11:36 AM Subject: Re: carbon dioxide levels Apologies for going on and on and on about this website but www.baillement.com is entirely devoted to yawning including the physiology behind it. LucyG - promising not to mention it again. > Message date : Jun 28 2004, 03:00 AM > From : "Jenny Haskins" > To : "Ethology" > Copy to : > Subject : carbon dioxide levels > > >In humans it is a response to a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood > > > > Is this really true? Do you have a reference? I know it is commonly > > accepted, but I haven't ever seen hard scientific support for the > > notion. And there is one obvious objection: if it's just a matter of > > accelerating gas exchange, why don't we just take a deep breath or > > two? > > > > Francis > > Now, you've made me think. Certainly, it is what I learned at Uni, and what > I have always taught as a secondary school biology teacher. As to > references, I'd have to go searching. And you're right, it might not be the > full story. > > But I do know that when I get the yawns, if I sit up straight and breath > deeply expanding my chest, I feel better, brighter and stop yawning. > > Without being able to put my finger on refer nces, I've also alweays > believed and always taught that it is build up of carbon dioxide in the > blood which gived you the uncomfortable suffocating feeling, rather than > lack of oxygen. This is why strangling (where the arterial blood supply is > cut off to the brain) is such a clam way to lose consciousness -- I've tried > it when I learned Judo -- and dying from carbon monoxide poisoning is also > so painless. > > I'll do a reference search re both of these -- unless someone else has a > good reference on hand for me. > > > Jenny Haskins > Family Dog Training > Coffs Harbour, Australia > ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Whatever you Wanadoo This email has been checked for most known viruses - find out more here --Boundary_(ID_U+9K0/p027D//sCf0cij6A) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
Yawn.
Can anybody help me with links or sources devoted to Haematopus ostralegus (Eurasian Oystercatcher)?
I am trying to find some briefings on its behaviours on British shorelines, as part of my studies.
 
Diolch yn fawr/Thank you kindly,
 
JR Acton
----- Original Message -----
Sent: Monday, June 28, 2004 11:36 AM
Subject: Re: carbon dioxide levels

Apologies for going on and on and on about this website but www.baillement.com is entirely devoted to yawning including the physiology behind it.

LucyG - promising not to mention it again.




> Message date : Jun 28 2004, 03:00 AM
> From : "Jenny Haskins"
> To : "Ethology"
> Copy to :
> Subject : carbon dioxide levels
>
> >In humans it is a response to a  build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood
> >
> > Is this really true? Do you have a reference? I know it is commonly
> > accepted, but I haven't ever seen hard scientific support for the
> > notion. And there is one obvious objection: if it's just a matter of
> > accelerating gas exchange, why don't we just take a deep breath or
> > two?
> >
> > Francis
>
> Now, you've made me think.  Certainly, it is what I learned at Uni, and what
> I have always taught as a secondary school biology teacher.  As to
> references, I'd have to go searching.  And you're right, it might not be the
> full story.
>
> But I do know that when I get the yawns, if I sit up straight and breath
> deeply expanding my chest, I feel better, brighter and stop yawning.
>
> Without being able to put my finger on refer nces, I've also alweays
> believed and always taught that it is build up of carbon dioxide in the
> blood which gived you the uncomfortable suffocating feeling, rather than
> lack of oxygen.  This is why strangling (where the arterial blood supply is
> cut off to the brain) is such a clam way to lose consciousness -- I've tried
> it when I learned Judo -- and dying from carbon monoxide poisoning is also
> so painless.
>
> I'll do a reference search re both of these -- unless someone else has a
> good reference on hand for me.
>
>
> Jenny Haskins
> Family Dog Training
> Coffs Harbour, Australia
>


Whatever you Wanadoo

This email has been checked for most known viruses - find out more here
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Sun, 27 Jun 2004 20:57:33 -0600 (CST) Received: from newmail.logical.net (newmail.logical.net [209.23.116.20]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5S2vTQs025281 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 20:57:30 -0600 (envelope-from clothier@telenet.net) Received: from CPQ10443900021.telenet.net (ip-208-20-92-87.modem.logical.net [208.20.92.87]) by newmail.logical.net (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5S2urGx027914; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 22:57:21 -0400 Date: Sun, 27 Jun 2004 22:53:04 -0400 From: Suzanne Clothier Subject: Re: Punishment/retreat In-reply-to: <04e201c45c04$8ea63ba0$cc57d5cb@serialno> X-Sender: clothier@pop.telenet.net (Unverified) To: Jenny Haskins , Ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <6.0.1.1.2.20040627224439.01f4d040@pop.telenet.net> MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Version 6.0.1.1 Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='MAY_BE_FORGED 0.000, REFERENCES 0.000, IN_REP_TO 0' X-IMID: STLEXGAPP60.abc.corp.anheuser-busch.com References: <04e201c45c04$8ea63ba0$cc57d5cb@serialno> X-OriginalArrivalTime: 28 Jun 2004 03:00:06.0358 (UTC) FILETIME=[03FA9F60:01C45CBC] > >I can see where this 'not withdrawing' is vital. Any threatening >behaviour dirested at you to make you withdraw, is rewarded by a >withdrawal. Therefore punishment to prevnt the behaviour would have to be >strong enough to negate the reward of your withdrawal, and applied before >of simultaneously with the withdrawal. Not sure punishment is necessary - why not simply create the situation where the quickest way to the reward is to stop biting (or not bite in the first place)? This is possible in some situations and works without the need for an aversive. Very useful in kennel settings where dogs charge & attack the fence as a person goes by. My rule is stop, disengage from the dog but stand quietly until he stops the display, then reward for that in the way of moving off & giving the dog what he was trying to achieve with the charge - you gone! Very quickly begins to limit the unwanted behavior, which then leaves an opening where you can put more in. This approach also gives them animal some new skill (i.e., modifying his behavior in a productive way), while aversives simply stop them but don't necessarily put something else in their place except perhaps avoidance?. Not sure it leaves the animal in a better state, which would be my goal if I wanted a working relationship with the animal, which may not be a goal at all with your cockerels. No question that pain & physical danger doesn't always make the no response/reward for cessation possible, but where it is safe to use it, that's my choice. Just my two cents... thanks - Suzanne Clothier > >With my own cockerels I know that with their first challenge to me -- >which is usually nothing more that a peck at my ankle -- that if, >unthinkingly, I merely move my ankle out of his way, I will have an >aggressive rooster on my hands. Whereas, rasising my foot and lifting the >cockerel off the ground and depositing him some feet away (it is not a >kick) will usually have him strutting away from me -- even though uttering >dire threats under his breath -- for the rest of his life. > >Yes, this is punishment -- as a unwelcome consequence of his behaviour >which prevents it happeneing again. Move my foot away first, and then >boot the bird hard, would have him coming back for more. > >(For Kayce Cover critics, I think this is where the >confusion/misunderstanding re 'punish the precursors to aggression' comes in.) > >Jenny Haskins >Family Dog Training >Coffs Harbour, Australia From: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins" 28-JUN-2004 05:00:57.80 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: carbon dioxide levels Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBTHBF6V408YO45V@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from jhaskins@tpg.com.au); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 05:00:57 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBTHBDBQCW8YN4O3@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 05:00:48 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBTHBD0FCM8WYJVC@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); 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Sun, 27 Jun 2004 19:58:47 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBSYECNFXK8WYSYC@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 19:58:45 -0600 (CST) Received: from mail.tpgi.com.au (mail.tpgi.com.au [203.12.160.103]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5S1weQs009716 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 19:58:40 -0600 (envelope-from jhaskins@tpg.com.au) Received: from serialno (203-213-87-126-cof-ts1-2600.tpgi.com.au [203.213.87.126]) by mail.tpgi.com.au (8.12.10/8.12.10) with SMTP id i5S1wbaY019987 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 11:58:38 +1000 Date: Mon, 28 Jun 2004 12:05:46 +1000 From: Jenny Haskins Subject: carbon dioxide levels To: Ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <048701c45cb4$6d73f0c0$7e57d5cb@serialno> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1106 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1106 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_9tonp1ZlxFvjnx8sNWiZaw)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-TPG-Antivirus: Passed X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='BIG_FONT 0.146, QUOTED_EMAIL_TEXT 0, MAY_BE_FORGED 0.000' X-IMID: STLEXGAPP61.abc.corp.anheuser-busch.com X-OriginalArrivalTime: 28 Jun 2004 02:02:42.0650 (UTC) FILETIME=[FF5E7BA0:01C45CB3] This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_9tonp1ZlxFvjnx8sNWiZaw) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT > >In humans it is a response to a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood > > Is this really true? Do you have a reference? I know it is commonly > accepted, but I haven't ever seen hard scientific support for the > notion. And there is one obvious objection: if it's just a matter of > accelerating gas exchange, why don't we just take a deep breath or > two? > > Francis Now, you've made me think. Certainly, it is what I learned at Uni, and what I have always taught as a secondary school biology teacher. As to references, I'd have to go searching. And you're right, it might not be the full story. But I do know that when I get the yawns, if I sit up straight and breath deeply expanding my chest, I feel better, brighter and stop yawning. Without being able to put my finger on references, I've also alweays believed and always taught that it is build up of carbon dioxide in the blood which gived you the uncomfortable suffocating feeling, rather than lack of oxygen. This is why strangling (where the arterial blood supply is cut off to the brain) is such a clam way to lose consciousness -- I've tried it when I learned Judo -- and dying from carbon monoxide poisoning is also so painless. I'll do a reference search re both of these -- unless someone else has a good reference on hand for me. Jenny Haskins Family Dog Training Coffs Harbour, Australia --Boundary_(ID_9tonp1ZlxFvjnx8sNWiZaw) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
> >In humans it is a response to a  build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood
>
> Is this really true? Do you have a reference? I know it is commonly
> accepted, but I haven't ever seen hard scientific support for the
> notion. And there is one obvious objection: if it's just a matter of
> accelerating gas exchange, why don't we just take a deep breath or
> two?
>
> Francis

Now, you've made me think.  Certainly, it is what I learned at Uni, and what
I have always taught as a secondary school biology teacher.  As to
references, I'd have to go searching.  And you're right, it might not be the
full story.

But I do know that when I get the yawns, if I sit up straight and breath
deeply expanding my chest, I feel better, brighter and stop yawning.

Without being able to put my finger on references, I've also alweays
believed and always taught that it is build up of carbon dioxide in the
blood which gived you the uncomfortable suffocating feeling, rather than
lack of oxygen.  This is why strangling (where the arterial blood supply is
cut off to the brain) is such a clam way to lose consciousness -- I've tried
it when I learned Judo -- and dying from carbon monoxide poisoning is also
so painless.

I'll do a reference search re both of these -- unless someone else has a
good reference on hand for me.


Jenny Haskins
Family Dog Training
Coffs Harbour, Australia
--Boundary_(ID_9tonp1ZlxFvjnx8sNWiZaw)-- From: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins" 28-JUN-2004 05:02:38.62 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: testing address Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBTHDGI2BK8WYPLC@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from jhaskins@tpg.com.au); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 05:02:38 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBTHDEF6WW8YN4O3@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 05:02:26 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBTHDE3MHM8WYUYN@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 05:02:24 -0600 (CST) Received: from mailgateb.anheuser-busch.com (mailgateb.anheuser-busch.com [151.145.63.22]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5SB2HFZ024362 for ; 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Sun, 27 Jun 2004 19:47:00 -0600 (CST) Received: from mail.tpgi.com.au (mail.tpgi.com.au [203.12.160.103]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5S1ktQs006811 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 19:46:56 -0600 (envelope-from jhaskins@tpg.com.au) Received: from serialno (203-213-87-126-cof-ts1-2600.tpgi.com.au [203.213.87.126]) by mail.tpgi.com.au (8.12.10/8.12.10) with SMTP id i5S1krwN030237 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 11:46:54 +1000 Date: Mon, 28 Jun 2004 11:54:01 +1000 From: Jenny Haskins Subject: testing address To: Ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <03ca01c45cb2$c995fa80$7e57d5cb@serialno> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1106 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1106 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_O3500JKk2GMJ2nOKJtSu6w)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-TPG-Antivirus: Passed X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=X, Probability=10%, Report='HTML_70_90 0.572, MAY_BE_FORGED 0.000' X-IMID: STLEXGAPP60.abc.corp.anheuser-busch.com X-OriginalArrivalTime: 28 Jun 2004 01:49:44.0346 (UTC) FILETIME=[2F76B7A0:01C45CB2] This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_O3500JKk2GMJ2nOKJtSu6w) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Hi all, Have I now got the address right?? Jenny Haskins Family Dog Training Coffs Harbour, Australia --Boundary_(ID_O3500JKk2GMJ2nOKJtSu6w) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
Hi all,
Have I now got the address right??
 
Jenny Haskins
Family Dog Training
Coffs Harbour, Australia
--Boundary_(ID_O3500JKk2GMJ2nOKJtSu6w)-- From: IN%"F.L.Burton@udcf.gla.ac.uk" "Francis Burton" 28-JUN-2004 05:09:24.42 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: alternate definition of "Psychological preparedness" Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBTHLX1MVK8YN6HV@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from F.L.Burton@udcf.gla.ac.uk); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 05:09:24 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBTHLWXKW08YLH24@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 05:09:16 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBTHLWUNA48WYRT1@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 05:09:15 -0600 (CST) Received: from mailgated.anheuser-busch.com (mailgated.anheuser-busch.com [151.145.63.24]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5SB9AFZ025284 for ; 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Sun, 27 Jun 2004 14:32:46 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBSN06O14C8WYH2M@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 14:32:45 -0600 (CST) Received: from lenzie.cent.gla.ac.uk (lenzie.cent.gla.ac.uk [130.209.16.18]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5RKWdQs024115 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 14:32:42 -0600 (envelope-from F.L.Burton@udcf.gla.ac.uk) Received: from fury (fury.biomed.gla.ac.uk [130.209.48.24]) by lenzie.cent.gla.ac.uk (8.11.7/8.11.2) with SMTP id i5RKWWa02153 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 21:32:32 +0100 (BST) Date: Sun, 27 Jun 2004 21:35:38 +0100 From: Francis Burton Subject: Re: alternate definition of "Psychological preparedness" X-Sender: gpaa29@lenzie.cent.gla.ac.uk To: Ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <3.0.32.20040627213537.007d7460@lenzie.cent.gla.ac.uk> MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: Windows Eudora Pro Version 3.0 (32) Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='MAY_BE_FORGED 0.000' X-IMID: STLEXGAPP60.abc.corp.anheuser-busch.com X-OriginalArrivalTime: 27 Jun 2004 20:35:40.0851 (UTC) FILETIME=[4FDD9030:01C45C86] At 14:34 27/06/04 +1000, Jenny Haskins wrote: >In humans it is a response to a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood Is this really true? Do you have a reference? I know it is commonly accepted, but I haven't ever seen hard scientific support for the notion. And there is one obvious objection: if it's just a matter of accelerating gas exchange, why don't we just take a deep breath or two? Francis From: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins" 28-JUN-2004 05:09:45.73 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: antibird dogs Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBTHMD4DUO8YN6HV@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from jhaskins@tpg.com.au); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 05:09:45 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBTHMBIWCW8YLH24@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 05:09:37 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBTHM7DDMK8WYNUZ@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 05:09:35 -0600 (CST) Received: from mailgateb.anheuser-busch.com (mailgateb.anheuser-busch.com [151.145.63.22]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5SB8tQs030972 for ; 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Sun, 27 Jun 2004 18:34:37 -0500 Received: from mailgateb.anheuser-busch.com (mailgateb [10.226.11.22] (may be forged)) by STLEXGAPP61.abc.corp.anheuser-busch.com (Switch-2.2.6/Switch-2.2.4) with ESMTP id W5RN1Y1413663 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 18:34:37 -0500 Received: (from uucp@localhost) by mailgateb.anheuser-busch.com (8.11.7p1+Sun/8.11.7) id i5RNYYa04659 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 18:34:34 -0500 (CDT) Received: from skyway.usask.ca(128.233.192.232) by mailgateb.anheuser-busch.com via csmap (2.0) id srcAAAOpaOfj; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 18:34:34 -0500 Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBST80S1KW8YN6HV@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from jhaskins@tpg.com.au) for Otto.Fad@Anheuser-Busch.com; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 17:31:16 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBST7XPZ9C8YO2N4@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 17:30:52 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBST7XDFSM8WYNPZ@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Sun, 27 Jun 2004 17:30:47 -0600 (CST) Received: from mail.tpgi.com.au (mail.tpgi.com.au [203.12.160.103]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5RNUfQs004337 for ; Sun, 27 Jun 2004 17:30:43 -0600 (envelope-from jhaskins@tpg.com.au) Received: from serialno (203-213-87-126-cof-ts1-2600.tpgi.com.au [203.213.87.126]) by mail.tpgi.com.au (8.12.10/8.12.10) with SMTP id i5RNUdP8032573 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 09:30:40 +1000 Date: Mon, 28 Jun 2004 09:37:47 +1000 From: Jenny Haskins Subject: Re: antibird dogs To: Ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <00b601c45c9f$c1450d20$7e57d5cb@serialno> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1106 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1106 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_CwTUEjLMRfeXd+NZJwg5zw)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-TPG-Antivirus: Passed X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='HTML_50_70 0.092, SUPERLONG_LINE 0.003, MAILTO_LINK 0.001, MAY_BE_FORGED 0.000, REFERENCES 0.000' X-IMID: STLEXGAPP61.abc.corp.anheuser-busch.com References: <1f1.23a89205.2e0a2d4f@aol.com> X-OriginalArrivalTime: 27 Jun 2004 23:34:38.0260 (UTC) FILETIME=[4FDC2740:01C45C9F] This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_CwTUEjLMRfeXd+NZJwg5zw) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT I know a woman who uses her Jack Russell Terrier as a guard against foxes with her chooks (aka laying hens). If a Jack Russell can live in a chookyard without chasing and killing the hens, I'd say that a dog being safe with domestic or caged animals is more a question of training andaccostomisation than the dog breed itself. Any breed can become a 'killer' -- including top herding dogs. Jenny Haskins Family Dog Training Coffs Harbour, Australia ----- Original Message ----- From: Michalchik@aol.com To: applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca Sent: Wednesday, 23 June 2004 10:48 AM Subject: antibird dogs I was wondering if border collies are safe to have around parrots and conures. My girlfried says she has a friend who's labradore killed her parrots. I am not terribly surprised because labradores were bred to retrieve dead birds. As I understand it shepards have had their killer instincts strongly supressed so I was wondering if they would make a pet that was compatible with Parrots. --Boundary_(ID_CwTUEjLMRfeXd+NZJwg5zw) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
 
I know a woman who uses her Jack Russell Terrier as a guard against foxes with her chooks (aka laying hens).  If a Jack Russell can live in a chookyard without chasing and killing the hens, I'd say that a dog being safe with domestic or caged animals is more a question of training andaccostomisation than the dog breed itself.  Any breed can become a 'killer' -- including top herding dogs.
 
Jenny Haskins
Family Dog Training
Coffs Harbour, Australia
----- Original Message -----
Sent: Wednesday, 23 June 2004 10:48 AM
Subject: antibird dogs

I was wondering if border collies are safe to have around parrots and conures. My girlfried says she has a friend who's labradore killed her parrots. I am not terribly surprised because labradores were bred to retrieve dead birds. As I understand it shepards have had their killer instincts strongly supressed so I was wondering if they would make a pet that was compatible with Parrots.
 
--Boundary_(ID_CwTUEjLMRfeXd+NZJwg5zw)-- From: IN%"gooddog@dodo.com.au" "Geiger" 28-JUN-2004 18:37:49.85 To: IN%"k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz" "'John R. Lane'", IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: unscientific? Flakey? Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBU9TC7G808YQK3G@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from gooddog@dodo.com.au); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 18:37:48 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBU9TBI4IO8YP7DQ@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 18:36:58 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBU9TAFC3S8WZ6E7@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 18:36:57 -0600 (CST) Received: from relay01.kbs.net.au (relay01.kbs.net.au [203.220.32.149]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5T0alFZ004486 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 18:36:50 -0600 (envelope-from gooddog@dodo.com.au) Received: from [203.194.42.231] (helo=STUDY) by relay01.kbs.net.au with esmtp (Exim 3.36 #2) id 1Bf6c8-0006rg-00; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 10:36:45 +1000 Date: Tue, 29 Jun 2004 10:36:33 +1000 From: Geiger Subject: RE: unscientific? Flakey? In-reply-to: <000801c45a9a$2017f180$0700000a@Lanepc> To: "'John R. Lane'" , Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <000001c45d71$2526e490$e72ac2cb@STUDY> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable Importance: Normal X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='QUOTED_EMAIL_TEXT 0, IN_REP_TO 0' Dear John, I never intended my comments to be taken personally. And I = thank you for your genuine interest in the topic. You are helping me to = understand the topic. THANK YOU. No insults intended here.=20 The dog, Rico, who can identify 200 hundred objects can also FAST-MAP = (grow the vocab quickly by drawing on parallel learning); an ability = previously thought to be exclusive to primates or even humans. Fast-mapping is way outside of anything predicted by psychological preparedness. The time = and energy taken to train this dog is absolutely huge. Comparable to the training a young child receives. Researchers just do not have those resources. To expect large numbers of other dogs to have that quantity = of education may be unrealistic. Children receive that quantity of = education routinely. Dogs do not. That even one dog has demonstrated the ability = to fast-map suggests that many dogs could do it.=20 As for the yawning, I succeeded in 2 out of 2 dogs, and a friend of mine = has trained her dog to yawn too. Her dog is much better than mine at it. Her = dog is a working style dog, which I suspect explains the relative ease of education. Her dog recently yawned 5 times in succession in front of TV cameras, with no half yawns, or unprompted yawns. My dogs did not = perform well for the cameras. The bright lights put them right off. They would = not even go onto their blanket because the bright light was trained on it.=20 I suspect the Veterinary Education Network is open to people on your = side of the Tasman. I am also sure that NZ has universities comparable to the University of Sydney, at least in range of journals stocked. I love NZ = and have a lot of friends from NZ. Sometimes they are inexplicably sensitive about being from NZ though I never can understand why.=20 If anyone is unable to obtain their own copy of Seligmans paper, I shall scan it and Email it to them personally (so long as I am not breaking = any copyright laws). Reading Seligmans paper sure does make one appreciate how far psychology = has come since then. =20 Please continue to challenge and discuss this issue with me. I = appreciate and value your quality input. Regards, Jackie PErkins -----Original Message----- From: John R. Lane [mailto:k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz]=20 Sent: Friday, June 25, 2004 7:52 PM To: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Subject: unscientific? Flakey? FROM JACKIE: =A0 > If preparedness supporters now seek to claim that yawning is simply a = poor > example of contrapreparedness, they can be criticized for being unscientific > and flakey. =A0 MY RESPONSE: Hi Jackie, =A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 First let me make one thing = absolutely 100% crystal clear for you before you proceed further down this=A0track. =A0 I am not a so called Seligman supporter!!! =A0 =A0Please stick to known facts and do not just make wild absolutely = unfounded assumptions then base your response to me on those assumptions. This = does not do you or your arguement any credit. What I am trying to do is make an objective, openminded critical = examination of=A0Seligman's theory, your=A0 counter arguement and=A0supporting = evidence and align these what I know as an experienced dog trainer and training consultant in order to try and reach a conclusion in my own mind. =A0 So I hope it=A0is now clear to you that I am not a "supporter" on either = side of this debate. =A0 FROM JACKIE: >=A0You can not just jump from counterexample to counterexample ad > in-finitum asserting a failing theory. =A0 =A0It would be more rational, and less > emotive, to simply ditch the = theory and work on a new more scientific one in > keeping with the facts. =A0 MY RESPONSE: Firstly as I have pointed out in my opening I am not being irrational, emotional or unscientific. I am in fact trying very hard to be exactly = the opposite. =A0 Secondly=A0in your response regarding ditching the theory altogether = because it or the thought process of the originator may not be 100% correct in = all the nuts and bolts: =A0Should the base theory of evolution have been chucked out in total = because early scientists had some nuts and bolts parts of it incorrect Jackie? =A0 Remember we have the advantage of=A0newer, more detailed knowledge. =A0 Although it wasn't exactly what he said,=A0I agree with Simon when he indicated in different words science and theories always progress and = adapt. Scientific theories aren't=A0stagnant things to be either totally right = or wrong only in the form they exist in at one particular snapshot in = time.. =A0 =A0But this progress is always done by carefull examination of evidence = and if need be changing the theory to fit the facts not the other way around. =A0Or even sometimes as you are suggesting=A0by completely chucking out = the theory if no Q.E.D. =A0 =A0But this is done on careful examination of all the evidence not on = the basis of one=A0 example. =A0 =A0 FROM JACKIE: =A0It seems to me that the notion of psychological > preparedness may be unscientific anyhow because it is unproveable in > principle; ie for every counterexample blown away, a new counterexample = can > simply be hypothesized. Such is not a scientific procedure. =A0 MY RESPONSE: Oh Really Jackie? Then why,=A0when I want to do=A0a data study on an = issue, do I first put forward a hypothesis and then a null hypothesis on the same = issue. (or maybe even several) Then set about collecting data in sufficient quantities to enable me to carry out a Chi Squared analysis to show me trends in the area under study. Or is this not a scientific = procedure?=A0 =A0 Where is your wide=A0data study showing sufficient trending to make your = case in this area? =A0Does the actions of two dogs under what are basically laboratory = conditions really give wide enough indication to be able to conclusively justify = your claim that Seligman is definitely incorrect in total? =A0 =A0 FROM JACKIE: > The notion of psychological preparedness never sat well with me. > Physiological preparedness is fine, =A0 =A0 MY RESPONSE: =A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0= =A0=A0I think the two are often tied together Jackie or does nuerology and internal chemical/electrical states etc not enter = into psychological processes? =A0 FROM JACKIE: =A0but I rather think the only real power > of psychological preparedness is the poetic notion, or perhaps the > anthropocentric idea that humans have fewer limits on learning than = other > species. =A0 MY RESPONSE: Give me evidence that explains why you=A0feel this way Jackie and I = might agree but to just make a blank statement like this without reasons can = be portrayed by your oponents as circular logic. =A0=20 FROM JACKIE: > Have you heard of a dog recently reported who can identify some 200 objects, =A0 MY RESPONSE: Yes I have but to use this arguement in this case proves nothing. = Individual dogs are not the "generic" dog. It is the "generic" dog we are talking = about here. I remember in one of Dunbar's books he also made mention of a case of a = dog that had an enormous repitore of commands way outside the bell curve of = the norm but that this didn't mean that all dogs could learn this many. I = agree with this assessment. =A0 FROM JACKIE: > Seligmans article is available through many university libraries. I received > my copy through the University of Sydney, Veterinary Education = Information > Network.=20 MY RESPONSE: Thanks Jackie. I am sure this will prove valuable to many on your side = of the Tasman. =A0 Regards John L. New Zealand. =A0 From: IN%"gooddog@dodo.com.au" "Geiger" 28-JUN-2004 18:44:17.29 To: IN%"probards@ozemail.com.au" "'Pat Robards'", IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Seligmans paper Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBUA22KTLS8YQK3G@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from gooddog@dodo.com.au); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 18:44:15 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBUA220U1C8YPSSX@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 18:43:13 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBUA21HVJE8WZ2O4@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 18:43:13 -0600 (CST) Received: from relay01.kbs.net.au (relay01.kbs.net.au [203.220.32.149]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5T0hAK9014302 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 18:43:11 -0600 (envelope-from gooddog@dodo.com.au) Received: from [203.194.42.231] (helo=STUDY) by relay01.kbs.net.au with esmtp (Exim 3.36 #2) id 1Bf6iL-0008IF-00; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 10:43:10 +1000 Date: Tue, 29 Jun 2004 10:43:02 +1000 From: Geiger Subject: RE: Seligmans paper In-reply-to: <00b101c45a5c$3dd4bde0$0300a8c0@TOSHIBA> To: 'Pat Robards' , Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <000101c45d72$0c68b4a0$e72ac2cb@STUDY> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable Importance: Normal X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='IN_REP_TO 0' Hi everyone, the dog Rico was subjected to scientific testing. The novel object was placed in the next room by the tester, so neither the owners scent nor the owners body language were available to cue the dog to pick = the novel object. The dog was retested a few weeks later and had retained = the names for the novel items in 50% of items, which was compared with the capacity of a 3 year old child for "fast-mapping".=20 The dog is a border collie, commonly thought to be rather clever dogs.=20 Regards, Jackie Perkins Ps I have not yet read the full copy of this study. I may be able to = share more later. -----Original Message----- From: Pat Robards [mailto:probards@ozemail.com.au]=20 Sent: Friday, June 25, 2004 12:29 PM To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Subject: Re: Seligmans paper =A0 =A0 Sent: Thursday, June 24, 2004 8:21 PM Subject: Re: Seligmans paper Good old fashioned=A0 *scent discrimination*, I wonder what other cues=20 were given, a raised eyebrow, a smile perhaps? Kindest Regards Pat Robards (Australia) http://www.k9events.com/ =A0 I have received several private posts over my remark=A0=A0*another=A0 = Clever Hans story.*=20 Clever Hans had not mastered mathematics=A0 but had in effect learned to = read peoples'=20 minds by observing subtle changes in their posture, breathing and facial expressions.=20 =A0 However Clever Hans was not a fraud, it was the scientists = themselves=A0who displayed=20 not=A0 the slightest interest in understanding the horse's uncanny, extra-sensory abilities,=A0=A0=20 the same applies to the dog=A0Rico, if the objects were placed using mechanical means=20 then possibly the outcome may have differed.=A0=A0 =A0 When it comes to animal intelligence, it seems as though reality has to conform to=20 existing scientific theories rather than the other way around,=A0 Hans = the horse had=20 showed up the absurdities of gauging the intelligence of animals by *strictly human=20 criteria*. That is what I meant.=20 =A0 Kindest Regards Pat Robards (Australia) http://www.k9events.com/ From: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins" 28-JUN-2004 19:26:07.97 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: antibird dogs Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBUBIEAVO08YOK28@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from jhaskins@tpg.com.au); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 19:26:06 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBUBIBYQXC8WZ0J0@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 19:25:25 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBUBIBB3IG8WZBSL@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Mon, 28 Jun 2004 19:25:22 -0600 (CST) Received: from mail.tpgi.com.au (mail.tpgi.com.au [203.12.160.113]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5T1P9FZ016698 for ; Mon, 28 Jun 2004 19:25:13 -0600 (envelope-from jhaskins@tpg.com.au) Received: from serialno (203-213-87-186-cof-ts1-2600.tpgi.com.au [203.213.87.186]) by mail.tpgi.com.au (8.12.10/8.12.10) with SMTP id i5T1P2VD011154 for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 11:25:07 +1000 Date: Tue, 29 Jun 2004 11:32:13 +1000 From: Jenny Haskins Subject: Re: antibird dogs To: Ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <00ef01c45d78$eaaa3b20$ba57d5cb@serialno> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1106 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1106 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_hFMDLyLBNJ79UQtIzevBjg)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-TPG-Antivirus: Passed X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='HTML_50_70 0.092, REFERENCES 0.000' References: This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_hFMDLyLBNJ79UQtIzevBjg) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT andaccostomisation what does this word mean? A typo. 'and accustomisation' . OK, clumsy and not a good word. I used it because as I was writing the word 'habituation' had completely escaped my brain retrieval mechanisms. What i meant was get the dog and the other animals you wish to rear it with so used to each other that they consider themselves all part of the same social group. Jenny Haskins Family Dog Training Coffs Harbour, Australia --Boundary_(ID_hFMDLyLBNJ79UQtIzevBjg) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
 
andaccostomisation
what does this word mean?
 
 
A typo.  'and accustomisation' .  OK, clumsy and not a good word.  I used it because as I was writing the word 'habituation' had completely escaped my brain retrieval mechanisms.
 
What i meant was get the dog and the other animals you wish to rear it with so used to each other that they consider themselves all part of the same social group.
 
 
Jenny Haskins
Family Dog Training
Coffs Harbour, Australia
--Boundary_(ID_hFMDLyLBNJ79UQtIzevBjg)-- From: IN%"k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz" "John R. Lane" 29-JUN-2004 02:45:56.64 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: 1970 Paper by Seligman "On the generality of the laws of learning" Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBUQUT6EAO8YQL1P@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 02:45:53 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBUQU9BXB48YQMHO@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 02:44:32 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBUQU8TNG68WZ9YY@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 02:44:05 -0600 (CST) Received: from mta205-rme.xtra.co.nz (mta205-rme.xtra.co.nz [210.86.15.187]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5T8MuK9028299 for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 02:22:57 -0600 Received: from mta3-rme.xtra.co.nz ([210.86.15.142]) by mta205-rme.xtra.co.nz with ESMTP id <20040629082255.LMME18335.mta205-rme.xtra.co.nz@mta3-rme.xtra.co.nz> for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 20:22:55 +1200 Received: from Lanepc ([222.152.142.46]) by mta3-rme.xtra.co.nz with SMTP id <20040629082218.PHAO24839.mta3-rme.xtra.co.nz@Lanepc> for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 20:22:18 +1200 Date: Tue, 29 Jun 2004 20:22:11 +1200 From: "John R. Lane" Subject: 1970 Paper by Seligman "On the generality of the laws of learning" To: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <000901c45db2$308e98f0$0700000a@Lanepc> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: multipart/related; type="multipart/alternative"; boundary="Boundary_(ID_FZww7G4D9cGa/FnTNISljw)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=XIIIIIIII, Probability=18%, Report='HTML_90_100 1.582, EXTRA_MPART_TYPE 0.444, SUPERLONG_LINE 0.003, LINES_OF_YELLING 0.001, LINES_OF_YELLING_2 0.001' This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_FZww7G4D9cGa/FnTNISljw) Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_bg96VVk8BVe/ZAL7YIjlHA)" --Boundary_(ID_bg96VVk8BVe/ZAL7YIjlHA) Content-type: text/plain; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable Hello all, I think I have found a true copy of one of the papers by = Seligman under discussion on the web. This was at = http://uwf.edu/psych/bmikulas/Webpage/learning/intro.htm This was his = 1970 paper. "On the Generalityof the Laws of Learning"=20 The other two, one in 1971, and the one Jackie refered to in 1972 , I am = still sourcing originals from Massey Uni. ( I only have access to = extracts and interpreations written by others at this point) When I get = them I will, if I am given permission, post them here as well. I think you have to read them all in order to follow Seligman's whole = concept. I hope this is a help to those wanting to know more about what = Seligmans theory of a "preparedness continuum" in learning is about. Regards John L. New Zealand On the Generality of the Laws of Learning=92 =20 MARTIN E. P. SELIGMAN, Cornell University=20 =20 =20 That all events are equally associable and obey common laws is a central = assumption of general process learning theory. A continuum of = preparedness is defined which holds that organisms are prepared to = associate certain events, unprepared for some, and contraprepared for = others. A review of data from the traditional learning paradigms shows = that the assumption of equivalent associability is false: in classical = conditioning, rats are prepared to associate tastes with illness even = over very long delays of reinforcement, but are contraprepared to = associate tastes with footshock. In instrumental training, pigeons = acquire key pecking in the absence of a contingency between pecking and = grain (prepared), while cats, on the other hand, have trouble learning = to lick themselves to escape, and dogs do not yawn for food = (contraprepared). In discrimination, dogs are contraprepared to learn = that different locations of discriminative stimuli control go=97no go = responding, and to learn that different qualities control directional = responding. In avoidance, responses from the natural defensive = repertoire are prepared for avoiding shock, while those from the = appetitive repertoire are contraprepared. Language acquisition and the = functional autonomy of motives are also viewed using the preparedness = continuum. Finally, it is speculated that the laws of learning = themselves may vary with the preparedness of the organism for the = association and that different physiological and cognitive mechanisms = may covary with the dimension.=20 =20 Sometimes we forget why psychologists ever trained white rats to press = bars for little pellets of flour or sounded metronomes followed by meat = powder for domestic dogs. After all, when in the real world do rats = encounter levers which they learn to press in order to eat, and when do = our pet dogs ever come across metronomes whose clicking signals meat = powder? It may be useful now to remind ourselves about a basic premise = which gave rise to such bizarre endeavors, and to see if we still have = reason to believe this premise. =20 THE GENERAL PROCESS VIEW OF LEARNING =20 It was hoped that in the simple, controlled world of levers and = mechanical feeders, of metronomes and salivation, something quite = general would emerge. If we took such an arbitrary behavior as pressing = a lever and such an arbitrary organism as an albino rat, and set it to = work pressing the lever for food, then by virtue of the very = arbitrariness of the environment, we would find features of the rat=92s = behavior general to real-life instrumental learning. Similarly, if we = took a dog, undistracted by extraneous noises and sights, and paired a = metronome=92s clicking with meat, what we found about the salivation of = the dog might reveal characteristics of associations in general. For = instance, when Pavlov found that salivation stopped occurring to a = clicking that used to signal meat powder, but no longer did, he hoped = that this was an instance of a law, =93experimental extinction,=94 which = would have application beyond clicking metronomes, meat powder, and = salivation. What captured the interest of the psychological world was = the possibility that such laws might describe the general = characteristics of the behavior acquired as the result of pairing one = event with another. When Thorndike found that cats learned only = gradually to pull strings to escape from puzzle boxes, the intriguing = hypothesis was that animal learning in general was by trial and error. = In both of these situations, the very arbitrariness and unnaturalness of = the experiment was assumed to guarantee generality, since the situation = would be uncontaminated by past experience the organism might have had = or by special biological propensities he might bring to it.=20 The basic premise can be stated specifically: In classical conditioning, = the choice of CS, US, and response is a matter of relative indifference; = that is, any CS and US can be associated with approximately equal = facility, and a set of general laws exist which describe the = acquisition, extinction, inhibition, delay of reinforcement, spontaneous = recovery, etc., for all CSs and USs. In instrumental learning, the = choice of response and reinforcer is a matter of relative indifference; = that is, any emitted response and any reinforcer can be associated with = approximately equal facility, and a set of general laws exist which = describe acquisition, extinction, discriminative control, = generalization, etc., for all responses and reinforcers. I call this = premise the assumption of equivalence of associability, and I suggest = that it lies at the heart of general process learning theory. This is not a straw man. Here are some quotes from three major learning = theorists to document this assumption: It is obvious that the reflex activity of any effector organ can be = chosen for the purpose of investigation, since signalling stimuli can = get linked up with any of the inborn reflexes [Pavlov, 1927, p. 17]. Any natural phenomenon chosen at will may be converted into a = conditional stimulus . . . any visual stimulus, any desired sound, any = odor, and the stimulation of any part of the skin [Pavlov, 1928, p. 86]. = All stimulus elements are equally likely to be sampled and the = probability of a response at any time is equal to the proportion of = elements in S=92 that are connected to it. - - On any acquisition trial = all stimulus elements sampled by the organism become connected to the = response reinforced on that trial [Estes, 1959, p. 399].=20 The general topography of operant behavior is not important, because = most if not all specific operants are conditioned. I suggest that the = dynamic properties of operant behavior may be studied with a single = reflex [Skinner, 1938, pp. 45=9746]. =20 A REEXAMINATION OF=20 EQUIVALENCE OF ASSOCIABILITY =20 The premise of equivalence places a special premium on the = investigations of arbitrarily related, as opposed to naturally = occurring, events. Such events, since they are supposedly uncontaminated = by past experience or by special propensities the organism brings to the = situation, provide paradigms for the investigations of general laws of = learning. More than 60 years of research in both the instrumental and = classical conditioning traditions have yielded considerable data = suggesting that similar laws hold over a wide range of arbitrarily = chosen events; the shape of generalization gradients is pretty much the = same for galvanic skin responses classically conditioned to tones when = shock is the US (Hovland, 1937), and for salivating to being touched at = different points on the back when food is the US (Pavlov, 1927). Partial = reinforcement causes greater resistance to extinction than continuous = reinforcement regardless of whether rats are bar pressing for water or = running down alleyways for food. Examples of analogous generality of = laws could be multiplied at great length. Inherent in the emphasis on arbitrary events, however, is a danger: that = the laws so found will not be general, but peculiar to arbitrary events. = =20 THE DIMENSION OF PREPAREDNESS=20 =20 It is a truism that an organism brings to any experiment certain = equipment and predispositions more or less appropriate to that = situation. It brings specialized sensory and receptor apparatus with a = long evolutionary history which has modified it into its present = appropriateness or inappropriateness for the experiment. In addition to = sensory-motor capacity, the organism brings associative apparatus, which = likewise has a long and specialized evolutionary History. For example, = when an organism is placed in a classical conditioning experiment, not = only may the CS be more or less perceptible and the US more or less = evocative of a response, but also the CS and US may be more or less = associable. The organism may be more or less prepared by the evolution = of its species to associate a given CS and US or a given response with = an outcome. If evolution has affected the associability of specific = events, then it is possible, even likely, that the very laws of learning = might vary with the preparedness of the organism from one class of = situations to another. If this is so, investigators influenced by the = general process view may have discovered only a subset of the laws of = learning; the laws of learning about arbitrarily concatenated events, = those associations which happen in fact to be equivalent.=20 We can define a continuum of preparedness operationally. Confront an = organism with a CS paired with US or with a response which produces an = outcome. Depending on the specifics, the organism can be either = prepared, unprepared, or contraprepared for learning about the events.=20 =20 The relative preparedness of an organism for learning about a situation = is defined by the amount of input (e.g., numbers of trials, pairings, = bits of information, etc.) which must occur before that output = (responses, acts, repertoire, etc.), which is construed as evidence of = acquisition, reliably occurs. It does not matter how input or output are = specified, as long as that specification can be used consistently for = all points on the continuum. Thus, using the preparedness dimension is = independent of whether one happens to be an S-R theorist, a cognitive = theorist, an information processing theorist, an ethologist, or what = have you. Let me illustrate how one can place an experimental situation = at various points on the continuum for classical conditioning. If the = organism makes the indi- cant response consistently from the very first = presentation of the CS on, such =93learning=94 represents a clear case = of instinctive responding, the extreme of the prepared end of the = dimension. If the organism makes the response consistently after only a = few pairings, it is somewhat prepared. If the response emerges only = after many pairings (extensive input), the organism is unprepared. If = acquisition occurs only after very many pairings or does not occur at = all, the organism is said to be contraprepared. The number of pairings = is the measure that makes the dimension a continuum, and implicit in = this dimension is the notion that =93learning=94 and =93instinct=94 are = continuous. Typically ethologists have examined situations in the = prepared side of the dimension, while general process learning theorists = have largely restricted themselves to the unprepared region. The = contraprepared part of the dimension has been largely uninvestigated, or = at least unpublished.=20 The dimension of preparedness should not be confused with the notion of = operant level. The frequency with which a response is made in a given = situation is not necessarily related to the associability of that = response with a given outcome. As will be seen later, frequent responses = may not be acquired when they are reinforced as readily as infrequent = responses. Indeed, some theorists (e.g., Turner & Solomon, 1962) have = argued that high- probability, fast-latency responding may actually = antagonize operant reinforceability. The first empirical question with which this paper is concerned is = whether sufficient evidence exists to challenge the equivalence of = associability. For many years, ethologists and others (for an excellent = example, see Breland & Breland, 1966) have gathered a wealth of evidence = to challenge the general process view of learning. Curiously, however, = these data have had little impact on the general process camp, and while = not totally ignored, they have not been theoretically incorporated. In = view of differences in methodology, this is perhaps understandable. I do = not expect that presenting these lines of evidence here would have any = more effect than it has already had. More persuasive to the general = process theorist should be the findings which have sprung up within his = own tradition. Within traditional conditioning and training paradigms, a = considerable body of evidence now exists which challenges the premise. = In reviewing this evidence, we shall find the dimension of preparedness = to be a useful integrative device. It is not the intent of this article = to review exhaustively the growing number of studies which challenge the = premise. Rather, we shall look within each of the major paradigms which = general process learning theorists have used and discuss one or two = clear examples. The theme of these examples is that all events are not = equivalent in their associability; that although the organism may have = the necessary receptor and effector apparatus to deal with events, there = is much variation in its ability to learn about relations between = events.=20 =20 Classical Conditioning. The investigation of classical aversive conditioning has been largely = confined to the unconditioned response of pain caused by the stimulus of = electric shock (cf. Campbell & Church, 1969), and the =93laws=94 of = classical conditioning are based largely on these findings along with = those from salivary conditioning. Recently, Garcia and his collaborators = (Garcia, Ervin & Koelling, 1966; Garcia; Ervin, Yorke, & Koelling, 1967; = Garcia & Koelling, 1966; Garcia, McGowan, Ervin & Koelling, 1968), and = Rozin and his collaborators (Rodgers & Rozin, 1966; Rozin, 1967, 1968, = 1969) have used illness as an unconditioned response and reported some = intriguing findings. In the paradigm experiment (Garcia & Koelling, = 1966), rats received =93bright-noisy, saccharin-tasting water.=94 What = this meant was that whenever the rat licked a drinking tube containing = saccharine-flavored water, lights flashed and anoise source sounded. = During these sessions the rats were Xirradiated. X-irradiation makes = rats sick, but it should be noted that the illness does not set in for = an hour or so following X-raying. Later the rats were tested for = acquired aversions to the elements of the compound CS. The rats had = acquired a strong aversion to the taste of saccharine, but had not = acquired an aversion to the =93bright-noise.=94 The rats had = =93associated=94 the taste with their illness, but not the exteroceptive = noise-light stimuli. So that it could not be argued that saccharine is = such a salient event that it masked the noise and light, Garcia and = Koelling ran the complementary experiment: =93Bright and noisy = saccharin-tasting water=94 was again used as a CS, but this time = electric shock to the feet was the US. The rats were then tested for = aversion to the elements of the CS. In this case, the bright noise = became aversive, but the saccharin-tasting water did not. This showed = that the bright noise was clearly perceptible; but the rats associated = only the bright noise and the exteroceptive US of footshock, and not the = taste of saccharin in spite of its also being paired with shock.=20 In the experiment, we see both ends as well as the middle of the = preparedness continuum. Rats are prepared, by virtue of their = evolutionary history, to associate tastes with malaise. For in spite of = a several-hour delay of reinforcement, and the presence of other = perceptible CSs, only the taste was associated with nausea, and light = and noise were not. Further, rats are contraprepared to associate = exteroceptive events with nausea and contraprepared to associate tastes = with footshock. Finally, the association of foot- shock with light and = sound is probably someplace in the unprepared region. The survival = advantage of this preparedness seems obvious; organisms who are poisoned = by a distinctive food and survive, do well not to eat it again. = Selective advantage should accrue, moreover, to those rats whose = associative apparatus could bridge a very long CS-US interval and who = could ignore contiguous, as well as interpolated, exteroceptive CSs in = the case of taste and nausea. Does such prepared and contraprepared acquisition reflect the = evolutionary results of selective pressure or does it result from = experience? It is possible that Garcia=92s rats may have previously = learned that tastes were uncorrelated with peripheral pain andthat = tastes were highly correlated with alimentary consequences. Such an = argument involves an unorthodox premise; that rats=92 capacities for = learning set and transfer are considerably broader than previously = demonstrated. The difference between a position that invokes selective = pressure (post hoc) and the experiential set position is testable: Would = mating those rats who were most proficient at learning the = taste=97footshock association produce offspring more capable of such = learning than an unselected population? Conversely, would interbreeding = refractory rats select out the facility with which the taste=97nausea = association is made? Supporting evidence for preparedness in classical conditioning has come = from other recent experiments on specific hungers and poisoning. Rodgers = and Rozin (1966) and Rozin (1967, 1968) have demonstrated that at least = part of the mechanism of specific hungers (other than sodium) involves = conditioned aversion to the taste of the diet the rats were eating as = they became sick. Deficient rats spill the old diet and will not eat it, = even after they have recovered. The association of the old taste with = malaise seems to be made in spite of the long delay between taste of the = diet and gradual onset of illness. The place and the container in which = the old diet was set, moreover, do not become aversive. The remarkable = ability of wild rats who recover from being poisoned by a novel food, = and thereafter avoid new tastes (Barnett, 1963; Rozin, 1968), also seems = to result from classical conditioning. Note that the wild rat must he = prepared to associate the taste with an illness which does not appear = for several hours in only one trial; note also that it must be = contraprepared to associate some contiguous CSs surrounding the illness = with malaise. Do these findings really show that rats can associate tastes and illness = when an interval of many minutes or even hours intervenes or are they = merely a subtle instance of contiguity? Peripheral cues coming either = from long-lasting aftertastes or from regurgitation might bring the CS = and US into contiguity. Rozin (1969) reported evidence against = aftertaste mediation; rats received a high concentration of saccharin = paired with apomorphine poisoning. Later, the rats were given a choice = between the high concentration and a low concentration. The rats = preferred the low concentration, even though the aftertaste that was pur = portedly contiguous with malaise should be more similar to the low = concentration (since it had been diluted by saliva) than the high = concentration. Not only do rats acquire an aversion for the old diet, on which they got = sick, but they also learn to prefer the taste of a new diet containing = the needed substance. This mechanism also seems to involve prepared = conditioning of taste to an internal state. Garcia et al. (1967) paired = the taste of saccharin with thiamine injections given to thiamine = deficient rats, and the rats acquired a preference for saccharin. So = both the rejection of old foods and acceptance of new foods in specific = hungers can be explained by prepared conditioning of tastes to internal = state.=20 =20 Instrumental Learning. =20 E. L. Thorndike, the founder of the instrumental learning tradition, was = by no means oblivious to the possibility of preparedness in instrumental = learning, as we shall see below. He also hinted at the importance of = preparedness in one of his discussions of classical conditioning = (Thorndike, 1935, pp. 192=97197); one of his students (Bregman, 1934) = attempted to replicate the resuits of Watson and Rayner (1920), who = found that little Albert became afraid of a white rat, rabbit, and dog = which had been paired with a startling noise. Bregman was unable to show = any fear conditioning when she paired more conventional CSs, such as = blocks of wood and cloth curtains, with startling noise. Thorndike = speculated that infants at the age of locomotion were more disposed to = manifest fear to objects that wiggle and contort themselves than to = motionless CSs. Thorndike=92s parallel views on instrumental learning rose from his = original studies of cats in puzzle boxes. As every psychologist knows, = he put cats in large boxes and investigated the course of learning to = pull strings to escape. What is less widely known is that he put his = cats in not just one puzzle box, but in a whole series of different ones = (incidentally in doing this he seems to have discovered learning = set=97Thorndike, 1964, pp. 48=97 50) - In one box the cats had to pull a = string to get out, in another a button had to be pushed, in another a = lever had to be depressed, etc. One of his boxes=97Box Z=97was curious: = it was merely a large box with nothing but a door that the experimenter = could open. Thorndike opened the door in Box Z whenever cats licked = themselves or scratched themselves. The cat is known to use both of = these frequently occurring responses instrumentally: it scratches itself to turn off itches, and licks itself to remove = dirt. In addition, Thorndike had established that getting out of a = puzzle box was a sufficient reward for reinforcing the acts of string = pulling, button pushing, and lever clawing. In spite of this, = Thorndike=92s cats seemed to have a good deal of trouble learning to = scratch themselves or lick themselves to get out of the boxes. A reanalysis of the individual learning curves presented by Thorndike = (1964) for each of the seven cats who had experience in Box Z documents = the impression: of the 28 learning curves presented for these seven cats = in the boxes other than Z, 22 showed faster learning than in Z, three = showed approximately equal learning, and only three showed slower = learning. While all of the cats eventually showed improved speeds of = licking or scratching for escape, such learning was difficult and = irregular. Thorndike noted another unusual property of licking and = scratching: There is in all these cases a noticeable tendency . . . to diminish = the act until it becomes a mere vestige of a lick or scratch . . . the = licking degenerated into a mere quick turn of the head with one or two = motions up and down with tongue extended. Instead of a hearty scratch, = the cat waves its paw up and down rapidly for an instant. Moreover, if = sometimes you do not let the cat out after the feeble reaction, it does = not at once repeat the movement, as it would do if it depressed a thumb = piece, for instance, without success in getting the door open = [Thorndike, 1964, p. 48].=20 =20 Contemporary investigators have reported related findings. Konorski = (1967, pp 463=97467) attempted to train =93reflex=94 movements, such as = anus licking, scratching, and yawning, with food reinforcement. While = reporting success with scratching and anus licking, like Thorndike, he = observed spontaneous simplification and arrhythmia in the responses. = More importantly, he reported that reinforcement of =93true yawning=94 = with food is very difficult, if not impossible. Bolles and Seelbach = (1964) reported that rearing could be reinforced by noise offset, but = not punished by noise onset, exploration could be modified by both, and = grooming by neither. This difference could not be accounted for by = difference in operant level, which is substantial for all these = behaviors of the rat. Thorndike (1964) speculated that there may be some acts which the = organism is not neurally prepared to connect to some sense impressions:=20 If the associations in general were simply between situation and = impulse to act, one would suppose that the situation would be associated = with the impulse to lick or scratch as readily as with the impulse to = turn a button or claw a string. Such is not the case. By comparing the = curves for Z on pages 57=9758 with the others, one sees that for so = simple an act it takes a long time to form the association. This is not = the final reason, for lack of attention, a slight increase in the time = taken to open the door after the act was done, or an absence of = preparation in the nervous system for connections between these = particular acts and definite sense impressions [italics added] may very = well have been the cause of the difficulty in forming the associations = [p. 113].=20 This speculation seems reasonable; after all, in the natural history of = cats, only behavior such as manipulating objects which maximized chances = for escaping traps would be selected, and licking is not in the = repertoire which maximizes escape. At minimum, Thorndike demonstrated = that the emission of licking paired with an event which could reinforce = other emitted acts was not sufficient to reinforce licking equally well. = In the present terms, Thorndike had discovered a particular instrumental = training situation for which cats are relatively contraprepared. Brown and Jenkins (1968, Experiment 6) have reported findings which = appear to come from the opposite end of the dimension. Pigeons were = exposed to a lighted key which was paired with grain delivered in a = lighted food hopper below the key. But unlike the typical key-pecking = situation, the pigeons=92 pecking the key did not produce food. Food was = contingent only on the key=92s being lit, not on pecking the key. In = spite of this, all pigeons began pecking the key after exposure to the = lighted key, followed by grain. Moreover, key pecking was maintained = even though it had no effect on food. One can conclude from these = =93autoshaping results=94 that the pigeon is highly prepared for = associating the pecking of a lighted key with grain. There is another curiosity in the history of the instrumental learning = literature which is usefully viewed with the preparedness dimension: the = question of why a reinforcer is reinforcing. For over 20 years, disputes = raged about what monolithic principle described the necessary and = sufficient conditions for learning. Hull (1943) claimed that tissue-need = reduction must occur for learning to take place, while Miller (1951) = held that drive reduction was necessary and sufficient. Later, = Sheffield, Roby, and Campbell (1954) suggested that a consummatory = response was the necessary condition. More recently, it has become clear = that learning can occur in the absence of any of these (e.g., Berlyne, = 1960). I suggest that when CSs or responses are followed by such = biologically important events as need reducers, drive reducers, or = consummatory responses, learning should take place readily because = natural selection has prepared organisms for such relationships. The = relative preparedness of organisms for these events accounts for the = saliency of such learning and hence the appeal of each of the monolithic = principles. But organisms can learn about bar pressing paired with light = onset, etc.; they are merely less prepared to do so, and hence, the now = abundant evidence against the earlier principles was more difficult to = gather.=20 Thus, we find that in instrumental learning paradigms, there are = situations which lie on either side of the rat=92s bar pressing for food = on the preparedness dimension. A typical rat will ordinarily learn to = bar press for food after a few dozen exposures to the bar press=97food = contingency. But cats, who can use scratching and licking as = instrumental acts in some situations, have trouble using these acts to = get out of puzzle boxes, and dogs do not learn to yawn for food even = after many exposures to the contingency. On the other hand, pigeons = acquire a key peck in a lighted key=97 grain situation, even when there = is no contingency at all between key pecking and grain. These three = instrumental situations represent unprepared, contraprepared, and = prepared contingencies, respectively. Later we shall discuss the = possibility that they obey different laws as a function of different = preparedness.=20 =20 Discrimination Learning. =20 The next two paradigms we consider=97discrimination learning and = avoidance learning=97combine both classical and instrumental procedures. = In both of these paradigms, findings have been reported which challenge = the equivalence of associability. We begin with some recent Polish work = on discrimination learning in dogs. Lawicka (1964) attempted to train = dogs in either a go right=97go left differentiation or a go=97no go = differentiation. Whether such differentiation could be acquired depended = on the specific discriminative stimuli used. For the left=97right = differentiation, if the S =97 and the S+ differed in location (one = speaker above the dog; one speaker below), the dog readily learned which = way to go in order to receive food. If, however, the stimuli came from = the same speaker and differed only in pitch, the left=97right = differentiation was exceedingly difficult. Topographical differences in = stimuli, as opposed to qualitative differences, seem to aid in = differentiating two topographically different responses. The dog seems = contraprepared, moreover, for making a left=97 right differentiation to = two tones which do not also differ in direction. Lest one argue that the = two tones coming out of the same speaker were not discriminable, Lawicka = (1964; like Garcia Sc Koelling, 1966) did the complementary experiment: = dogs were trained to go and receive food or stay with two tones coming = out of the same speaker. One tone was the S+ and the other tone the S = =97. The dogs learned this readily. Thus, using the same tones which = could not be used to establish a left=97right differentiation, a go=97no = go differentiation was established. The author then attempted to = elaborate the go no go differentiation to the same tone differing in = location of speakers. As the reader should expect by now, the dogs had = trouble learning the go=97no go differentiation to the difference in = location of S+ and 5=97. Dogs, then, are contraprepared for learning = about different locations controlling a go=97no go differentiation = although they are not contraprepared for learning that the same = locations control a left=97right differentiation. Dogs are = contraprepared for learning that qualitative differences of tone from = the same location control a left=97right differentiation, but not = contraprepared for using this difference to govern a go-no go = differentiation. Dobrzecka and Konorski (1967, 1968) and Szwejkowska = (1967) have confirmed and extended these findings.=20 Emlen (personal communication, 1969) reported discrimination (or at = least perceptual) learning that is prepared. It is known from = planetarium experiments that adult indigo buntings use the northern = circumpolar constellations for migration, since blocking these from view = disrupts directed migration. One might have thought that the actual = constellations were represented genetically. If young birds are raised = under a sky which rotates around a fictitious axis, however, they use = the arbitrarily chosen circumpolar constellations for migration and = ignore the natural circumpolar constellations. Thus, it appears that = indigo buntings are prepared to pay attention to and learn about those = configurations of stars which rotate most slowly in the heavens.=20 =20 Avoidance Learning. =20 Data from avoidance learning studies also challenge the equivalence of = associability. Rats learn reasonably readily to press bars to obtain = food. Rats also learn very readily to jump (Baum, 1969) and reasonably = readily to run (Miller, 1941, 1951) from a dangerous place to a safe = place to avoid electric shock. From this, the premise deduces that rats = should learn readily to press bars to avoid shock. But this is not so = (e.g., D=92Amato Sc Schiff, 1964). Very special procedures must be = instituted to train rats to depress levers to avoid shock reliably = (e.g., D=92Amato Sc Fazzaro, 1966; Fantino, Sharp Sc Cole, 1966). = Similarly, pigeons learn readily to peck lighted keys to obtain grain: = too readily, probably, for this to be considered an unprepared or = arbitrary response (see Brown Sc Jenkins, 1968). But it is very = difficult to train pigeons with normal laboratory techniques to key peck = to avoid shock. Hoffman and Fleshler (1959) reported that key pecking = was impossible to obtain with negative reinforcement; Azrin (1959) found = only temporary maintenance of key pecking in but one pigeon; and Rachlin = and Hineline (1967) needed 10=9715 hours of patient shaping to train key = pecking to remove shock. This probably attests more to a problem = specific to the response and reinforcer than to some inability of the = pigeon to learn about avoidance contingencies. Ask anyone who has = attempted to kill pigeons (e.g., by electrocution or throwing rocks at = them), how good pigeons are at avoiding. Pigeons learn to fly away to = avoid noxious events (e.g., Bedford Sc Anger, 1968; Emlen, 1970). In = contrast, it is hard to imagine a pigeon flying away from something to = obtain food.=20 Bolles has recently (1970) =97and quite persuasively=97argued that = avoidance responses as studied in laboratory experiments are not simple, = arbitrary operants. In order to produce successful avoidance, Bolles = argues, the response must be chosen from among the natural, = species-specific defensive repertoire of the organism. Thus, it must be = a response for which the organism is prepared. Running away for rats and = flying away for pigeons make good avoidance responses, while key pecking = and bar pressing (which are probably related to the appetitive = repertoire) do not.=20 It might be argued that these difficulties in learning avoidance are not = due to contrapreparedness but to competing motor responses. Thus, for = example, rats have trouble pressing levers to avoid shock because shock = causes them to =93freeze=94 which is incompatible with bar pressing. A = word of caution is in order about such hypotheses: I know of no theory = which specifies in advance what competes with what; rather, response = competition (or facilitation) is merely invoked post hoc. When, and if, = a theory of topographical incompatibility arises it may indeed provide = an explanation of contrapreparedness, but at the present time, it does = not.=20 Let us review the evidence against the equivalence of associability = premise: in classical conditioning, rats are prepared to associate = tastes with nausea and contraprepared to associate taste with footshock. = In instrumental learning, different emitted responses are differentially = associable with different reinforcers: pigeons are prepared to peck = lighted keys for food, since they will acquire this even in the absence = of any contingency between key pecking and food. Cats are contraprepared = for learning to scratch themselves to escape, and dogs for yawning for = food. In discrimination learning, dogs are contraprepared to learn that = different locations control a go=97no go differentiation, and contra- = prepared for different qualities controlling a left=97right response. In = avoidance learning, those responses which come from the natural = defensive repertoire of rats and pigeons are prepared (or at least = unprepared) for avoiding shock. Those responses from the appetitive = repertoire seem contraprepared for avoidance. =20 Two Failures of General Process Learning Theory: Language and the Functional Autonomy of Motives =20 The interest of psychologists in animal learning theory is on the wane. = Although the reasons are many, a prominent one is that such theories = have failed to capture and bring into the laboratory phenomena which = provide fertile models of complex human learning, This failure may be = due in part to the equivalence premise. By concentrating on events for = which organisms have been relatively unprepared, the laws and models = which general process learning theories have produced may not be = applicable beyond the realm of arbitrary events, arbitrarily connected. = This would not be an obstacle if all of human learning consisted of = learning about arbitrary events. But it does not. Homo sapiens has an = evolutionary history and a biological makeup which has made it = relatively prepared to learn some things and relatively contraprepared = to learn others. If learning varies with preparedness, it should not be = surprising that the laws for unprepared association between events have = not explained such phenomena as the learning of language or the = acquisition of motives.=20 Lenneberg (1967) has recently provided an analysis of language, the = minimal conclusion of which is that children do not learn language the = way rats learn to press a lever for food. Put more strongly, the set of = laws which describe language learning are not much illuminated by the = laws of the acquisition of arbitrary associations between events, as = Skinner (1957) has argued. Unlike such unprepared contingencies as bar = pressing for food, language does not require careful training or shaping = for its acquisition. We do not need to arrange sets of linguistic = contingencies carefully to get children to speak and understand English. = Programmed training of speech is relatively ineffective, for under all = but the most impoverished linguistic environments, human beings learn to = speak and understand. Children of the deaf make as much noise and have = the same sequence and age of onset for cooing as children of hearing = parents. Development of language seems roughly the same across cultures = which presumably differ widely in the arrangement of reinforcement = contingencies, and language skill is not predicted by chronological age = but by motor skill (see Lenneberg, 1967, especially pp. 125=97158, for a = fuller discussion). The acquisition of language, not unlike pecking a lighted key for grain = in the pigeon and the acquisition of birdsong (Petrinovich, 1970), is = prepared. The operational criterion for the prepared side of the = dimension is that minimal input should produce acquisition. One = characteristic of language acquisition which separates it from the bar = press is just this: elaborate training is not required for its = production. From the point of view of this paper, it is not surprising = that the traditional analyses of instrumental and classical conditioning = are not adequate for an analysis of language. This is not because = language is a phenomenon sui generis, but because the laws of = instrumental and classical conditioning were developed to explain = unprepared situations and not to account for learning in prepared = situations. This is not to assert that the laws which govern language = acquisition will necessarily be the same as those governing the Garcia = phenomenon, birdsong, or the key peck, but to say that species- = specific, biological analysis might be fruitfully made of these = phenomena.=20 It is interesting to note in this context the recent success that = Gardner and Gardner (1970) have had in teaching American sign language = to a chimpanzee. The Gardners reasoned that earlier failures to teach = spoken English to chimpanzees (Hayes & Hayes, 1952; Kellogg & Kellogg, = 1933) did not result from cognitive deficiencies on the part of the = subjects, but from the contraprepared nature of vocalization as a = trainable response. The great manual dexterity of the chimpanzee, = however, suggested sign language as a more trainable vehicle. Hayes = (1968) has recently reanalyzed the data from Vicki (the Hayes=92 chimp) = and confirmed the suggestion that chimpanzees=92 difficulty in using = exhalation instrumentally may have caused earlier failures. Language is not the only example of human learning that has eluded = general process theory. The extraordinary persistence of acquired human = motives has not been captured in ordinary laboratory situations. People, = objects, and endeavors which were once unmotivating to an individual = acquire and maintain strongly motivating properties. Fondness for the = objects of sexual learning long after sexual desire is gone is a clear = example. Acquisition of motives is not difficult to bring into the = laboratory, and the extensive literature on acquired drives has often = been taken as an analysis of acquired human motivation. A rat, = originally unafraid of a tone, is shocked while the tone is played. = Thereafter, the rat is afraid of the tone. But the analogy breaks down = here; for once the tone is presented several times without shock, the = tone loses its fear-inducing properties (Little Sc Brimer, 1968; Wagner, = Siegel Sc Fein, 1967). (The low resistance to extinction of the = conditioned emotional response should not be confused with the high = resistance to extinction of the avoidance response. This = inextinguishability probably stems from the failure of the organism to = stay around in the presence of the CS long enough to be exposed to the = fact that shock no longer follows the CS, rather than a failure of fear = of the CS to extinguish.) Yet, acquired motivators for humans retain = their properties long after the primary motivation with which they were = originally paired is absent. Aliport (1937) raised the problem for = general process theory as the =93functional autonomy of motives.=94 But = in the 30 years since the problem was posed, the failure of acquired = human motives to extinguish remains unanalyzed experimentally. The notion of preparedness may be useful in analyzing persistent = acquired motivation. Typically, investigations of acquired drives have = paired arbitrary CSs with arbitrary primary motivators. It seems = possible that if more prepared CSs were paired with primary motivators, = the motivational properties of such CSs might be unusually resistant to = extinction. Seligman, Ives, Ames, and Mineka (1970) conditioned drinking = by pairing compound CSs with injections of hypertonic saline-procaine in = rats. When the CS consisted only of exteroceptive stimuli (white box, = white noise), conditioning occurred, but extinguished in a few days. = When the interoceptive CS of one-hour water deprivation was added to the = compound, conditioning occurred and persisted unabated for two months. = It seems possible that preparedness of mild thirst for association with = rapidly induced strong thirst may account for the inextinguishability of = acquired drinking. Are humans prepared to associate a range of endeavors and objects with = primary motivators, and are such associations unusually persistent after = the original motivators have left the scene? Here, as for language, = viewing persistent acquired motives as cases of preparedness may make = human motivation=97both adaptive and maladaptive=97more amenable to = study. =20 Preparedness and the Laws of Learning. =20 The primary empirical question has been answered affirmatively: The = premise of equivalence of associability does not hold, even in the = traditional paradigms for which it was first assumed. But does this = matter? Do the same laws which describe the learning of unprepared = events hold for prepared, unprepared, and contraprepared events? Given = that an organism is prepared, and therefore learns with minimal input, = does such learning have different properties from those unprepared = associations that the organism acquires more painstakingly? Are the same = mechanisms responsible for learning in prepared, unprepared, and = relatively contraprepared situations?=20 We can barely give a tentative answer to this question, since it has = been largely uninvestigated. Only a few pieces of evidence have been = gathered to suggest that once a relatively prepared or contraprepared = association has been acquired, it may not display the same family of = extinction curves, values for delay of reinforcement, punishment = effects, etc., as the lever press for food in the rat. Consider again = the Garcia and Koelling (1966) findings: the association of tastes with = illness is made with very different delays of reinforcement from = ordinary Pavlovian associations. Unlike salivating to sounds, the = association will be acquired with delays of up to one hour and more. = Detailed studies which compare directly the delay of reinforcement = gradients, extinction functions, etc., for prepared versus unprepared = associations are needed. It would be interesting to find that the = extinction and inhibition functions for prepared associations were = different than for unprepared associations. If preparation underlies the = observations of functional autonomy, prepared associations might be = highly resistant to extinction, punishment, and other changes in = instrumental contingencies. Breland and Breland (1966) reported that = many of the =93prepared=94 behaviors that the organisms they worked with = acquired would persist even under counterproductive instrumental = contingencies. To what extent would the autoshaped key pecking responses = of Brown and Jenkins (1968) be weakened by extinction or punishment, as = bar pressing for food is weakened? Williams and Williams (1969) reported = that autoshaped key-pecking responses persist even when they actually = =93cost=94 the pigeon reinforcement. Does contraprepared behavior, after being acquired, obey the same laws = as unprepared behavior? Thorndike (1964) reported that when he finally = trained licking for escape, the response no longer looked like the = natural response, but was a pale, mechanical imitation of the natural = response. Would the properties of the response differentiation and = shaping of such behavior be like those of unprepared responses? The = answer to this range of questions is presently unknown. Preparedness has been operationally defined, and it is possible that = different laws of learning may vary with the dimension. How can the = dimension be anchored more firmly? Might different cognitive and = physiological mechanisms covary with dimension? Acquired aversions to tastes following illness is commonplace in humans. = These Garcia phenomena are not easily modified by cognition in contrast = to other classically conditioned responses in humans (e.g., Spence Sc = Platt, 1967). The knowledge that the illness was caused by the stomach = flu and not the Sauce Bearnaise does not prevent the sauce from tasting = bad in the future. Garcia, Kovner, and Green (1970) reported that = distinctive tastes can be used by rats as a cue for shock avoidance in a = shuttlebox; but the preference for the taste in the home cage is = unchanged. When the taste is paired with illness, however, the = preference is reduced in the home cage. Such evidence suggests that = prepared associations may not be cognitively mediated, and it is = tempting to speculate that cognitive mechanisms (expectation, attention, = etc.) come into play with more unprepared or contraprepared situations. = If this is so, it is ironic that the =93blind=94 connections which both = Thorndike and Pavlov wanted to study lie in the prepared realm and not = in the unprepared paradigms they investigated. We might also ask if different neural structures underlie differently = prepared learning. Does elaborate prewiring mediate prepared = associations such as taste and nausea, while more plastic structures = mediate unprepared and contraprepared associations? We have defined the dimension of preparedness and given examples of it. = To anchor the dimension we need to know the different laws of learning = (families of functions) hold along the answers to three questions about = what covaries with it: (a) Do dimension? (b) Do different cognitive = mechanisms covary with different laws of learning (families of = functions) hold along it? (c) Do different physiological mechanisms also = covary with preparedness? =20 Preparation and the General Process View of Learning. =20 If the premise of equivalence of associability is false, then we have = reason to suspect that the laws of learning discovered using lever = pressing and salivation may not hold for any more than other simple, = unprepared associations. If the laws of learning for unprepared = association do not hold for prepared or contraprepared associations, is = the general process view salvageable in any form? This is an empirical = question. Its answer depends on whether differences in learning vary = systematically along the dimension of preparedness; the question reduces = to whether the preparedness continuum is a nomological continuum. For = example, if one finds that the families of extinction functions vary = systematically with the dimension, then one might be able to formulate = general laws of extinction. Thus, if prepared CRs extinguished very = slowly, unprepared CRs extinguished gradually, and contraprepared CRs = extinguished precipitously, such a systematic, continuous difference in = laws would be a truly general law of extinction. But before such general = laws can be achieved, we must first investigate what the laws of = prepared and contraprepared associations actually are. If this were = done, then the possibility of general laws of learning would be again = alive.=20 =20 NOTE=20 =20 The preparation of this manuscript was supported in part by National = Institute of Mental Health Grant MH 16546-01 to the author. The author = gratefully acknowledges the helpful comments of R. Bolles, P. Cabe, S. = Emlen, J. Garcia, E. Lenneberg, R. MacLeod, H. Rachlin, D. Regan, R. = Rosinski, P. Rozin, T. A. Ryan, R. Solomon, and F. Stollnitz. =20 =20 -------------------------------------------------------------------------= ------- --Boundary_(ID_bg96VVk8BVe/ZAL7YIjlHA) Content-type: text/html; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: QUOTED-PRINTABLE =0D= =0A=0D=0A=0D=0A=0D=0A=0D=0A=0D=0A=0D=0A
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Hello all,

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     &nbs= p;        =0D=0AI think I have fou= nd a true copy of one of the papers by Seligman under =0D=0Adiscussio= n on the web. This was at http://uw= f.edu/psych/bmikulas/Webpage/learning/intro.htm This was his 1970 paper.  "On the = =0D=0AGeneralityof the Laws of Learning" =0D=0A

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<= SPAN =0D=0Astyle=3D"mso-bidi-font-size: 15.0pt">The ot= her two, one in 1971, and =0D=0Athe one Jackie refered to in 1972&nbs= p;, I am still sourcing originals from =0D=0AMassey Uni. ( I only hav= e access to extracts and interpreations written by =0D=0Aothers at th= is point) When I get them I will, if I am given permission, post = =0D=0Athem here as well.

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 I think you have to read them all in order to = follow =0D=0ASeligman's whole concept.

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 I hope this is a help to those wanting to= know more about what =0D=0ASeligmans theory of a "preparedness = continuum" in learning is =0D=0Aabout.

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Regards John =0D=0AL.

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New Zealand

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On the Generality

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= of the Laws of = =0D=0ALearning=92

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= MARTIN E. P. = SELIGMAN, Cornell Univer= sity =

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That all = =0D=0Aevents are equally associable and obey common laws is a central= assumption of =0D=0Ageneral process learning theory. A continuum of = preparedness is defined which =0D=0Aholds that organisms are prepared= to associate certain events, unprepared for =0D=0Asome, and contrapr= epared for others. A review of data from the traditional learning paradigms shows that the assumption =0D=0Aof= equivalent associa= bility is =0D=0Afalse: in classical conditioning, rats are prepared to associate tastes with= illness =0D=0Aeven over very long delays of reinforcement, but are c= ontraprepared to associate =0D=0Atastes with footshock. In instrument= al training, pigeons acquire key pecking =0D=0Ain the absence of a contingency =0D= =0Abetween pecking and grain (prepared), while cats, on the other han= d, have =0D=0Atrouble learning to lick themselves to escape, and dogs= do not yawn for food =0D=0A(contraprepared). In discrimination, dogs= are contraprepared to learn that =0D=0Adifferent locations of discri= minative stimuli control go=97no go responding, and =0D=0Ato learn th= at different qualities control directional responding. In avoidance, = =0D=0Aresponses from the natural defensive repertoire are prepared fo= r avoiding shock, =0D=0Awhile those from the appetitive repertoire ar= e contraprepared. Language =0D=0Aacquisition and the functional auton= omy of motives are also viewed using the =0D=0Apreparedness continuum= . Finally, it is speculated that the laws of learning =0D=0Athemselve= s may vary with the preparedness of the organism for the association = =0D=0Aand that different physiological and cognitive mechanisms may c= ovary with the =0D=0Adimension.

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Sometimes we forget why psychologi= sts ever =0D=0Atrained white rats to press bars for little pellets of= flour or sounded =0D=0Ametronomes followed by meat powder for domest= ic dogs. After all, when in the =0D=0Areal world do rats encounter le= vers which they learn to press in order to eat, =0D=0Aand when do our= pet dogs ever come across metronomes whose clicking signals meat = =0D=0Apowder? It may be useful now to remind ourselves about a basic = premise which =0D=0Agave rise to such bizarre endeavors, and to see i= f we still have reason to =0D=0Abelieve this premise.

=0D= =0A

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

THE =0D=0AGENERAL PROCESS<= /B>

=0D=0A

VIEW =0D=0AOF LEARNING<= /SPAN>

=0D=0A

  =0D=0A

=0D=0A

= It was =0D=0Ahoped that in the simple, controlled world of levers and= mechanical feeders, of =0D=0Ametronomes and salivation, something qu= ite general would emerge. If we took such =0D=0Aan arbitrary behavior= as pressing a lever and such an arbitrary organism as an =0D=0Aalbin= o rat, and set it to work pressing the lever for food, then by vir= tue of =0D=0Athe very arbitrariness of the environment, we would = find features of the =0D=0Arat=92s behavior general to real-life inst= rumental learning. Similarly, =0D=0Aif we took a dog, undistracted by =0D=0Aextraneous noises and sights, = =0D=0Aand paired a metronome=92s clicking with meat, what we found ab= out the salivation =0D=0Aof the dog might reveal characteristics of a= ssociations in general. For =0D=0Ainstance, when Pavlov found that sa= livation stopped occurring to a clicking that =0D=0Aused to signal me= at powder, but no longer did, he hoped that this was an =0D=0Ainstanc= e of a law, =93experimental extinction,=94 which would have = =0D=0Aapplication beyond clicking metronomes, meat powder, and saliva= tion. What =0D=0Acaptured the interest of the psychological world was= the possibility that such =0D=0Alaws might describe the general char= acteristics of the behavior acquired as the =0D=0Aresult of pairing o= ne event with another. When Thorndike found that cats learned =0D= =0Aonly gradually to pull strings= to escape from puzzle boxes, =0D=0Athe intriguing hypothesis was =0D=0Athat animal learn= ing in general was by trial and error. In both of these =0D=0Asituati= ons, the very arbitrariness and unnaturalness of the experiment was =0D=0Aassumed = to guarantee generality, since the situation would be uncontaminated = by =0D=0Apast experience the organism might have had or by special bi= ological =0D=0Apropensities he might bring to it. <= /P>=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

= The basic =0D=0Apremise can be stated specifically: In classical cond= itioning, the choice of CS, =0D=0AUS, and response is a matter of rel= ative indifference; that is, any CS and US =0D=0Acan be associated wi= th approximately equal facility, and a set of general laws =0D=0Aexis= t which describe the acquisition, extinction, inhibition, delay of = =0D=0Areinforcement, spontaneous recovery, etc., for all CSs and USs.= In instrumental =0D=0Alearning, the choice of response and reinforce= r is a matter of relative =0D=0Aindifference; that is, any emitted re= sponse and any reinforcer can be associated =0D=0Awith approximately = equal facility, and a set of general laws exist which =0D=0Adescribe = acquisition, extinction, discriminative control, generalization, etc.= , =0D=0Afor all responses and reinforcers. I call this premise the as= sumption of =0D=0Aequivalence of associability, and I suggest that it= lies at the heart of general =0D=0Aprocess learning theory.

=0D=0A

 

=0D= =0A

This is =0D=0Anot a straw man. Here are some quotes from t= hree major learning theorists to =0D=0Adocument this assumption:=

=0D=0A
=0D=0A
=0D=0A
=0D=0A
=0D=0A
It is obvious that the reflex activity of =0D=0A any effector o= rgan can be chosen for the purpose of investigation, since =0D=0A si= gnalling stimuli can get linked up with any of the inborn reflexes [P= avlov, =0D=0A 1927, p. 17].
=0D=0A
=0D=0A
=0D=0A
Any natural phenomenon chosen at will may =0D=0A be conver= ted into a conditional stimulus . . . any visual stimulus, any desired sound, any =0D=0A odor, and the stimulat= ion of =0D=0A any part of the skin [Pavlov, =0D=0A 1928, p. 86]. =0D=0A
=0D=0A
=0D=0A
=0D=0A
All stimulus elements are equally likely t= o be =0D=0A sample= d and the probability of =0D=0A a response at any time is equal =0D=0A to the proportio= n of elements =0D= =0A in S=92 that ar= e connected to it. =0D=0A - - = On any acquisition trial all stimulus elements sampled by the organism =0D=0A be= come connected to the response reinforced on that trial [Estes, 1959,= p. =0D=0A 399]. = =0D=0A
=0D= =0A
=0D=0A
=0D=0A
=0D=0A
=0D=0A

T= he =0D=0Ageneral topography of operant behavior is not important, bec= ause most if not all =0D=0Aspecific operants are conditioned. I sugge= st that the dynamic properties of =0D=0Aoperant behavior may be studi= ed with a single reflex [Skinner, 1938, pp. =0D=0A45=9746].

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

A REEXAMIN= ATION OF =

=0D=0A

EQ= UIVALENCE OF =0D=0AASSOCIABILITY

= =0D=0A

=0D=0A

=0D=0A

The =0D=0A<= SPAN style=3D"mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt">premise of equivalence place= s a =0D=0Aspecial premium on the =0D=0Ainvestigations of arbitrarily related, as opposed= to naturally occurring, =0D=0Aevents. Such events, since they are su= pposedly uncontaminated by past experience =0D=0Aor by special propen= sities the organism brings to the situation, provide =0D=0Aparadigms = for the investigations of general laws of learning. More than 60 year= s =0D=0Aof research in both the instrumental and classical conditioni= ng traditions have =0D=0Ayielded considerable data suggesting that si= milar laws hold over a wide range of =0D=0Aarbitrarily chosen events;= the shape of generalization gradients is pretty much =0D=0Athe same = for galvanic skin responses classically conditioned to tones when sho= ck =0D=0Ais the US (Hovland, 1937), and for salivating to being touch= ed at different =0D=0Apoints on the back when food is the US (Pavlov,= 1927). Partial reinforcement =0D=0Acauses greater resistance to exti= nction than continuous reinforcement regardless =0D=0Aof whether rats= are bar pressing for water or running down alleyways for food. =0D= =0AExamples of analogous generality of laws could be multiplied at gr= eat =0D=0Alength.

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

Inherent =0D=0Ain the emphasis on a= rbitrary events, however, is a danger: that the laws so found will not be =0D=0Ageneral, but = peculiar to arbitrary events.

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

THE DIMENSION OF PREPAREDNESS =0D=0A

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

It is a =0D=0Atrui= sm that an organism brings to any experiment certain equipment and = =0D=0Apredispositions more or less appropriate to that situation. It = brings =0D=0Aspecialized sensory and receptor apparatus with a long e= volutionary history =0D=0Awhich has modified it into its present appr= opriateness or inappropriateness for =0D=0Athe experiment. In additio= n to sensory-motor capacity, the organism brings =0D=0Aassociative ap= paratus, which likewise has a long and specialized evolutionary =0D= =0AHistory. For example, when an organism is placed in a classical co= nditioning =0D=0Aexperiment, not only may the CS be more or less perc= eptible and the US more or =0D=0Aless evocative of a response, but= also the CS and US may be more or less =0D=0Aassociable. The org= anism may be more or less prepared by the evolution of =0D=0Aits spec= ies to associate a given CS and US or a given response with an outcom= e. =0D=0AIf evolution has affected the associability of specific even= ts, then it is =0D=0Apossible, even likely, that the very laws of learning might vary with the =0D=0Apreparedness of the organism f= rom one class of situations to another. If this is =0D=0Aso, investig= ators influenced by the general process view may have discovered = =0D=0Aonly a subset of the laws of learning; the laws of learning abo= ut arbitrarily =0D=0Aconcatenated events, those associations which ha= ppen in fact to be equivalent. =0D=0A

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

We can =0D=0Ade= fine a continuum of preparedness operationally. Confront an organism = with a CS =0D=0Apaired with US or with a response which produces an o= utcome. Depending on the =0D=0Aspecifics, the organism can be either = prepared, unprepared, or contraprepared =0D=0Afor learning about the = events.

=0D=0A

  =0D=0A

=0D=0A

The =0D=0Arelative preparedness of an =0D=0Aorgani= sm for learning about a situation is defined by the amount of input (= e.g., =0D=0Anumbers of trials, pairings, bits of information, etc.) w= hich must occur before =0D=0Athat output (responses, acts, repertoire= , etc.), which is construed as evidence =0D=0Aof acquisition, reliabl= y occurs. It does not matter how input or output are =0D=0Aspecified,= as long as that specification can be used consistently for all point= s =0D=0Aon the continuum. Thus, using the preparedness dimension is i= ndependent of =0D=0Awhether one happens to be an S-R theorist, a cogn= itive theorist, an information =0D=0Aprocessing theorist, an ethologi= st, or what have you. Let me illustrate how one =0D=0Acan place an ex= perimental situation at various points on the continuum for =0D=0Acla= ssical conditioning. If the organism makes the indi- cant response = =0D=0Aconsistently from the very first presentation of the CS on, suc= h =93learning=94 =0D=0Arepresents a clear case of instinctive respond= ing, the extreme of the prepared =0D=0Aend of the dimension. If the o= rganism makes the response consistently after only =0D=0Aa few pairin= gs, it is somewhat prepared. If the response emerges only after many = =0D=0Apairings (extensive input), the organism is unprepared. If acqu= isition occurs =0D=0Aonly after very many pairings or does not occur = at all, the organism is said to =0D=0Abe contraprepared. The number o= f pairings is the measure that makes the =0D=0Adimension a continuum,= and implicit in this dimension is the notion that =0D=0A=93learning= =94 and =93instinct=94 are continuous. Typically ethologists have exa= mined =0D=0Asituations in the prepared side of the dimension, while g= eneral process learning =0D=0Atheorists have largely restricted thems= elves to the unprepared region. The =0D=0Acontraprepared part of the = dimension has been largely uninvestigated, or at =0D=0Aleast unpublis= hed.

=0D=0A

&n= bsp;

=0D=0A

The =0D=0Adimension of preparedness should not = be confused with the notion of operant =0D=0Alevel. The frequency wit= h which a response is made in a given situation is not =0D=0Anecessar= ily related to the associability of that response with a given outcom= e. =0D=0AAs will be seen later, frequent responses may not be acquire= d when they are =0D=0Areinforced as readily as infrequent responses. = Indeed, some theorists (e.g., =0D=0ATurner & Solomon, 1962) have = argued that high- probability, fast-latency =0D=0Aresponding may actu= ally antagonize operant =0D=0Areinforceability.

= =0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

The f= irst =0D=0Aempirical question with which this paper is concerned is w= hether sufficient =0D=0Aevidence exists to challenge the equivalence = of associability. For many years, =0D=0Aethologists and others (for a= n excellent example, see Breland & Breland, =0D=0A1966) have gath= ered a wealth of evidence to challenge the general process view =0D= =0Aof learning. Curiously, however, these data have had little impact= on the =0D=0Ageneral process camp, and while not totally ignored, th= ey have not been =0D=0Atheoretically incorporated. In view of differe= nces in methodology, this is =0D=0Aperhaps understandable. I do not e= xpect that presenting these lines of evidence =0D=0Ahere would have a= ny more effect than it has already had. More persuasive to the =0D= =0Ageneral process theorist should be the findings which have sprung = up within his =0D=0Aown tradition. Within traditional conditioning an= d training paradigms, a =0D=0Aconsiderable body of evidence now exist= s which challenges the premise. In =0D=0Areviewing this evidence, we = shall find the dimension of preparedness to be a =0D=0Auseful = integrative device. It is = =0D=0Anot the intent of this article =0D=0Ato review exhaustively =0D=0Athe growing number of studies =0D=0Awhich challenge the= premise. Rather, we shall look within each of the major =0D=0Aparadi= gms which general process learning theorists have used and discuss on= e or =0D=0Atwo clear examples. The theme of these examples is that al= l events are not =0D=0Aequivalent in their associability; that althou= gh the organism may have the =0D=0Anecessary receptor and effector ap= paratus to deal with events, there is much =0D=0Avariation in its abi= lity to learn about relations between events. =0D=0A

=0D=0A

 

= =0D=0A

Classical =0D=0AConditioning.

= =0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

The = =0D=0Ainvestigation of classical aversive conditioning has been large= ly confined to =0D=0Athe unconditioned response of pain caused by the= stimulus of electric shock (cf. =0D=0ACampbell & Church, 1969), = and the =93laws=94 of classical conditioning are based =0D=0Alargely = on these findings along with those from salivary conditioning. Recent= ly, =0D=0AGarcia and his collaborators (Garcia, Ervin & Koelling,= 1966; Garcia; Ervin, =0D=0AYorke, & Koelling, 1967; Garcia &= Koelling, 1966; Garcia, McGowan, Ervin =0D=0A& Koelling, 1968), = and Rozin and his collaborators (Rodgers & Rozin, =0D=0A1966; Roz= in, 1967, 1968, 1969) have used illness as an unconditioned response = =0D=0Aand reported some intriguing findings. In the paradigm experime= nt (Garcia & =0D=0AKoelling, 1966), rats received =93bright-noisy= , saccharin-tasting water.=94 What =0D=0Athis meant was that whenever= the rat licked a drinking tube containing =0D=0Asaccharine-flavored = water, lights flashed and anoise source sounded. During =0D=0Athese s= essions the rats were Xirradiated. X-irradiation makes rats sick, but= it =0D=0Ashould be noted that the illness does not set in for an hou= r or so following =0D=0AX-raying. Later the rats were tested for acqu= ired aversions to the elements of =0D=0Athe compound CS. The rats had= acquired a strong aversion to the taste of =0D=0Asaccharine, but = had not acquired an aversion to the =93bright-noise.=94 The =0D= =0Arats had =93associated=94 the taste with their illness, but not th= e exteroceptive =0D=0Anoise-light stimuli. So that it could not be ar= gued that saccharine is such a =0D=0Asalient event that it masked the= noise and light, Garcia and Koelling ran the =0D=0Acomplementary exp= eriment: =93Bright and noisy saccharin-tasting water=94 was again = =0D=0Aused as a CS, but this time electric shock to the feet was the = US. The rats were =0D=0Athen tested for aversion to the elements of t= he CS. In this case, the bright =0D=0Anoise became aversive, but the = saccharin-tasting water did not. This showed that =0D=0Athe bright no= ise was clearly perceptible; but the rats associated only the =0D= =0Abright noise and the exteroceptive US of footshock, and not the ta= ste of =0D=0Asaccharin in spite of its also being paired with shock. =

=0D=0A

 <= /P>=0D=0A

In the =0D=0Aexperiment, we see both ends as well as= the middle of the preparedness =0D=0Acontinuum. Rats are prepared, b= y virtue of their evolutionary history, to =0D=0Aassociate tastes wit= h malaise. For in spite of a several-hour delay of =0D=0Areinforcemen= t, and the presence of other perceptible CSs, only the taste was = =0D=0Aassociated with nausea, and light and noise were not. Further, = rats are =0D=0Acontraprepared to associate exteroceptive events with = nausea and contraprepared =0D=0Ato associate tastes with footshock. F= inally, the association of foot- shock with =0D=0Alight and sound is = probably someplace in the unprepared region. The survival =0D=0Aadvan= tage of this preparedness seems obvious; organisms who are poisoned b= y a =0D=0Adistinctive food and survive, do well not to eat it again. = Selective advantage =0D=0Ashould accrue, moreover, to those rats whos= e associative apparatus could bridge =0D=0Aa very long CS-US interval= and who could ignore contiguous, as well as =0D=0Ainterpolated, exte= roceptive CSs in the case of taste and =0D=0Anausea.

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

= Does such =0D=0Aprepared and contraprepared acquisition reflect the e= volutionary results of =0D=0Aselective pressure or does it result fro= m experience? It is possible that =0D=0AGarcia=92s rats may have prev= iously learned that tastes were uncorrelated with =0D=0Aperipheral pa= in andthat tastes were highly correlated with alimentary =0D=0Aconseq= uences. Such an argument involves an unorthodox premise; that rats= =92 =0D=0Acapacities for learning set and transfer are considerably b= roader than =0D=0Apreviously demonstrated. The difference between a p= osition that invokes =0D=0Aselective pressure (post hoc) and the expe= riential set position is testable: =0D=0AWould mating those rats who = were most proficient at learning the taste=97footshock =0D=0Aassociat= ion produce offspring more capable of such learning than an unselecte= d =0D=0Apopulation? Conversely, would interbreeding refractory rats s= elect out the =0D=0Afacility with which the taste=97nausea associatio= n is made?

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

Supporting evidence for preparedness= in =0D=0Aclassical conditioning has come from other recent experimen= ts on specific =0D=0Ahungers and poisoning. Rodgers and Rozin (1966) = and Rozin (1967, 1968) have =0D=0Ademonstrated that at least part of = the mechanism of specific hungers (other than =0D=0Asodium) involves = conditioned aversion to the taste of the diet the rats were =0D=0Aeat= ing as they became sick. Deficient rats spill the old diet and will n= ot eat =0D=0Ait, even after they have recovered. The association of t= he old taste with =0D=0Amalaise seems to be made in spite of the long= delay between taste of the diet =0D=0Aand gradual onset of illness. = The place and the container in which the old diet =0D=0Awas set, more= over, do not become aversive. The remarkable ability of wild rats = =0D=0Awho recover from being poisoned by a novel food, and thereafter= avoid new tastes =0D=0A(Barnett, 1963; Rozin, 1968), also seems to r= esult from classical conditioning. =0D=0ANote that the wild rat must = he prepared to associate the taste with an illness =0D=0Awhich does n= ot appear for several hours in only one trial; note also that it = =0D=0Amust be contraprepared to associate some contiguous CSs surroun= ding the illness =0D=0Awith malaise.

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=0D=0A

Do these =0D= =0Afindings really show that rats can associate tastes and illness wh= en an interval =0D=0Aof many minutes or even hours intervenes or are = they merely a subtle instance of =0D=0Acontiguity? Peripheral cues co= ming either from long-lasting aftertastes or from =0D=0Aregurgitation= might bring the CS and US into contiguity. Rozin (1969) reported = =0D=0Aevidence against aftertaste mediation; rats received a high con= centration of =0D=0Asaccharin paired with apomorphine poisoning. Late= r, the rats were given a choice =0D=0Abetween the high concentration = and a low concentration. The rats preferred the =0D=0Alow concentrati= on, even though the aftertaste that was pur portedly contiguous =0D= =0Awith malaise should be more similar to the low concentration (sinc= e it had been =0D=0Adiluted by saliva) than the high concentration.

=0D=0A

 =0D=0A

Not only =0D=0Ado rats acquire an aversion for =0D=0Athe old diet, on whic= h they got sick, but they also learn to prefer the taste of =0D=0Aa n= ew diet containing the needed substance. This mechanism also seems to= involve =0D=0Aprepared conditioning of taste to an internal state. G= arcia et al. (1967) paired =0D=0Athe taste of saccharin with thiamine= injections given to thiamine deficient =0D=0Arats, and the rats acqu= ired a preference for saccharin. So both the rejection of =0D=0Aold f= oods and acceptance of new foods in specific hungers can be explained= by =0D=0Aprepared conditioning of tastes to internal state.

= =0D=0A

 

=0D= =0A

Instrumental =0D=0ALearning.

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  =0D= =0A

=0D=0A

E. L. =0D=0AThorndike, the fou= nder of the instrumental learning tradition, was by no means =0D=0Aob= livious to the possibility of preparedness in instrumental learning, = as we =0D=0Ashall see below. He also hinted at the importance of prep= aredness in one of his =0D=0Adiscussions of classical conditioning (T= horndike, 1935, pp. 192=97197); one of his =0D=0Astudents (Bregman, 1= 934) attempted to replicate the resuits of Watson and Rayner =0D=0A(1= 920), who found that little Albert became afraid of a white rat, rabb= it, and =0D=0Adog which had been paired with a startling noise. Bregm= an was unable to show any =0D=0Afear conditioning when she paired mor= e conventional CSs, such as blocks of wood =0D=0Aand cloth curtains, = with startling noise. Thorndike speculated that infants at =0D=0Athe = age of locomotion were more disposed to manifest fear to objects that= wiggle =0D=0Aand contort themselves than to motionless CSs.

=0D=0A

 

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Thorndike=92s parallel views on instrumental =0D= =0Alearning rose from his original studies of cats in puzzle boxes. A= s every =0D=0Apsychologist knows, he put cats in large boxes and inve= stigated the course of =0D=0Alearning to pull strings to escape. What= is less widely known is that he put his =0D=0Acats in not just one p= uzzle box, but in a whole series of different ones =0D=0A(incidentall= y in doing this he seems to have discovered learning set=97Thorndike,= =0D=0A1964, pp. 48=97 50) - In o= ne box the cats had to pull a string to =0D=0Aget out, in another a b= utton had to be pushed, in another a lever had to be =0D=0Adepressed,= etc. One of his boxes=97Box Z=97was curious: it was merely a large b= ox =0D=0Awith nothing but a door that the experimenter could open. Th= orndike opened the =0D=0Adoor in Box Z whenever cats licked themselve= s or scratched themselves. The cat =0D=0Ais known to use both of thes= e frequently occurring responses =0D=0Ainstrumentally:

=0D=0A
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it scratches itself to turn off itches, =0D=0A and licks itself to = remove dirt. In addition, Thorndike had established that =0D=0A gett= ing out of a puzzle box was a sufficient reward for reinforcing the a= cts =0D=0A of string pulling, button pushing, and lever clawing. In = spite of this, =0D=0A Thorndike=92s cats seemed to have a good deal = of trouble learning to scratch =0D=0A themselves or lick themselves = to get out of the =0D=0A boxes.
=
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A reanalysis of the individ= ual learning =0D=0A curves presented by Thorndike (1964) for each of= the seven cats who had =0D=0A experience in Box Z documents the imp= ression: of the 28 learning curves =0D=0A presented for these seven = cats in the boxes other than Z, 22 showed faster =0D=0A learning tha= n in Z, three showed approximately equal learning, and only three = =0D=0A showed slower learning. While all of the cats eventually show= ed improved =0D=0A speeds of licking or scratching for escape, such = learning was difficult and =0D=0A irregular. Thorndike noted another= unusual property of licking and =0D=0A scratching:
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= =0D=0A
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There = is in all these cases a noticeable tendency . . . to diminish the act until it becomes a mere vestige of a lick or =0D=0A scratch = . . . the licking degenerated into a m= ere quick =0D=0A turn of the head with one or two motions up and down with tongue ext= ended. Instead =0D=0A of a hearty scratch, the cat waves its paw up = and down rapidly for an instant. =0D=0A Moreover, if sometimes you do not let the cat out after = =0D=0A the feeble reaction, it does =0D=0A not at once repeat the movement, as it would do if it depressed a thumb piece,= for instance, =0D=0A without success in getting the door open [Thor= ndike, 1964, p. 48]. =0D=0A
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Contemporary investigators have reported =0D=0Arelated findings= . Konorski (1967, pp 463=97467) attempted to train =93reflex=94 =0D= =0Amovements, such as anus licking, scratching, and yawning, with foo= d =0D=0Areinforcement. While reporting success with scratching and an= us licking, like =0D=0AThorndike, he observed spontaneous simplificat= ion and arrhythmia in the =0D=0Aresponses. More importantly, he repor= ted that reinforcement of =93true yawning=94 =0D=0Awith food is very = difficult, if not impossible. Bolles and Seelbach (1964) =0D=0Areport= ed that rearing could be reinforced by noise offset, but not punished= by =0D=0Anoise onset, exploration could be modified by both, and gro= oming by neither. =0D=0AThis difference could not be accounted for by= difference in operant level, which =0D=0Ais substantial for all thes= e behaviors of the rat.

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

Thorndike =0D=0A(1964) specul= ated that there may be some acts which the organism is not neurally = =0D=0Aprepared to connect to some sense =0D=0Aimpressions: =0D=0A

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=0D=0A
=0D=0A
=0D=0A If the associations in= general were =0D=0A simply between situation and = impulse to act, one would su= ppose that the =0D=0A situation would be associated with the impulse= to lick or scratch as readily =0D=0A as with the impulse to turn a = button or claw a string. Such is not the case. =0D=0A By comparing t= he curves for Z on pages 57=9758 with the others, one sees that =0D= =0A for so simple an act it takes a long time to form the associatio= n. This is not =0D=0A the final reason, for lack of attention, a sli= ght increase in the time taken =0D=0A to open the door after the act= was done, or an absence =0D= =0A particular acts and definite sense impressions = [italics added] may= very well have been the =0D=0A cause of the difficulty in forming t= he associations [p. 113]. =0D=0A
=0D=0A
=0D= =0A
=0D=0A
=0D=0A
=0D=0A
=0D=0A

This speculation seems reasonable; after all, =0D= =0Ain the natural history of cats, only behavior such as manipulating= objects which =0D=0Amaximized chances for escaping traps would be se= lected, and licking is not in =0D=0Athe repertoire which maximizes es= cape. At minimum, Thorndike demonstrated that =0D=0Athe emission of l= icking paired with an event which could reinforce other emitted =0D= =0Aacts was not sufficient to reinforce licking equally well. In the = present terms, =0D=0AThorndike had discovered a particular instrument= al training situation for which =0D=0Acats are relatively contraprepa= red.

=0D=0A

&nb= sp;

=0D=0A

Brown and =0D=0AJenkins (1968, Experiment 6) hav= e reported findings which appear to come from =0D=0Athe opposite end = of the dimension. Pigeons were exposed to a lighted key which =0D= =0Awas paired with grain delivered in a lighted food hopper below the= key. But =0D=0Aunlike the typical key-pecking situation, the pigeons= =92 pecking the key did not =0D=0Aproduce food. Food was contingent o= nly on the key=92s being lit, not on pecking =0D=0Athe key. In spite = of this, all pigeons began pecking the key after exposure to =0D=0Ath= e lighted key, followed by grain. Moreover, key pecking was maintaine= d even =0D=0Athough it had no effect on food. One can conclude from t= hese =93autoshaping =0D=0Aresults=94 that the pigeon is highly prepar= ed for associating the pecking of a =0D=0Alighted key with grain.

=0D=0A

 

= =0D=0A

There is =0D=0Aanother curiosity in the history of the = instrumental learning literature which =0D=0Ais usefully viewed with = the preparedness dimension: the question of why a =0D=0Areinforcer is= reinforcing. For over 20 years, disputes raged about what =0D=0Amono= lithic principle described the necessary and sufficient conditions fo= r =0D=0Alearning. Hull (1943) claimed that tissue-need reduction must= occur for learning =0D=0Ato take place, while Miller (1951) held tha= t drive reduction was necessary and =0D=0Asufficient. Later, Sheffiel= d, Roby, and Campbell (1954) suggested that a =0D=0Aconsummatory resp= onse was the necessary condition. More recently, it has become =0D= =0Aclear that learning can occur in the absence of any of these (e.g.= , Berlyne, =0D=0A1960). I suggest that when CSs or responses are foll= owed by such biologically =0D=0Aimportant events as need reducers, dr= ive reducers, or consummatory responses, =0D=0Alearning should take p= lace readily because natural selection has prepared =0D=0Aorganisms f= or such relationships. The relative preparedness of organisms for = =0D=0Athese events accounts for the saliency of such learning and hen= ce the appeal of =0D=0Aeach of the monolithic principles. But organis= ms can learn about bar =0D=0Apressing paired with light onset,= etc.; they are merely less prepared to do so, =0D=0Aand hence, the n= ow abundant evidence against the earlier principles was more =0D=0Adi= fficult to gather.

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

Thus, we =0D=0Afind that in instr= umental learning paradigms, there are situations which lie on either side of the = =0D=0Arat=92s bar pressing for food on the preparedness dimension. A = typical rat will =0D=0Aordinarily learn to bar press for food after a= few dozen exposures to the bar =0D=0Apress=97food contingency. But c= ats, who can use scratching and licking as =0D=0Ainstrumental acts in= some situations, have trouble using these acts to get out =0D=0Aof p= uzzle boxes, and dogs do not learn to yawn for food even after many = =0D=0Aexposures to the contingency. On the other hand, pigeons acquir= e a key peck in a =0D=0Alighted key=97 grain situation, even when the= re is no contingency at all between =0D=0Akey pecking and grain. Thes= e three instrumental situations represent unprepared, =0D=0Acontrapre= pared, and prepared contingencies, respectively. Later we shall discu= ss =0D=0Athe possibility that they obey different laws as a function = of different =0D=0Apreparedness. =0D=0A

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

Discrim= ination =0D=0ALearning.

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

The next =0D=0Atwo paradigms we consider=97discrim= ination learning and avoidance learning=97combine =0D=0Aboth classica= l and instrumental = =0D=0Aprocedures. In both of these paradigms, findings have been repo= rted which =0D=0Achallenge the equivalence of associability. We begin= with some recent Polish =0D=0Awork on discrimination learning in dog= s. Lawicka (1964) attempted to train dogs =0D=0Ain either a go right= =97go left differentiation or a go=97no go differentiation. =0D=0AWhether such differenti= ation =0D=0Acould b= e acquired depended on =0D=0Athe specific discriminative stimuli used= . For the left=97right differentiation, if =0D=0Athe S =97 and the S+ differed in location (one speake= r =0D=0Aabove the dog; one speaker below), the dog readily learned wh= ich way to go in =0D=0Aorder to receive food. If, however, the stimul= i came from the same =0D=0Aspeaker and differed only in pitch,= the left=97right differentiation was =0D=0Aexceedingly difficult. To= pographical differences in stimuli, as opposed to =0D=0Aqualitative d= ifferences, seem to aid in differentiating two topographically =0D= =0Adifferent responses. The dog seems contraprepared, moreover, for m= aking a left=97 =0D=0Aright differentiation to two tones which do not= also differ in direction. Lest =0D=0Aone argue that the two tones co= ming out of the same speaker were not =0D=0Adiscriminable, Lawicka (1= 964; like Garcia Sc Koelling, 1966) did the =0D=0Acomplementary exper= iment: dogs were trained to go and receive food or stay with =0D=0Atw= o tones coming out of the same speaker. One tone was the S+ and the o= ther tone =0D=0Athe S The do= gs learned this readily. Thus, using =0D=0Athe same tones which could= not be used to establish a left=97right =0D=0Adifferentiation, a go= =97no go differentiation was established. The author then =0D=0Aattem= pted to elaborate the go no go differentiation to the same tone diffe= ring =0D=0Ain location of speakers. As the reader should expect by now, the dogs had trouble = learning the go=97no =0D=0Ago differentiation to the difference in lo= cation of S+ and 5=97. Dogs, then, are =0D=0Acontraprepared for learn= ing about different locations controlling a go=97no go =0D=0Adifferen= tiation although they are not contraprepared for learning that the sa= me =0D=0Alocations control a left=97right differentiation. Dogs are c= ontraprepared for =0D=0Alearning that qualitative differences of tone= from the same location control a =0D=0Aleft=97right differentiation,= but not contraprepared for using this difference to =0D=0Agovern a g= o-no go differentiation. Dobrzecka and Konorski (1967, 1968) and = =0D=0ASzwejkowska (1967) have confirmed and extended these findings. = =0D=0A

=0D=0A

&= nbsp;

=0D=0A

Emlen =0D=0A(personal communication, 1969) rep= orted discrimination (or at least perceptual) =0D=0Alearning that is = prepared. It is known from planetarium experiments that adult =0D= =0Aindigo buntings use the northern circumpolar constellations for mi= gration, since =0D=0Ablocking these from view disrupts directed migra= tion. One might have thought =0D=0Athat the actual constellations wer= e represented genetically. If young birds are =0D=0Araised under a sk= y which rotates circump= olar constellations for migration and =0D=0Aignore the natural circum= polar constellations. Thus, it appears that indigo =0D=0Abuntings are= prepared to pay attention to and learn about those configurations = =0D=0Aof stars which rotate most slowly in the heavens.

=0D=0A

  =0D=0A

Avoidance =0D=0ALearning.<= /B>

=0D=0A

  =0D= =0A

=0D=0A

Data from =0D=0Aavoidance lear= ning studies also challenge the equivalence of associability. Rats = =0D=0Alearn reasonably readily to press bars to obtain food. Rats als= o learn very =0D=0Areadily to jump (Baum, 1969) and reasonably readil= y to run (Miller, 1941, 1951) =0D=0Afrom a dangerous place to a safe = place to avoid electric shock. From this, the =0D=0Apremise deduces t= hat rats should learn readily to press bars to avoid shock. But =0D= =0Athis is not so (e.g., D=92Amato Sc Schiff, 1964). Very special pro= cedures must be =0D=0Ainstituted to train rats to depress levers to a= void shock reliably (e.g., =0D=0AD=92Amato Sc Fazzaro, 1966; Fantino,= Sharp Sc Cole, 1966). Similarly, pigeons =0D=0Alearn readily to peck= lighted keys to obtain grain: too readily, probably, for =0D=0Athis = to be considered an unprepared or arbitrary response (see Brown Sc Je= nkins, =0D=0A1968). But it is very difficult =0D=0Ato train pigeons with normal =0D=0Alaboratory techniqu= es to key peck to avoid shock. Hoffman and Fleshler (1959) =0D=0Arepo= rted that key pecking was impossible to obtain with negative reinforc= ement; =0D=0AAzrin (1959) found only temporary maintenance of key pec= king in but one pigeon; =0D=0Aand Rachlin and Hineline (1967) needed = 10=9715 hours of patient shaping to train =0D=0Akey pecking to remove= shock. This probably attests more to a problem specific to =0D=0Athe= response and reinforcer than to some inability of the pigeon to lear= n about =0D=0Aavoidance contingencies. Ask anyone who has attempted t= o kill pigeons (e.g., by =0D=0Aelectrocution or throwing rocks at the= m), how good pigeons are at avoiding. =0D=0APigeons learn to fly away= to avoid noxious events (e.g., Bedford Sc Anger, 1968; =0D=0AEmlen, = 1970). In contrast, = it is =0D=0Ahard to imagine a pigeon flying away from something to obtain food. =0D= =0A

=0D=0A

&nbs= p;

=0D=0A

Bolles =0D=0Ahas recently (1970) =97and quite per= suasively=97argued that avoidance responses as =0D=0Astudied in labor= atory experiments are not simple, arbitrary operants. In order =0D= =0Ato produce successful avoidance, =0D=0ABolles argues, the response must be chosen from= among the na= tural, species-specific =0D=0Adefensive repertoire of the orga= nism. Thus, it must be a response for which =0D=0Athe organism is prepared. =0D=0A= Running away for rats and = flying =0D=0Aaway for pigeons make good avoidance responses, while key pecking and = bar =0D=0Apressing (which are probably =0D=0Arelated to the appetitive repertoire) do no= t.

=0D=0A

&nbs= p;

=0D=0A

It might =0D=0Abe argued that these difficulties = in learning avoidance are not due to =0D=0Acontrapreparedness but to = competing motor responses. Thus, for example, rats =0D=0Ahave trouble= pressing levers to avoid shock because shock causes them to =0D=0A= =93freeze=94 which is incompatible with bar pressing. A word of cauti= on is in order =0D=0Aabout such hypotheses: I know of no theory which= specifies in advance what =0D=0Acompetes with what; rather, response= competition (or facilitation) is merely =0D=0Ainvoked post hoc. When= , and if, a theory of topographical incompatibility =0D=0Aaris= es it may indeed provide an ex= planation of =0D=0Acontrapreparedness, but at the present time, i= t does not.

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

Let =0D=0Aus review the evidence against the equivalence =0D=0Aof asso= ciability premise: in classical conditioning, rats are prepared to = =0D=0Aassociate tastes with nausea and contraprepared to associate ta= ste with =0D=0Afootshock. In instrumental learning, different emitted= responses are =0D=0Adifferentially associable with different reinfor= cers: pigeons are prepared to =0D=0Apeck lighted keys for food, since= they will acquire this even in the absence of =0D=0Aany contingency = between key pecking and food. Cats are contraprepared for =0D=0Alearn= ing to scratch themselves to escape, and dogs for yawning for food. I= n =0D=0Adiscrimination learning, dogs are contraprepared to learn tha= t different =0D=0Alocations control a go=97no go differentiation, and= contra- prepared for different =0D=0Aqualities controlling a left= =97right response. In avoidance learning, those =0D=0Aresponses which= come from the natural defensive repertoire of rats and pigeons =0D= =0Aare prepared (or at least unprepared) for avoiding shock. Those re= sponses from =0D=0Athe appetitive repertoire seem contraprepared for = =0D=0Aavoidance.

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

Two Failures of General =0D=0AProcess Learning Theory:

=0D=0A

Langua= ge and the Functional Autonomy of =0D=0AMotives=

=0D=0A

<= B>=  

=0D=0A

The =0D=0Ainterest of psychologists in animal = learning theory is on the wane. Although the =0D=0Areasons are many, = a prominent one is that such theories have failed to capture =0D=0Aan= d bring into the laboratory phenomena which provide fertile models of= complex =0D=0Ahuman learning, This failure may be due in part to the= equivalence premise. By =0D=0Aconcentrating on events for which orga= nisms have been relatively unprepared, the =0D=0Alaws and models whic= h general process learning theories have produced may not be =0D=0Aap= plicable beyond the realm of arbitrary events, arbitrarily connected.= This =0D=0Awould not be an obstacle if all of human learning consist= ed of learning about =0D=0Aarbitrary events. But it does not. Homo= sapiens has an evolutionary =0D=0Ahistory and a biological makeu= p which has made it relatively prepared to learn =0D=0Asome things an= d relatively contraprepared to learn others. If learning varies =0D= =0Awith preparedness, it should not be surprising that the laws for u= nprepared =0D=0Aassociation between events have not explained such ph= enomena as the learning of =0D=0Alanguage or the acquisition of motiv= es.

=0D=0A

&nb= sp;

=0D=0A

Lenneberg =0D=0A(1967) has recently provided an = analysis of language, the minimal conclusion of =0D=0Awhich is that c= hildren do not learn language the way rats learn to press a lever = =0D=0Afor food. Put more strongly, the set of laws which describe lan= guage learning =0D=0Aare not much illuminated by the laws of the acqu= isition of arbitrary =0D=0Aassociations between events, as Skinner (1= 957) has argued. Unlike such =0D=0Aunprepared contingencies as bar pr= essing for food, language does not require =0D=0Acareful training or = shaping for its acquisition. We do not need to arrange sets =0D=0Aof = linguistic contingencies carefully to get children to speak and under= stand =0D=0AEnglish. The =0D=0Aacquisition of language,= not unlike pecking a lighted key for grain in the =0D=0Apigeon and t= he acquisition of birdsong (Petrinovich, 1970), is prepared. The = =0D=0Aoperational criterion for the prepared side of the dimension is= that minimal =0D=0Ainput should produce acquisition. One characteristic of la= nguage =0D=0Aacquisition which separates it from the bar press is jus= t this: elaborate =0D=0Atraining is not required for its production. = =46rom the point of view of this =0D=0Apaper, it is not surprising th= at the traditional analyses of instrumental and =0D=0Aclassical condi= tioning are not adequate for an analysis of language. This is not = =0D=0Abecause language is a phenomenon sui generis, but becaus= e the laws of =0D=0Ainstrumental and classical conditioning were deve= loped to explain unprepared =0D=0Asituations and not to account for l= earning in prepared situations. This is not =0D=0Ato assert that the = laws which govern language acquisition will necessarily be =0D=0Athe = same as those governing the Garcia phenomenon, birdsong, or the key p= eck, =0D=0Abut to say that species- specific, biological analysis mig= ht be fruitfully made =0D=0Aof these phenomena. =0D=0A

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

It is =0D=0Ainteresting to note = in this context the recent success that Gardner and Gardner =0D=0A(19= 70) have had in teaching American sign language to a chimpanzee. The = Gardners =0D=0Areasoned that earlier failures to teach spoken English= to chimpanzees (Hayes =0D=0A& Hayes, 1952; Kellogg & Kellogg= , 1933) did not result from cognitive =0D=0Adeficiencies on the part = of the subjects, but from the contraprepared nature of =0D=0Avocaliza= tion as a trainable response. The great manual dexterity of the =0D= =0Achimpanzee, however, suggested sign language as a more trainable v= ehicle. Hayes =0D=0A(1968) has recently reanalyzed the data from Vick= i (the Hayes=92 chimp) and =0D=0Aconfirmed the suggestion that chimpa= nzees=92 difficulty in using exhalation =0D=0Ainstrumentally may have= caused earlier failures.

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

<= SPAN style=3D"mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Language =0D=0Ais not the o= nly example of human learning that has eluded general process =0D= =0Atheory. The extraordinary persistence of acquired human motives ha= s not been =0D=0Acaptured in ordinary laboratory situations. People, = objects, and endeavors which =0D=0Awere once unmotivating to an indiv= idual acquire and maintain strongly motivating =0D=0Aproperties. Fond= ness for the objects of sexual learning long after sexual desire = =0D=0Ais gone is a clear example. Acquisition of motives is not diffi= cult to bring =0D=0Ainto the laboratory, and the extensive literature= on acquired drives has often =0D=0Abeen taken as an analysis of acqu= ired human motivation. A rat, originally =0D=0Aunafraid of a tone, is= shocked while the tone is played. Thereafter, the rat is =0D=0Aafrai= d of the tone. But the analogy breaks down here; for once the tone is= =0D=0Apresented several times without shock, the tone loses its fear= -inducing =0D=0Aproperties (Little Sc Brimer, 1968; Wagner, Siegel Sc= Fein, 1967). (The low =0D=0Aresistance to extinction of the conditio= ned emotional response should not be =0D=0Aconfused with the high res= istance to extinction of the avoidance response. This =0D=0Ainextingu= ishability probably stems from the failure of the organism to stay = =0D=0Aaround in the presence of the CS long enough to be exposed to t= he fact that =0D=0Ashock no longer follows the CS, rather than a fail= ure of fear of the CS to =0D=0Aextinguish.) Yet, acquired motivators = for humans retain their properties long =0D=0Aafter the primary motiv= ation with which they were originally paired is absent. =0D=0AAliport= (1937) raised the problem for general process theory as the =93funct= ional =0D=0Aautonomy of motives.=94 But in the 30 years since the pro= blem was posed, the =0D=0Afailure of acquired human motives to exting= uish remains unanalyzed =0D=0Aexperimentally.

= =0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

The = =0D=0Anotion of preparedness may be useful in analyzing persistent ac= quired =0D=0Amotivation. Typically, investigations of acquired drives= have paired arbitrary =0D=0ACSs with arbitrary primary motivators. I= t seems possible that if more prepared =0D=0ACSs were paired with pri= mary motivators, the motivational properties of such CSs =0D=0Amight = be unusually resistant to extinction. Seligman, Ives, Ames, and Minek= a =0D=0A(1970) conditioned drinking by pairing compound CSs with inje= ctions of =0D=0Ahypertonic saline-procaine in rats. When the CS consi= sted only of exteroceptive =0D=0Astimuli (white box, white noise), co= nditioning occurred, but extinguished in a =0D=0Afew days. When the i= nteroceptive CS of one-hour water deprivation was added to =0D=0Athe = compound, conditioning occurred and persisted unabated for two months= . It =0D=0Aseems possible that preparedness of mild thirst for associ= ation with rapidly =0D=0Ainduced strong thirst may account for the in= extinguishability of acquired =0D=0Adrinking.

= =0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

Are = =0D=0Ahumans prepared to associate a range of endeavors and objects w= ith primary =0D=0Amotivators, and are such associations unusually per= sistent after the original =0D=0Amotivators have left the scene? Here= , as for language, viewing persistent =0D=0Aacquired motives as cases= of preparedness may make human motivation=97both =0D=0Aadaptive and = maladaptive=97more amenable to study.

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

Preparedness and the Laws of =0D=0ALearning.

=0D=0A

  = =0D=0A

=0D=0A

The =0D=0Aprimar= y empirical question has been answered affirmatively: The premise of = =0D=0Aequivalence of associability does not hold, even in the traditi= onal paradigms =0D=0Afor which it was first assumed. But does this ma= tter? Do the same laws which =0D=0Adescribe the learning of unprepare= d events hold for prepared, unprepared, and =0D=0Acontraprepared even= ts? Given that an organism is prepared, and therefore learns =0D=0Awi= th minimal input, does such learning have different properties from t= hose =0D=0Aunprepared associations that the organism acquires more pa= instakingly? Are the =0D=0Asame mechanisms responsible for learning i= n prepared, unprepared, and relatively =0D=0Acontraprepared situation= s?

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

We can =0D=0Abarely give a tentative answe= r to this question, since it has been largely =0D=0Auninvestigated. O= nly a few pieces of evidence have been gathered to suggest that =0D= =0Aonce a relatively prepared or contraprepared association has been = acquired, it =0D=0Amay not display the same family of extinction curv= es, values for delay of =0D=0Areinforcement, punishment effects, etc.= , as the lever press for food in the rat. =0D=0AConsider again the Ga= rcia and Koelling (1966) findings: the association of =0D=0Atastes wi= th illness is made with very different delays of reinforcement from = =0D=0Aordinary Pavlovian associations. Unlike salivating to sounds, t= he association =0D=0Awill be acquired with delays of up to one hour a= nd more. Detailed studies which =0D=0Acompare directly the delay of r= einforcement gradients, extinction functions, =0D=0Aetc., for prepare= d versus unprepared associations are needed. It would be =0D=0Aintere= sting to find that the extinction and inhibition functions for prepar= ed =0D=0Aassociations were different than for unprepared associations= . If preparation =0D=0Aunderlies the observations of functional auton= omy, prepared associations might =0D=0Abe highly resistant to extinct= ion, punishment, and other changes in instrumental =0D=0Acontingencie= s. Breland and Breland (1966) reported that many of the =93prepared= =94 =0D=0Abehaviors that the organisms they worked with acquired woul= d persist even under =0D=0Acounterproductive instrumental contingenci= es. To what extent would the =0D=0Aautoshaped key pecking responses o= f Brown and Jenkins (1968) be weakened by =0D=0Aextinction or punishm= ent, as bar pressing for food is weakened? Williams and =0D=0AWilliam= s (1969) reported that autoshaped key-pecking responses persist even = when =0D=0Athey actually =93cost=94 the pigeon reinforcement.

=0D=0A

 

=0D= =0A

Does =0D=0Acontraprepared behavior, after being acquired, = obey the same laws as unprepared =0D=0Abehavior? Thorndike (1964) rep= orted that when he finally trained licking for =0D=0Aescape, the resp= onse no longer looked like the natural response, but was a pale, = =0D=0Amechanical imitation of the natural response. Would the propert= ies of the =0D=0Aresponse differentiation and shaping of such behavio= r be like those of =0D=0Aunprepared responses? The answer to this ran= ge of questions is presently =0D=0Aunknown.

= =0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

Preparedness has been operationally defined, =0D=0Aand it is possibl= e that different laws of learning may vary with the dimension. =0D= =0AHow can the dimension be anchored more firmly? Might different cog= nitive and =0D=0Aphysiological mechanisms covary with dimension?=

=0D=0A

 

= =0D=0A

Acquired =0D=0Aaversions to tastes following illness is= commonplace in humans. These Garcia =0D=0Aphenomena are not easily m= odified by cognition in contrast to other classically =0D=0Acondition= ed responses in humans (e.g., Spence Sc Platt, 1967). The knowledge = =0D=0Athat the illness was caused by the stomach flu and not the Sauc= e Bearnaise does =0D=0Anot prevent the sauce from tasting bad in the = future. Garcia, Kovner, and Green =0D=0A(1970) reported that distinct= ive tastes can be used by rats as a cue for shock =0D=0Aavoidance in = a shuttlebox; but the preference for the taste in the home cage is = =0D=0Aunchanged. When the taste is paired with illness, however, the = preference is =0D=0Areduced in the home cage. Such evidence suggests = that prepared associations may =0D=0Anot be cognitively mediated, and= it is tempting to speculate that cognitive =0D=0Amechanisms (expecta= tion, attention, etc.) come into play with more unprepared or =0D= =0Acontraprepared situations. If this is so, it is ironic that the = =93blind=94 =0D=0Aconnections which both Thorndike and Pavlov wanted = to study lie in the prepared =0D=0Arealm and not in the unprepared pa= radigms they =0D=0Ainvestigated.

=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

We might =0D=0Aals= o ask if different neural structures underlie differently prepared le= arning. =0D=0ADoes elaborate prewiring mediate prepared associations = such as taste and nausea, =0D=0Awhile more plastic structures mediate= unprepared and contraprepared =0D=0Aassociations?<= /P>=0D=0A

 

=0D=0A

= We have =0D=0Adefined the dimension of preparedness and given example= s of it. To anchor the =0D=0Adimension we need to know the different = laws of learning (families of functions) =0D=0Ahold along the answers= to three questions about what covaries with it: (a) Do =0D=0Adimensi= on? (b) Do different cognitive mechanisms covary with different laws = of =0D=0Alearning (families of functions) hold along it? (c) Do diffe= rent physiological =0D=0Amechanisms also covary with preparedness?

=0D=0A

  =0D=0A

= =0D=0A

Preparation and the General Process =0D= =0AView of Learning.

= =0D=0A

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If the =0D=0Apremise of equivalence of associa= bility is false, then we have reason to suspect =0D=0Athat the laws o= f learning discovered using lever pressing and salivation may not = =0D=0Ahold for any more than other simple, unprepared associations. I= f the laws of =0D=0Alearning for unprepared association do not hold f= or prepared or contraprepared =0D=0Aassociations, is the general proc= ess view salvageable in any form? This is an =0D=0Aempirical question= . Its answer depends on whether differences in learning =0D= =0Avary systematically along the dimension of preparedness; the quest= ion reduces to =0D=0Awhether the preparedness continuum is a nomologi= cal continuum. For example, if =0D=0Aone finds that the families of e= xtinction functions vary systematically with the =0D=0Adimension, the= n one might be able to formulate general laws of =0D=0Aextinct= ion. Thus, if prepared CRs extinguished very slowly, unprepared CRs = =0D=0Aextinguished gradually, and contraprepared CRs extinguished pre= cipitously, such =0D=0Aa systematic, continuous difference in laws= would be a truly general law =0D=0Aof extinction. But before suc= h general laws can be achieved, we must first =0D=0Ainvestigate what = the laws of prepared and contraprepared associations actually =0D= =0Aare. If this were done, then the possibility of general laws of le= arning would =0D=0Abe again alive.

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The p= reparation of this =0D=0Amanuscript was supported in part by National= Institute of Mental Health Grant MH =0D=0A16546-01 to the author. Th= e author gratefully acknowledges the helpful comments =0D=0Aof R. Bol= les, P. Cabe, S. Emlen, J. = Garcia, E. Lenneberg, R. MacLeod, H. Rachlin, =0D=0AD. Regan, R. Rosi= nski, P. Rozin, T. A. Ryan, R. Solomon, and F. =0D=0AStollnitz.<= /o:p>

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H+BZbZGXbtna68w6KPCh/GpysKtryFHi0eXMa01p2PtXf3YvIN04aO8QiBQecN5h PJ9AYlvmBQnrOPpjmsnZugTotIcwUh3Rpb5kUsucD7Jevr1wuK+OTphh5Q3gI0Dd ROPvkma/cfUCFEozPoWM1OJsfOpFHNDFjIHhFtA6MPCYwESrBtXbFGungG9ks0P2 uKlrOqG1yyI7HRiLeHH4E8US/wCJGMDmhOeQCYaZKIKjP/B8WVKD0icObY9JaCTo dzKETvhD+Z/wUWYDPE3mbI4wzuVPL/sOUWs+BnWaZUYRiQpaQ0wvrpYZQJYZWiGI sIUIofxe0NdWGpzsCf1lECmHhi+mV/EgKeIgsvWzJTyCG1HVedzHFkiCP0gqNLAH oADJBLrURaonlIIpHBOWOxIyTnYMjmGKAhfpa4X/AIyacmSFwSDEgn/Ah//Z --Boundary_(ID_FZww7G4D9cGa/FnTNISljw)-- From: IN%"coape@nildram.co.uk" "Robin Walker" 29-JUN-2004 05:30:57.94 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology Network" CC: Subj: John Lane and All Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBUWNY9P1C8YMEMI@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from coape@nildram.co.uk); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 05:30:57 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBUWNY64Y88YQJHJ@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 05:30:48 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBUWNWC8BS8WZGY5@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 05:30:48 -0600 (CST) Received: from smtp.nildram.co.uk (smtp.nildram.co.uk [195.112.4.54]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5TBU3FZ008196 for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 05:30:14 -0600 (envelope-from coape@nildram.co.uk) Received: from gateway (coape.gotadsl.co.uk [62.3.230.204]) by smtp.nildram.co.uk (Postfix) with ESMTP id D46A7262499 for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 12:29:57 +0100 (BST) Date: Tue, 29 Jun 2004 12:30:03 +0100 From: Robin Walker Subject: John Lane and All To: Applied Ethology Network Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <000001c45dcc$6c3216b0$cce6033e@gateway> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4024 Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable Importance: Normal X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='LINES_OF_YELLING 0.001, LINES_OF_YELLING_2 0.001' Dear John (and All), Thank you your research - it is appreciated although saved for later study. As a matter of interest the Daily Mail Tuesday, June 29, 2004 has and article by Professor Stuart Campbell (trailing his new book "Watch Me Grow".) Among the foetal images is one in the 29th week depicting a yawn. I must support LucyG's recommendation of the www.baillemont site I have two mild concerns. 1 Please let yawning cease with death. 2. While we can still breathe, let no one discover www.petaomane (God! It exits! It was a guess - someone open a window!)=20 A note: - John Fisher used to enthral Dutch audiences with his behavioural lectures. Shortly after discovering the clicker he was demonstrating on a dog. I forget what precise behaviour he sought to reinforce but it was some time before John realised that the dog was extending one ear and being rewarded with a click. Eventually the ear was stretched out rigidly like a wing, occasioning much merriment to John and his audience. Clearly the basic array of orienting aural movements was prepared for the instinctive pricking but the extensor selection (without tilting or any facial additions) did seem quite striking. Ordinarily a dog would not solicit food by stiffening one ear nor continue to exert such a precise rehearsal and increase in effort if left to offer its innate repertoire. What I am trying to say is the autonomic motor components of the cranial nerves were clearly under voluntary control for reward. In the first few lines of his paper Seligman says "dogs don't yawn for food." He might equally have said "dogs don't stiffen one ear and adduct it laterally like a board sail, for food." I think that they do not act thus in either contingence - ORDINARILY - but clearly they can be trained if they are obliging enough to offer the opportunity.=20 I any of you are distressed by this correspondence, try not to 'air-swallow' Robin -----Original Message----- From: John R. Lane [mailto:k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz]=20 Sent: 29 June 2004 09:22 To: Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca Subject: 1970 Paper by Seligman "On the generality of the laws of learning" Hello all, =A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0=A0 I think I have found a true copy = of one of the papers by Seligman under discussion on the web. This was at http://uwf.edu/psych/bmikulas/Webpage/learning/intro.htm=A0This was his 1970 paper.=A0 "On the Generalityof the Laws of Learning"=20 The other two, one in 1971, and the one Jackie refered to in 1972=A0, I = am still sourcing originals from Massey Uni. ( I only have access to extracts and interpreations written by others at this point) When I get them I will, if I am given permission, post them here as well. =A0I think you have to=A0read them all in order to follow Seligman's = whole concept. =A0I hope this is a help to those wanting to know more about what Seligmans theory=A0of a "preparedness continuum" in learning is about. Regards John L. New Zealand =A0 =A0 =A0 On the Generality of the Laws of Learning=92 =A0=20 MARTIN E. P. SELIGMAN, Cornell University=20 =A0=20 =A0=20 That all events are equally associable and obey common laws is a central assumption of general process learning theory. A continuum of preparedness is defined which holds that organisms are prepared to associate certain events, unprepared for some, and contraprepared for others. A review of data from the traditional learning paradigms shows that the assumption of equivalent associability is false: in classical conditioning, rats are prepared to associate tastes with illness even over very long delays of reinforcement, but are contraprepared to associate tastes with footshock. In instrumental training, pigeons acquire key pecking in the absence of a contingency between pecking and grain (prepared), while cats, on the other hand, have trouble learning to lick themselves to escape, and dogs do not yawn for food (contraprepared). In discrimination, dogs are contraprepared to learn that different locations of discriminative stimuli control go=97no go responding, and to learn that different qualities control directional responding. In avoidance, responses from the natural defensive repertoire are prepared for avoiding shock, while those from the appetitive repertoire are contraprepared. Language acquisition and the functional autonomy of motives are also viewed using the preparedness continuum. Finally, it is speculated that the laws of learning themselves may vary with the preparedness of the organism for the association and that different physiological and cognitive mechanisms may covary with the dimension.=20 =A0=20 Sometimes we forget why psychologists ever trained white rats to press bars for little pellets of flour or sounded metronomes followed by meat powder for domestic dogs. After all, when in the real world do rats encounter levers which they learn to press in order to eat, and when do our pet dogs ever come across metronomes whose clicking signals meat powder? It may be useful now to remind ourselves about a basic premise which gave rise to such bizarre endeavors, and to see if we still have reason to believe this premise. =A0=20 THE GENERAL PROCESS VIEW OF LEARNING =A0=20 It was hoped that in the simple, controlled world of levers and mechanical feeders, of metronomes and salivation, something quite general would emerge. If we took such an arbitrary behavior as pressing a lever and such an arbitrary organism as an albino rat, and set it to work pressing the lever for food, then by virtue of the very arbitrariness of the environment, we would find features of the rat=92s behavior general to real-life instrumental learning. Similarly, if we took a dog, undistracted by extraneous noises and sights, and paired a metronome=92s clicking with meat, what we found about the salivation of the dog might reveal characteristics of associations in general. For instance, when Pavlov found that salivation stopped occurring to a clicking that used to signal meat powder, but no longer did, he hoped that this was an instance of a law, =93experimental extinction,=94 which would have application beyond clicking metronomes, meat powder, and salivation. What captured the interest of the psychological world was the possibility that such laws might describe the general characteristics of the behavior acquired as the result of pairing one event with another. When Thorndike found that cats learned only gradually to pull strings to escape from puzzle boxes, the intriguing hypothesis was that animal learning in general was by trial and error. In both of these situations, the very arbitrariness and unnaturalness of the experiment was assumed to guarantee generality, since the situation would be uncontaminated by past experience the organism might have had or by special biological propensities he might bring to it.=20 =A0 The basic premise can be stated specifically: In classical conditioning, the choice of CS, US, and response is a matter of relative indifference; that is, any CS and US can be associated with approximately equal facility, and a set of general laws exist which describe the acquisition, extinction, inhibition, delay of reinforcement, spontaneous recovery, etc., for all CSs and USs. In instrumental learning, the choice of response and reinforcer is a matter of relative indifference; that is, any emitted response and any reinforcer can be associated with approximately equal facility, and a set of general laws exist which describe acquisition, extinction, discriminative control, generalization, etc., for all responses and reinforcers. I call this premise the assumption of equivalence of associability, and I suggest that it lies at the heart of general process learning theory. =A0 This is not a straw man. Here are some quotes from three major learning theorists to document this assumption: It is obvious that the reflex activity of any effector organ can be chosen for the purpose of investigation, since signalling stimuli can get linked up with any of the inborn reflexes [Pavlov, 1927, p. 17]. Any natural phenomenon chosen at will may be converted into a conditional stimulus . . . any visual stimulus, any desired sound, any odor, and the stimulation of any part of the skin [Pavlov, 1928, p. 86]. All stimulus elements are equally likely to be sampled and the probability of a response at any time is equal to the proportion of elements in S=92 that are connected to it. - - On any acquisition trial all stimulus elements sampled by the organism become connected to the response reinforced on that trial [Estes, 1959, p. 399].=20 The general topography of operant behavior is not important, because most if not all specific operants are conditioned. I suggest that the dynamic properties of operant behavior may be studied with a single reflex [Skinner, 1938, pp. 45=9746]. =A0=20 A REEXAMINATION OF=20 EQUIVALENCE OF ASSOCIABILITY The premise of equivalence places a special premium on the investigations of arbitrarily related, as opposed to naturally occurring, events. Such events, since they are supposedly uncontaminated by past experience or by special propensities the organism brings to the situation, provide paradigms for the investigations of general laws of learning. More than 60 years of research in both the instrumental and classical conditioning traditions have yielded considerable data suggesting that similar laws hold over a wide range of arbitrarily chosen events; the shape of generalization gradients is pretty much the same for galvanic skin responses classically conditioned to tones when shock is the US (Hovland, 1937), and for salivating to being touched at different points on the back when food is the US (Pavlov, 1927). Partial reinforcement causes greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement regardless of whether rats are bar pressing for water or running down alleyways for food. Examples of analogous generality of laws could be multiplied at great length. =A0 Inherent in the emphasis on arbitrary events, however, is a danger: that the laws so found will not be general, but peculiar to arbitrary events. =A0=20 THE DIMENSION OF PREPAREDNESS=20 =A0=20 It is a truism that an organism brings to any experiment certain equipment and predispositions more or less appropriate to that situation. It brings specialized sensory and receptor apparatus with a long evolutionary history which has modified it into its present appropriateness or inappropriateness for the experiment. In addition to sensory-motor capacity, the organism brings associative apparatus, which likewise has a long and specialized evolutionary History. For example, when an organism is placed in a classical conditioning experiment, not only may the CS be more or less perceptible and the US more or less evocative of a response, but also the CS and US may be more or less associable. The organism may be more or less prepared by the evolution of its species to associate a given CS and US or a given response with an outcome. If evolution has affected the associability of specific events, then it is possible, even likely, that the very laws of learning might vary with the preparedness of the organism from one class of situations to another. If this is so, investigators influenced by the general process view may have discovered only a subset of the laws of learning; the laws of learning about arbitrarily concatenated events, those associations which happen in fact to be equivalent.=20 =A0 We can define a continuum of preparedness operationally. Confront an organism with a CS paired with US or with a response which produces an outcome. Depending on the specifics, the organism can be either prepared, unprepared, or contraprepared for learning about the events.=20 =A0=20 The relative preparedness of an organism for learning about a situation is defined by the amount of input (e.g., numbers of trials, pairings, bits of information, etc.) which must occur before that output (responses, acts, repertoire, etc.), which is construed as evidence of acquisition, reliably occurs. It does not matter how input or output are specified, as long as that specification can be used consistently for all points on the continuum. Thus, using the preparedness dimension is independent of whether one happens to be an S-R theorist, a cognitive theorist, an information processing theorist, an ethologist, or what have you. Let me illustrate how one can place an experimental situation at various points on the continuum for classical conditioning. If the organism makes the indi- cant response consistently from the very first presentation of the CS on, such =93learning=94 represents a clear case = of instinctive responding, the extreme of the prepared end of the dimension. If the organism makes the response consistently after only a few pairings, it is somewhat prepared. If the response emerges only after many pairings (extensive input), the organism is unprepared. If acquisition occurs only after very many pairings or does not occur at all, the organism is said to be contraprepared. The number of pairings is the measure that makes the dimension a continuum, and implicit in this dimension is the notion that =93learning=94 and =93instinct=94 are continuous. Typically ethologists have examined situations in the prepared side of the dimension, while general process learning theorists have largely restricted themselves to the unprepared region. The contraprepared part of the dimension has been largely uninvestigated, or at least unpublished.=20 =A0 The dimension of preparedness should not be confused with the notion of operant level. The frequency with which a response is made in a given situation is not necessarily related to the associability of that response with a given outcome. As will be seen later, frequent responses may not be acquired when they are reinforced as readily as infrequent responses. Indeed, some theorists (e.g., Turner & Solomon, 1962) have argued that high- probability, fast-latency responding may actually antagonize operant reinforceability. =A0 The first empirical question with which this paper is concerned is whether sufficient evidence exists to challenge the equivalence of associability. For many years, ethologists and others (for an excellent example, see Breland & Breland, 1966) have gathered a wealth of evidence to challenge the general process view of learning. Curiously, however, these data have had little impact on the general process camp, and while not totally ignored, they have not been theoretically incorporated. In view of differences in methodology, this is perhaps understandable. I do not expect that presenting these lines of evidence here would have any more effect than it has already had. More persuasive to the general process theorist should be the findings which have sprung up within his own tradition. Within traditional conditioning and training paradigms, a considerable body of evidence now exists which challenges the premise. In reviewing this evidence, we shall find the dimension of preparedness to be a useful integrative device. It is not the intent of this article to review exhaustively the growing number of studies which challenge the premise. Rather, we shall look within each of the major paradigms which general process learning theorists have used and discuss one or two clear examples. The theme of these examples is that all events are not equivalent in their associability; that although the organism may have the necessary receptor and effector apparatus to deal with events, there is much variation in its ability to learn about relations between events.=20 =A0=20 Classical Conditioning. =A0 The investigation of classical aversive conditioning has been largely confined to the unconditioned response of pain caused by the stimulus of electric shock (cf. Campbell & Church, 1969), and the =93laws=94 of classical conditioning are based largely on these findings along with those from salivary conditioning. Recently, Garcia and his collaborators (Garcia, Ervin & Koelling, 1966; Garcia; Ervin, Yorke, & Koelling, 1967; Garcia & Koelling, 1966; Garcia, McGowan, Ervin & Koelling, 1968), and Rozin and his collaborators (Rodgers & Rozin, 1966; Rozin, 1967, 1968, 1969) have used illness as an unconditioned response and reported some intriguing findings. In the paradigm experiment (Garcia & Koelling, 1966), rats received =93bright-noisy, saccharin-tasting water.=94 What = this meant was that whenever the rat licked a drinking tube containing saccharine-flavored water, lights flashed and anoise source sounded. During these sessions the rats were Xirradiated. X-irradiation makes rats sick, but it should be noted that the illness does not set in for an hour or so following X-raying. Later the rats were tested for acquired aversions to the elements of the compound CS. The rats had acquired a strong aversion to the taste of saccharine, but had not acquired an aversion to the =93bright-noise.=94 The rats had = =93associated=94 the taste with their illness, but not the exteroceptive noise-light stimuli. So that it could not be argued that saccharine is such a salient event that it masked the noise and light, Garcia and Koelling ran the complementary experiment: =93Bright and noisy saccharin-tasting water=94 was again used as a CS, but this time electric shock to the = feet was the US. The rats were then tested for aversion to the elements of the CS. In this case, the bright noise became aversive, but the saccharin-tasting water did not. This showed that the bright noise was clearly perceptible; but the rats associated only the bright noise and the exteroceptive US of footshock, and not the taste of saccharin in spite of its also being paired with shock.=20 =A0 In the experiment, we see both ends as well as the middle of the preparedness continuum. Rats are prepared, by virtue of their evolutionary history, to associate tastes with malaise. For in spite of a several-hour delay of reinforcement, and the presence of other perceptible CSs, only the taste was associated with nausea, and light and noise were not. Further, rats are contraprepared to associate exteroceptive events with nausea and contraprepared to associate tastes with footshock. Finally, the association of foot- shock with light and sound is probably someplace in the unprepared region. The survival advantage of this preparedness seems obvious; organisms who are poisoned by a distinctive food and survive, do well not to eat it again. Selective advantage should accrue, moreover, to those rats whose associative apparatus could bridge a very long CS-US interval and who could ignore contiguous, as well as interpolated, exteroceptive CSs in the case of taste and nausea. =A0 Does such prepared and contraprepared acquisition reflect the evolutionary results of selective pressure or does it result from experience? It is possible that Garcia=92s rats may have previously learned that tastes were uncorrelated with peripheral pain andthat tastes were highly correlated with alimentary consequences. Such an argument involves an unorthodox premise; that rats=92 capacities for learning set and transfer are considerably broader than previously demonstrated. The difference between a position that invokes selective pressure (post hoc) and the experiential set position is testable: Would mating those rats who were most proficient at learning the taste=97footshock association produce offspring more capable of such learning than an unselected population? Conversely, would interbreeding refractory rats select out the facility with which the taste=97nausea association is made? =A0 Supporting evidence for preparedness in classical conditioning has come from other recent experiments on specific hungers and poisoning. Rodgers and Rozin (1966) and Rozin (1967, 1968) have demonstrated that at least part of the mechanism of specific hungers (other than sodium) involves conditioned aversion to the taste of the diet the rats were eating as they became sick. Deficient rats spill the old diet and will not eat it, even after they have recovered. The association of the old taste with malaise seems to be made in spite of the long delay between taste of the diet and gradual onset of illness. The place and the container in which the old diet was set, moreover, do not become aversive. The remarkable ability of wild rats who recover from being poisoned by a novel food, and thereafter avoid new tastes (Barnett, 1963; Rozin, 1968), also seems to result from classical conditioning. Note that the wild rat must he prepared to associate the taste with an illness which does not appear for several hours in only one trial; note also that it must be contraprepared to associate some contiguous CSs surrounding the illness with malaise. =A0 Do these findings really show that rats can associate tastes and illness when an interval of many minutes or even hours intervenes or are they merely a subtle instance of contiguity? Peripheral cues coming either from long-lasting aftertastes or from regurgitation might bring the CS and US into contiguity. Rozin (1969) reported evidence against aftertaste mediation; rats received a high concentration of saccharin paired with apomorphine poisoning. Later, the rats were given a choice between the high concentration and a low concentration. The rats preferred the low concentration, even though the aftertaste that was pur portedly contiguous with malaise should be more similar to the low concentration (since it had been diluted by saliva) than the high concentration. =A0 Not only do rats acquire an aversion for the old diet, on which they got sick, but they also learn to prefer the taste of a new diet containing the needed substance. This mechanism also seems to involve prepared conditioning of taste to an internal state. Garcia et al. (1967) paired the taste of saccharin with thiamine injections given to thiamine deficient rats, and the rats acquired a preference for saccharin. So both the rejection of old foods and acceptance of new foods in specific hungers can be explained by prepared conditioning of tastes to internal state.=20 =A0=20 Instrumental Learning. =A0=20 E. L. Thorndike, the founder of the instrumental learning tradition, was by no means oblivious to the possibility of preparedness in instrumental learning, as we shall see below. He also hinted at the importance of preparedness in one of his discussions of classical conditioning (Thorndike, 1935, pp. 192=97197); one of his students (Bregman, 1934) attempted to replicate the resuits of Watson and Rayner (1920), who found that little Albert became afraid of a white rat, rabbit, and dog which had been paired with a startling noise. Bregman was unable to show any fear conditioning when she paired more conventional CSs, such as blocks of wood and cloth curtains, with startling noise. Thorndike speculated that infants at the age of locomotion were more disposed to manifest fear to objects that wiggle and contort themselves than to motionless CSs. =A0 Thorndike=92s parallel views on instrumental learning rose from his original studies of cats in puzzle boxes. As every psychologist knows, he put cats in large boxes and investigated the course of learning to pull strings to escape. What is less widely known is that he put his cats in not just one puzzle box, but in a whole series of different ones (incidentally in doing this he seems to have discovered learning set=97Thorndike, 1964, pp. 48=97 50) - In one box the cats had to pull a string to get out, in another a button had to be pushed, in another a lever had to be depressed, etc. One of his boxes=97Box Z=97was curious: = it was merely a large box with nothing but a door that the experimenter could open. Thorndike opened the door in Box Z whenever cats licked themselves or scratched themselves. The cat is known to use both of these frequently occurring responses instrumentally: it scratches itself to turn off itches, and licks itself to remove dirt. In addition, Thorndike had established that getting out of a puzzle box was a sufficient reward for reinforcing the acts of string pulling, button pushing, and lever clawing. In spite of this, Thorndike=92s cats seemed to have a good deal of trouble learning to scratch themselves or lick themselves to get out of the boxes. A reanalysis of the individual learning curves presented by Thorndike (1964) for each of the seven cats who had experience in Box Z documents the impression: of the 28 learning curves presented for these seven cats in the boxes other than Z, 22 showed faster learning than in Z, three showed approximately equal learning, and only three showed slower learning. While all of the cats eventually showed improved speeds of licking or scratching for escape, such learning was difficult and irregular. Thorndike noted another unusual property of licking and scratching: There is in all these cases a noticeable tendency . . . to diminish the act until it becomes a mere vestige of a lick or scratch . . . the licking degenerated into a mere quick turn of the head with one or two motions up and down with tongue extended. Instead of a hearty scratch, the cat waves its paw up and down rapidly for an instant. Moreover, if sometimes you do not let the cat out after the feeble reaction, it does not at once repeat the movement, as it would do if it depressed a thumb piece, for instance, without success in getting the door open [Thorndike, 1964, p. 48].=20 =A0=20 Contemporary investigators have reported related findings. Konorski (1967, pp 463=97467) attempted to train =93reflex=94 movements, such as = anus licking, scratching, and yawning, with food reinforcement. While reporting success with scratching and anus licking, like Thorndike, he observed spontaneous simplification and arrhythmia in the responses. More importantly, he reported that reinforcement of =93true yawning=94 = with food is very difficult, if not impossible. Bolles and Seelbach (1964) reported that rearing could be reinforced by noise offset, but not punished by noise onset, exploration could be modified by both, and grooming by neither. This difference could not be accounted for by difference in operant level, which is substantial for all these behaviors of the rat. =A0 Thorndike (1964) speculated that there may be some acts which the organism is not neurally prepared to connect to some sense impressions:=20 If the associations in general were simply between situation and impulse to act, one would suppose that the situation would be associated with the impulse to lick or scratch as readily as with the impulse to turn a button or claw a string. Such is not the case. By comparing the curves for Z on pages 57=9758 with the others, one sees that for so simple an = act it takes a long time to form the association. This is not the final reason, for lack of attention, a slight increase in the time taken to open the door after the act was done, or an absence of preparation in the nervous system for connections between these particular acts and definite sense impressions [italics added] may very well have been the cause of the difficulty in forming the associations [p. 113].=20 This speculation seems reasonable; after all, in the natural history of cats, only behavior such as manipulating objects which maximized chances for escaping traps would be selected, and licking is not in the repertoire which maximizes escape. At minimum, Thorndike demonstrated that the emission of licking paired with an event which could reinforce other emitted acts was not sufficient to reinforce licking equally well. In the present terms, Thorndike had discovered a particular instrumental training situation for which cats are relatively contraprepared. =A0 Brown and Jenkins (1968, Experiment 6) have reported findings which appear to come from the opposite end of the dimension. Pigeons were exposed to a lighted key which was paired with grain delivered in a lighted food hopper below the key. But unlike the typical key-pecking situation, the pigeons=92 pecking the key did not produce food. Food was contingent only on the key=92s being lit, not on pecking the key. In = spite of this, all pigeons began pecking the key after exposure to the lighted key, followed by grain. Moreover, key pecking was maintained even though it had no effect on food. One can conclude from these =93autoshaping results=94 that the pigeon is highly prepared for associating the = pecking of a lighted key with grain. =A0 There is another curiosity in the history of the instrumental learning literature which is usefully viewed with the preparedness dimension: the question of why a reinforcer is reinforcing. For over 20 years, disputes raged about what monolithic principle described the necessary and sufficient conditions for learning. Hull (1943) claimed that tissue-need reduction must occur for learning to take place, while Miller (1951) held that drive reduction was necessary and sufficient. Later, Sheffield, Roby, and Campbell (1954) suggested that a consummatory response was the necessary condition. More recently, it has become clear that learning can occur in the absence of any of these (e.g., Berlyne, 1960). I suggest that when CSs or responses are followed by such biologically important events as need reducers, drive reducers, or consummatory responses, learning should take place readily because natural selection has prepared organisms for such relationships. The relative preparedness of organisms for these events accounts for the saliency of such learning and hence the appeal of each of the monolithic principles. But organisms can learn about bar pressing paired with light onset, etc.; they are merely less prepared to do so, and hence, the now abundant evidence against the earlier principles was more difficult to gather.=20 =A0 Thus, we find that in instrumental learning paradigms, there are situations which lie on either side of the rat=92s bar pressing for food on the preparedness dimension. A typical rat will ordinarily learn to bar press for food after a few dozen exposures to the bar press=97food contingency. But cats, who can use scratching and licking as instrumental acts in some situations, have trouble using these acts to get out of puzzle boxes, and dogs do not learn to yawn for food even after many exposures to the contingency. On the other hand, pigeons acquire a key peck in a lighted key=97 grain situation, even when there = is no contingency at all between key pecking and grain. These three instrumental situations represent unprepared, contraprepared, and prepared contingencies, respectively. Later we shall discuss the possibility that they obey different laws as a function of different preparedness.=20 =A0=20 Discrimination Learning. =A0=20 The next two paradigms we consider=97discrimination learning and = avoidance learning=97combine both classical and instrumental procedures. In both = of these paradigms, findings have been reported which challenge the equivalence of associability. We begin with some recent Polish work on discrimination learning in dogs. Lawicka (1964) attempted to train dogs in either a go right=97go left differentiation or a go=97no go differentiation. Whether such differentiation could be acquired depended on the specific discriminative stimuli used. For the left=97right differentiation, if the S =97 and the S+ differed in location (one = speaker above the dog; one speaker below), the dog readily learned which way to go in order to receive food. If, however, the stimuli came from the same speaker and differed only in pitch, the left=97right differentiation was exceedingly difficult. Topographical differences in stimuli, as opposed to qualitative differences, seem to aid in differentiating two topographically different responses. The dog seems contraprepared, moreover, for making a left=97 right differentiation to two tones which = do not also differ in direction. Lest one argue that the two tones coming out of the same speaker were not discriminable, Lawicka (1964; like Garcia Sc Koelling, 1966) did the complementary experiment: dogs were trained to go and receive food or stay with two tones coming out of the same speaker. One tone was the S+ and the other tone the S =97. The dogs learned this readily. Thus, using the same tones which could not be used to establish a left=97right differentiation, a go=97no go = differentiation was established. The author then attempted to elaborate the go no go differentiation to the same tone differing in location of speakers. As the reader should expect by now, the dogs had trouble learning the = go=97no go differentiation to the difference in location of S+ and 5=97. Dogs, then, are contraprepared for learning about different locations controlling a go=97no go differentiation although they are not contraprepared for learning that the same locations control a = left=97right differentiation. Dogs are contraprepared for learning that qualitative differences of tone from the same location control a left=97right differentiation, but not contraprepared for using this difference to govern a go-no go differentiation. Dobrzecka and Konorski (1967, 1968) and Szwejkowska (1967) have confirmed and extended these findings.=20 =A0 Emlen (personal communication, 1969) reported discrimination (or at least perceptual) learning that is prepared. It is known from planetarium experiments that adult indigo buntings use the northern circumpolar constellations for migration, since blocking these from view disrupts directed migration. One might have thought that the actual constellations were represented genetically. If young birds are raised under a sky which rotates around a fictitious axis, however, they use the arbitrarily chosen circumpolar constellations for migration and ignore the natural circumpolar constellations. Thus, it appears that indigo buntings are prepared to pay attention to and learn about those configurations of stars which rotate most slowly in the heavens.=20 =A0=20 Avoidance Learning. =A0=20 Data from avoidance learning studies also challenge the equivalence of associability. Rats learn reasonably readily to press bars to obtain food. Rats also learn very readily to jump (Baum, 1969) and reasonably readily to run (Miller, 1941, 1951) from a dangerous place to a safe place to avoid electric shock. From this, the premise deduces that rats should learn readily to press bars to avoid shock. But this is not so (e.g., D=92Amato Sc Schiff, 1964). Very special procedures must be instituted to train rats to depress levers to avoid shock reliably (e.g., D=92Amato Sc Fazzaro, 1966; Fantino, Sharp Sc Cole, 1966). Similarly, pigeons learn readily to peck lighted keys to obtain grain: too readily, probably, for this to be considered an unprepared or arbitrary response (see Brown Sc Jenkins, 1968). But it is very difficult to train pigeons with normal laboratory techniques to key peck to avoid shock. Hoffman and Fleshler (1959) reported that key pecking was impossible to obtain with negative reinforcement; Azrin (1959) found only temporary maintenance of key pecking in but one pigeon; and Rachlin and Hineline (1967) needed 10=9715 hours of patient shaping to train key pecking to remove shock. This probably attests more to a problem specific to the response and reinforcer than to some inability of the pigeon to learn about avoidance contingencies. Ask anyone who has attempted to kill pigeons (e.g., by electrocution or throwing rocks at them), how good pigeons are at avoiding. Pigeons learn to fly away to avoid noxious events (e.g., Bedford Sc Anger, 1968; Emlen, 1970). In contrast, it is hard to imagine a pigeon flying away from something to obtain food.=20 =A0 Bolles has recently (1970) =97and quite persuasively=97argued that = avoidance responses as studied in laboratory experiments are not simple, arbitrary operants. In order to produce successful avoidance, Bolles argues, the response must be chosen from among the natural, species-specific defensive repertoire of the organism. Thus, it must be a response for which the organism is prepared. Running away for rats and flying away for pigeons make good avoidance responses, while key pecking and bar pressing (which are probably related to the appetitive repertoire) do not.=20 =A0 It might be argued that these difficulties in learning avoidance are not due to contrapreparedness but to competing motor responses. Thus, for example, rats have trouble pressing levers to avoid shock because shock causes them to =93freeze=94 which is incompatible with bar pressing. A = word of caution is in order about such hypotheses: I know of no theory which specifies in advance what competes with what; rather, response competition (or facilitation) is merely invoked post hoc. When, and if, a theory of topographical incompatibility arises it may indeed provide an explanation of contrapreparedness, but at the present time, it does not.=20 =A0 Let us review the evidence against the equivalence of associability premise: in classical conditioning, rats are prepared to associate tastes with nausea and contraprepared to associate taste with footshock. In instrumental learning, different emitted responses are differentially associable with different reinforcers: pigeons are prepared to peck lighted keys for food, since they will acquire this even in the absence of any contingency between key pecking and food. Cats are contraprepared for learning to scratch themselves to escape, and dogs for yawning for food. In discrimination learning, dogs are contraprepared to learn that different locations control a go=97no go differentiation, and contra- prepared for different qualities controlling a left=97right response. In avoidance learning, those responses which come from the natural defensive repertoire of rats and pigeons are prepared (or at least unprepared) for avoiding shock. Those responses from the appetitive repertoire seem contraprepared for avoidance. =A0=20 Two Failures of General Process Learning Theory: Language and the Functional Autonomy of Motives =A0=20 The interest of psychologists in animal learning theory is on the wane. Although the reasons are many, a prominent one is that such theories have failed to capture and bring into the laboratory phenomena which provide fertile models of complex human learning, This failure may be due in part to the equivalence premise. By concentrating on events for which organisms have been relatively unprepared, the laws and models which general process learning theories have produced may not be applicable beyond the realm of arbitrary events, arbitrarily connected. This would not be an obstacle if all of human learning consisted of learning about arbitrary events. But it does not. Homo sapiens has an evolutionary history and a biological makeup which has made it relatively prepared to learn some things and relatively contraprepared to learn others. If learning varies with preparedness, it should not be surprising that the laws for unprepared association between events have not explained such phenomena as the learning of language or the acquisition of motives.=20 =A0 Lenneberg (1967) has recently provided an analysis of language, the minimal conclusion of which is that children do not learn language the way rats learn to press a lever for food. Put more strongly, the set of laws which describe language learning are not much illuminated by the laws of the acquisition of arbitrary associations between events, as Skinner (1957) has argued. Unlike such unprepared contingencies as bar pressing for food, language does not require careful training or shaping for its acquisition. We do not need to arrange sets of linguistic contingencies carefully to get children to speak and understand English. Programmed training of speech is relatively ineffective, for under all but the most impoverished linguistic environments, human beings learn to speak and understand. Children of the deaf make as much noise and have the same sequence and age of onset for cooing as children of hearing parents. Development of language seems roughly the same across cultures which presumably differ widely in the arrangement of reinforcement contingencies, and language skill is not predicted by chronological age but by motor skill (see Lenneberg, 1967, especially pp. 125=97158, for a fuller discussion). =A0 The acquisition of language, not unlike pecking a lighted key for grain in the pigeon and the acquisition of birdsong (Petrinovich, 1970), is prepared. The operational criterion for the prepared side of the dimension is that minimal input should produce acquisition. One characteristic of language acquisition which separates it from the bar press is just this: elaborate training is not required for its production. From the point of view of this paper, it is not surprising that the traditional analyses of instrumental and classical conditioning are not adequate for an analysis of language. This is not because language is a phenomenon sui generis, but because the laws of instrumental and classical conditioning were developed to explain unprepared situations and not to account for learning in prepared situations. This is not to assert that the laws which govern language acquisition will necessarily be the same as those governing the Garcia phenomenon, birdsong, or the key peck, but to say that species- specific, biological analysis might be fruitfully made of these phenomena.=20 =A0 It is interesting to note in this context the recent success that Gardner and Gardner (1970) have had in teaching American sign language to a chimpanzee. The Gardners reasoned that earlier failures to teach spoken English to chimpanzees (Hayes & Hayes, 1952; Kellogg & Kellogg, 1933) did not result from cognitive deficiencies on the part of the subjects, but from the contraprepared nature of vocalization as a trainable response. The great manual dexterity of the chimpanzee, however, suggested sign language as a more trainable vehicle. Hayes (1968) has recently reanalyzed the data from Vicki (the Hayes=92 chimp) and confirmed the suggestion that chimpanzees=92 difficulty in using exhalation instrumentally may have caused earlier failures. =A0 Language is not the only example of human learning that has eluded general process theory. The extraordinary persistence of acquired human motives has not been captured in ordinary laboratory situations. People, objects, and endeavors which were once unmotivating to an individual acquire and maintain strongly motivating properties. Fondness for the objects of sexual learning long after sexual desire is gone is a clear example. Acquisition of motives is not difficult to bring into the laboratory, and the extensive literature on acquired drives has often been taken as an analysis of acquired human motivation. A rat, originally unafraid of a tone, is shocked while the tone is played. Thereafter, the rat is afraid of the tone. But the analogy breaks down here; for once the tone is presented several times without shock, the tone loses its fear-inducing properties (Little Sc Brimer, 1968; Wagner, Siegel Sc Fein, 1967). (The low resistance to extinction of the conditioned emotional response should not be confused with the high resistance to extinction of the avoidance response. This inextinguishability probably stems from the failure of the organism to stay around in the presence of the CS long enough to be exposed to the fact that shock no longer follows the CS, rather than a failure of fear of the CS to extinguish.) Yet, acquired motivators for humans retain their properties long after the primary motivation with which they were originally paired is absent. Aliport (1937) raised the problem for general process theory as the =93functional autonomy of motives.=94 But = in the 30 years since the problem was posed, the failure of acquired human motives to extinguish remains unanalyzed experimentally. =A0 The notion of preparedness may be useful in analyzing persistent acquired motivation. Typically, investigations of acquired drives have paired arbitrary CSs with arbitrary primary motivators. It seems possible that if more prepared CSs were paired with primary motivators, the motivational properties of such CSs might be unusually resistant to extinction. Seligman, Ives, Ames, and Mineka (1970) conditioned drinking by pairing compound CSs with injections of hypertonic saline-procaine in rats. When the CS consisted only of exteroceptive stimuli (white box, white noise), conditioning occurred, but extinguished in a few days. When the interoceptive CS of one-hour water deprivation was added to the compound, conditioning occurred and persisted unabated for two months. It seems possible that preparedness of mild thirst for association with rapidly induced strong thirst may account for the inextinguishability of acquired drinking. =A0 Are humans prepared to associate a range of endeavors and objects with primary motivators, and are such associations unusually persistent after the original motivators have left the scene? Here, as for language, viewing persistent acquired motives as cases of preparedness may make human motivation=97both adaptive and maladaptive=97more amenable to = study. =A0=20 Preparedness and the Laws of Learning. =A0=20 The primary empirical question has been answered affirmatively: The premise of equivalence of associability does not hold, even in the traditional paradigms for which it was first assumed. But does this matter? Do the same laws which describe the learning of unprepared events hold for prepared, unprepared, and contraprepared events? Given that an organism is prepared, and therefore learns with minimal input, does such learning have different properties from those unprepared associations that the organism acquires more painstakingly? Are the same mechanisms responsible for learning in prepared, unprepared, and relatively contraprepared situations?=20 =A0 We can barely give a tentative answer to this question, since it has been largely uninvestigated. Only a few pieces of evidence have been gathered to suggest that once a relatively prepared or contraprepared association has been acquired, it may not display the same family of extinction curves, values for delay of reinforcement, punishment effects, etc., as the lever press for food in the rat. Consider again the Garcia and Koelling (1966) findings: the association of tastes with illness is made with very different delays of reinforcement from ordinary Pavlovian associations. Unlike salivating to sounds, the association will be acquired with delays of up to one hour and more. Detailed studies which compare directly the delay of reinforcement gradients, extinction functions, etc., for prepared versus unprepared associations are needed. It would be interesting to find that the extinction and inhibition functions for prepared associations were different than for unprepared associations. If preparation underlies the observations of functional autonomy, prepared associations might be highly resistant to extinction, punishment, and other changes in instrumental contingencies. Breland and Breland (1966) reported that many of the =93prepared=94 behaviors that the organisms they worked with acquired would persist even under counterproductive instrumental contingencies. To what extent would the autoshaped key pecking responses of Brown and Jenkins (1968) be weakened by extinction or punishment, as bar pressing for food is weakened? Williams and Williams (1969) reported that autoshaped key-pecking responses persist even when they actually =93cost=94 the pigeon reinforcement. =A0 Does contraprepared behavior, after being acquired, obey the same laws as unprepared behavior? Thorndike (1964) reported that when he finally trained licking for escape, the response no longer looked like the natural response, but was a pale, mechanical imitation of the natural response. Would the properties of the response differentiation and shaping of such behavior be like those of unprepared responses? The answer to this range of questions is presently unknown. =A0 Preparedness has been operationally defined, and it is possible that different laws of learning may vary with the dimension. How can the dimension be anchored more firmly? Might different cognitive and physiological mechanisms covary with dimension? =A0 Acquired aversions to tastes following illness is commonplace in humans. These Garcia phenomena are not easily modified by cognition in contrast to other classically conditioned responses in humans (e.g., Spence Sc Platt, 1967). The knowledge that the illness was caused by the stomach flu and not the Sauce Bearnaise does not prevent the sauce from tasting bad in the future. Garcia, Kovner, and Green (1970) reported that distinctive tastes can be used by rats as a cue for shock avoidance in a shuttlebox; but the preference for the taste in the home cage is unchanged. When the taste is paired with illness, however, the preference is reduced in the home cage. Such evidence suggests that prepared associations may not be cognitively mediated, and it is tempting to speculate that cognitive mechanisms (expectation, attention, etc.) come into play with more unprepared or contraprepared situations. If this is so, it is ironic that the =93blind=94 connections which both Thorndike and Pavlov wanted to study lie in the prepared realm and not in the unprepared paradigms they investigated. =A0 We might also ask if different neural structures underlie differently prepared learning. Does elaborate prewiring mediate prepared associations such as taste and nausea, while more plastic structures mediate unprepared and contraprepared associations? =A0 We have defined the dimension of preparedness and given examples of it. To anchor the dimension we need to know the different laws of learning (families of functions) hold along the answers to three questions about what covaries with it: (a) Do dimension? (b) Do different cognitive mechanisms covary with different laws of learning (families of functions) hold along it? (c) Do different physiological mechanisms also covary with preparedness? =A0=20 Preparation and the General Process View of Learning. =A0=20 If the premise of equivalence of associability is false, then we have reason to suspect that the laws of learning discovered using lever pressing and salivation may not hold for any more than other simple, unprepared associations. If the laws of learning for unprepared association do not hold for prepared or contraprepared associations, is the general process view salvageable in any form? This is an empirical question. Its answer depends on whether differences in learning vary systematically along the dimension of preparedness; the question reduces to whether the preparedness continuum is a nomological continuum. For example, if one finds that the families of extinction functions vary systematically with the dimension, then one might be able to formulate general laws of extinction. Thus, if prepared CRs extinguished very slowly, unprepared CRs extinguished gradually, and contraprepared CRs extinguished precipitously, such a systematic, continuous difference in laws would be a truly general law of extinction. But before such general laws can be achieved, we must first investigate what the laws of prepared and contraprepared associations actually are. If this were done, then the possibility of general laws of learning would be again alive.=20 =A0=20 NOTE=20 =A0=20 The preparation of this manuscript was supported in part by National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH 16546-01 to the author. The author gratefully acknowledges the helpful comments of R. Bolles, P. Cabe, S. Emlen, J. Garcia, E. Lenneberg, R. MacLeod, H. Rachlin, D. Regan, R. Rosinski, P. Rozin, T. A. Ryan, R. Solomon, and F. Stollnitz. =A0=20 =A0=20 From: IN%"probards@ozemail.com.au" "Pat Robards" 29-JUN-2004 06:48:55.93 To: IN%"coape@nildram.co.uk" "Robin Walker", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: John Lane and All Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBUZDM4IGG8YMEMI@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from probards@ozemail.com.au); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 06:48:55 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBUZDM1BK08YQHQW@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 06:48:45 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBUZDFQI348WZCE6@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 06:48:45 -0600 (CST) Received: from smta01.mail.ozemail.net (smta01.mail.ozemail.net [203.103.165.50]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5TClqK9031448 for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 06:48:08 -0600 (envelope-from probards@ozemail.com.au) Received: from TOSHIBA ([203.103.107.193]) by smta01.mail.ozemail.net with SMTP id <20040629124732.FJDI8286.smta01.mail.ozemail.net@TOSHIBA>; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 12:47:32 +0000 Date: Tue, 29 Jun 2004 22:47:31 +1000 From: Pat Robards Subject: Re: John Lane and All To: Robin Walker , applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Reply-to: Pat Robards Message-id: <037501c45dd7$3e93ec50$0300a8c0@TOSHIBA> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='REFERENCES 0.000' References: <000001c45dcc$6c3216b0$cce6033e@gateway> From: "Robin Walker" Sent: Tuesday, June 29, 2004 9:30 PM I have two mild concerns. 1 Please let yawning cease with death. 2. While we can still breathe, let no one discover www.petaomane (God! It exits! It was a guess - someone open a window!) LOL, your link died with the yawns, it doesn't exist anymore, try this one! http://www.anecdotage.com/index.php?aid=3352 Kindest Regards Pat Robards (Australia) http://www.k9events.com/ From: IN%"tmccor@vetmed.wsu.edu" "Tammy McCormick" 29-JUN-2004 10:01:12.30 To: IN%"ngourkow@spca.bc.ca" "Nadine Gourkow", IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: aggression Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBV63Y8MW08YQK3G@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from tmccor@vetmed.wsu.edu); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 10:01:11 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBV63W62N48YQJCS@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 10:01:00 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBV63VL24Q8WZCO8@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 10:00:57 -0600 (CST) Received: from cvm36.vetmed.wsu.edu (cvm36.vetmed.wsu.edu [134.121.128.6]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5TG0rK9027272 for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 10:00:54 -0600 (envelope-from tmccor@vetmed.wsu.edu) Date: Tue, 29 Jun 2004 09:01:12 -0700 From: Tammy McCormick Subject: RE: aggression To: Nadine Gourkow , Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft Exchange V6.5.7226.0 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_6WJ+EMExZGjeoS1oqsYZng)" Thread-Topic: aggression Thread-Index: AcRYrAjtFeVxqMDAROKJgDUf1O9eOAFQ2oAh Content-class: urn:content-classes:message X-MS-Has-Attach: X-MS-TNEF-Correlator: X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_6WJ+EMExZGjeoS1oqsYZng) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Hi Nadine, The San Francisco SPCA, under the supervision of Jean Donaldson, ran a rehabilitation program for shelter dogs and collected data on their work. Overall, they had a very low success rate for treating most forms of aggression in a shelter setting. The SF SPCA has a full time staff of trainers and interns in behavior and training that have graduated from Jean's training academy, and their procedures are very thorough. Despite this, very few of the dogs in the program were ever deemed "adoptable". A private agency called Shelter Works presents this information to shelters for educational purposes. I have been interning at the SF SPCA in their behavior and training department and I am currently working on a research project there. If you would like more information, you can contact Shelter Works at info@shelterworks.us or check out www.shelterworks.us . My dissertation topic is aggression towards familiar humans by domestic dogs and I am doing some preliminary work in conjunction with the SF SPCA. If you would like more information from me, please contact me off list at tmccor@vetmed.wsu.edu . Cheers, Tammy Tammy McCormick Donaldson, M.S., PhD candidate Center for the study of Animal Well-being Dept. of Animal Science Washington State University ________________________________ From: Nadine Gourkow [mailto:ngourkow@spca.bc.ca] Sent: Tue 6/22/2004 3:55 PM To: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Subject: aggression Does anyone know of published papers (or unpublished data) on the success of various rehabilitation practices for aggression of dogs towards people? A study done (or data collected) in an animal shelter would be ideal. I do have Karen Overall's list of indicators for success of rehab and Katherine Houpt's paper on treatment for inter dog aggression. Expert opinion would also of use on types of aggression and chances of success for rehab in the shelter environment or foster home (new environment for the dog) thanks nadine ________________________________ Nadine Gourkow, BEd, MSc Animal Welfare Manager BC SPCA Administration Centre 1245 East 7th Avenue Vancouver, BC V5T 1R1 Ph. 604.709.6714 Fax. 604.681 7022 www.spca.bc.ca ngourkow@spca.bc.ca --Boundary_(ID_6WJ+EMExZGjeoS1oqsYZng) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT

Hi Nadine,

 

The San Francisco SPCA, under the supervision of Jean Donaldson, ran a rehabilitation program for shelter dogs and collected data on their work.  Overall, they had a very low success rate for treating most forms of aggression in a shelter setting.  The SF SPCA has a full time staff of trainers and interns in behavior and training that have graduated from Jean's training academy, and their procedures are very thorough.  Despite this, very few of the dogs in the program were ever deemed "adoptable".  A private agency called Shelter Works presents this information to shelters for educational purposes.  I have been interning at the SF SPCA in their behavior and training department and I am currently working on a research project there.  If you would like more information, you can contact Shelter Works at info@shelterworks.us or check out www.shelterworks.us. 

 

My dissertation topic is aggression towards familiar humans by domestic dogs and I am doing some preliminary work in conjunction with the SF SPCA.  If you would like more information from me, please contact me off list at tmccor@vetmed.wsu.edu.

 

Cheers,

Tammy

 

 

Tammy McCormick Donaldson, M.S., PhD candidate

Center for the study of Animal Well-being

Dept. of Animal Science

Washington State University

 

 
From: Nadine Gourkow [mailto:ngourkow@spca.bc.ca]
Sent: Tue 6/22/2004 3:55 PM
To: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca
Subject: aggression

Does anyone know of published papers (or unpublished data) on the success of various rehabilitation practices for aggression of dogs towards people?  A study done (or data collected) in an animal shelter would be ideal.
I do have Karen Overall's list of indicators for success of rehab and Katherine Houpt's paper on treatment for inter dog aggression. 
 
Expert opinion would also of use on types of aggression and chances of success for rehab in the shelter environment or foster home (new environment for the dog)
 
thanks
nadine
 
 
Nadine Gourkow, BEd, MSc
Animal Welfare Manager
BC SPCA Administration Centre
1245 East 7th Avenue
Vancouver, BC  V5T 1R1
Ph. 604.709.6714  Fax. 604.681 7022
www.spca.bc.ca  ngourkow@spca.bc.ca
 
--Boundary_(ID_6WJ+EMExZGjeoS1oqsYZng)-- From: IN%"simon@gadbois.org" "Simon Gadbois" 29-JUN-2004 11:09:51.97 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: Dogs yawning Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBV8I4OTKG8YMF9D@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from simon@gadbois.org); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 11:09:50 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBV8I4ECTS8YPMK3@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 11:09:42 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBV8I3B67G8WZKES@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 11:09:42 -0600 (CST) Received: from aux153.plano.net (albert.catalog.com [209.217.36.11]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with SMTP id i5TH9SFZ017664 for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 11:09:33 -0600 (envelope-from simon@gadbois.org) Received: (qmail 17595 invoked from network); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 17:07:04 +0000 Received: from unknown (HELO ?10.0.1.2?) (24.215.82.176) by smtp1.catalog.com with SMTP; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 17:07:04 +0000 Date: Tue, 29 Jun 2004 14:09:23 -0300 From: Simon Gadbois Subject: Re: Dogs yawning In-reply-to: <20040609163351.46379.qmail@web51810.mail.yahoo.com> To: Ethology (E-mail) Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <114616A3-C9EF-11D8-A375-000A9568608A@gadbois.org> MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: Apple Mail (2.618) Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII; format=flowed Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='EMAIL_ATTRIBUTION 0, QUOTED_EMAIL_TEXT 0, REFERENCES 0.000, IN_REP_TO 0' References: <20040609163351.46379.qmail@web51810.mail.yahoo.com> I totally agree with your points, I simply was making sure that good descriptive ethological work would not be dismissed too quickly. I teach a course in Research Methods to Neuroscience and Psychology stduents, 95% experimental... Ethology and its approach is dismissed too often forgetting that it contributes to many ideas later investigated experimentally. On vacation in France, may expand on this later... (July), Regards, Simon Gadbois On 9-Jun-04, at 1:33 PM, Laika the astronaut wrote: > > Simon, > You raise some good points. Let's take Animal > Behaviour as the exemplary journal. > > 1) In studies where it is claimed the behaviour of an > animal is being changed (i.e. the dog is yawning to a > cue) the experiment will have been devised to support > or reject a hypothesis (i.e. this animal's behaviour > is different). I agree the hypothesis is sometimes > not formally stated in articles in Animal Behaviour, > but it is usually implicit in the study and usually > contained in the Introduction. I also agree that in, > e.g. field studies, this is not hypothesis-driven > research, however, I think 'proving someone wrong' as > in the case of the yawning dog, IS hypothesis-driven. > > 2) The Methods section must be clearly written such > that a study can be repeated in another > laboratory/study area, etc. Animal Behaviour goes to > great lengths to ensure this happens. > > 3) Again if we are saying there has been a change in > behaviour, we must have a control treatment to compare > with. In this case, it could be that the dog is its > own control, or it could be dogs which have not been > trained in the way the yawning dog has. I believe > referees of Animal Behaviour would require a suitable > control for this study, although again, field-studies > would not. > > 4) Repeatability is contained within the methods and > the statistical analysis. A study such as this would > require repeatability or we could easily end up with a > 'Clever Hans' syndrome. > > 5) Studies such as this must have statistics. > Otherwise, how do we know that the dog has not > performed this behaviour all its life and that its > performance has nothing to do with the training. Even > if the trainer were to say 'Well, he didn't do it > before the training', that would be informal use of > statistics. I'd be interested to know of any papers > in Animal Behaviour that do not give statistics of one > sort or another (why do I feel I am setting myself up > to be shot down in flames here!) > > > I agree with you about the benefits of the > inductionist, observational and descriptive approaches > to science. Perhaps my concern here is about the > strength of comments and the rapidity with which > sweeping conclusions are being made on such a small > sample size and with little information. > > Respectfully yours, > >>> Dear All, >>> >>> The discussion surrounding the posting of a video >> of a >>> dog apparently yawning to a cue has used words >> such as >>> 'experiment' and 'analyse'. Before we attribute >> too >>> much scientific respectability to this video, >> although >>> this respectability might ultimately be deserved, >>> let's remind ourselves of what is required in a >>> 'scientific' study. Could we please be informed >> of - >>> >>> 1) What was the (null) hypothesis? >>> 2) What were the methods used? >>> 3) What was the control treatment? >>> 4) How repeatable was the experiment? >>> 5) What statistical analyses were used? >>> >>> All these will be required by any peer-reviewed >> animal >>> behaviour journal. >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> ===== >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> ===== >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >> > ____________________________________________________________ >>> Yahoo! Messenger - Communicate instantly..."Ping" >>> your friends today! Download Messenger Now >>> http://uk.messenger.yahoo.com/download/index.html >>> >> > > ===== > > > > > > > ____________________________________________________________ > Yahoo! Messenger - Communicate instantly..."Ping" > your friends today! Download Messenger Now > http://uk.messenger.yahoo.com/download/index.html > From: IN%"appleby@petbehaviourcentre.com" "David Appleby" 29-JUN-2004 15:18:39.29 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied-ethology" CC: Subj: Seligmans paper Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBVH65G8EO8YQK3G@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from appleby@petbehaviourcentre.com); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 15:18:36 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBVH64ZHMO8YSAZY@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 15:18:08 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBVH64MWY68WZUXE@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 15:18:07 -0600 (CST) Received: from crichton.netkonect.net (crichton.netkonect.net [194.62.44.62]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5TLI5FZ011633 for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 15:18:06 -0600 Received: from klingon.netkonect.net (crichton.netkonect.net [194.62.44.62]) by crichton.netkonect.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 5C25615975 for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 22:11:27 +0100 (BST) Received: from David ([194.164.80.179]) by klingon.netkonect.net (8.12.10/8.12.10) with SMTP id i5TLBQEl023449 for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 22:11:27 +0100 (BST) Date: Tue, 29 Jun 2004 22:11:04 +0100 From: David Appleby Subject: Seligmans paper To: Applied-ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook IMO, Build 9.0.2416 (9.0.2911.0) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Importance: Normal X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='' Hi, Do you know if the toys that were familiar to the dog would have had its scent on i.e. resulting in the novel item being the only one that did not? Best wishes, David ---------------------------------------- Name: David Appleby MSc CCAB Address: The Pet Behaviour Centre, Upper Street, Defford, Worcestershire. WR8 9AB. England. Phone: +44(0)1386 750615 Fax: +44(0)1386 750743 E-mail: appleby@petbehaviourcentre.com WWW: www.petbehaviourcentre.com ---------------------------------------- -----Original Message----- From: Geiger [mailto:gooddog@dodo.com.au] Sent: 29 June 2004 01:43 To: 'Pat Robards'; Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Subject: RE: Seligmans paper Hi everyone, the dog Rico was subjected to scientific testing. The novel object was placed in the next room by the tester, so neither the owners scent nor the owners body language were available to cue the dog to pick the novel object. The dog was retested a few weeks later and had retained the names for the novel items in 50% of items, which was compared with the capacity of a 3 year old child for "fast-mapping". The dog is a border collie, commonly thought to be rather clever dogs. Regards, Jackie Perkins Ps I have not yet read the full copy of this study. I may be able to share more later. -----Original Message----- From: Pat Robards [mailto:probards@ozemail.com.au] Sent: Friday, June 25, 2004 12:29 PM To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Subject: Re: Seligmans paper Sent: Thursday, June 24, 2004 8:21 PM Subject: Re: Seligmans paper Good old fashioned *scent discrimination*, I wonder what other cues were given, a raised eyebrow, a smile perhaps? Kindest Regards Pat Robards (Australia) http://www.k9events.com/ I have received several private posts over my remark *another Clever Hans story.* Clever Hans had not mastered mathematics but had in effect learned to read peoples' minds by observing subtle changes in their posture, breathing and facial expressions. However Clever Hans was not a fraud, it was the scientists themselves who displayed not the slightest interest in understanding the horse's uncanny, extra-sensory abilities, the same applies to the dog Rico, if the objects were placed using mechanical means then possibly the outcome may have differed. When it comes to animal intelligence, it seems as though reality has to conform to existing scientific theories rather than the other way around, Hans the horse had showed up the absurdities of gauging the intelligence of animals by *strictly human criteria*. That is what I meant. Kindest Regards Pat Robards (Australia) http://www.k9events.com/ From: IN%"k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz" "John R. Lane" 29-JUN-2004 20:02:54.22 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: John Lane and All Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBVR3VFCA88YT3DF@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 20:02:52 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBVR3TOG3K8YQS0C@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 20:02:38 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBVR3TKB5O8X0C74@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 20:02:35 -0600 (CST) Received: from mta202-rme.xtra.co.nz (mta202-rme.xtra.co.nz [210.86.15.145]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5U224K9025030 for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 20:02:05 -0600 Received: from mta1-rme.xtra.co.nz ([210.86.15.157]) by mta202-rme.xtra.co.nz with ESMTP id <20040630020203.ZPXR8170.mta202-rme.xtra.co.nz@mta1-rme.xtra.co.nz> for ; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 14:02:03 +1200 Received: from Lanepc ([222.152.143.57]) by mta1-rme.xtra.co.nz with SMTP id <20040630020202.EPMK21194.mta1-rme.xtra.co.nz@Lanepc> for ; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 14:02:02 +1200 Date: Wed, 30 Jun 2004 14:01:50 +1200 From: "John R. Lane" Subject: John Lane and All To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <000801c45e46$3a1590b0$0700000a@Lanepc> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_RPLHVmB0URMI4qKOesraUw)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='SUPERLONG_LINE 0.003' This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_RPLHVmB0URMI4qKOesraUw) Content-type: text/plain; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable Great sense of humour Robyn. Lightened the topic a lot thanks. ROBYN SAID:=20 >I think that they do not act thus in either contingence - ORDINARILY - >but clearly they can be trained if they are obliging enough to offer = the >opportunity.=20 MY RESPONSE: Good point Robyn. I'll buy this and I now don't think this necessarily = negates Seligmans view. I'll explain why by taking a cut from his paper = "On the generality of the laws of learning" I posted. While parts of Seligmans paper at times appear to me to be contradictory = in terms of explaination of premise I am going to cut what I think is = the relative statement that we are looking at here. This bit (I think) we can all live with. START OF CUT1: We can define a continuum of preparedness operationally. Confront an organism with a CS paired with US or with a response which produces an outcome. Depending on the specifics, the organism can be either prepared, unprepared, or contraprepared for learning about the events.=20 =20 The relative preparedness of an organism for learning about a situation is defined by the amount of input (e.g., numbers of trials, pairings, bits of information, etc.) which must occur before that output (responses, acts, repertoire, etc.), which is construed as evidence of acquisition, reliably occurs. It does not matter how input or output are specified, as long as that specification can be used consistently for all points on the continuum. Thus, using the preparedness dimension is independent of whether one happens to be an S-R theorist, a cognitive theorist, an information processing theorist, an ethologist, or what have you. Let me illustrate how one can place an experimental situation at various points on the continuum for classical conditioning. If the organism makes the indi-cant response consistently from the very first presentation of the CS on, such =93learning=94 represents a clear case = of instinctive responding, the extreme of the prepared end of the dimension. If the organism makes the response consistently after only a few pairings, it is somewhat prepared. If the response emerges only after many pairings (extensive input), the organism is unprepared. If acquisition occurs only after very many pairings or does not occur at all, the organism is said to be contraprepared. The number of pairings is the measure that makes the dimension a continuum, and implicit in this dimension is the notion that =93learning=94 and =93instinct=94 are continuous. END OF CUT1: From this (I think) we can see he says that "preparedness" , = "unpreparedness" and "contrapreparedness" is not (go/no go) = terminology. As in the animal in black and white terms either can or = cant. He sees it as a relative sliding scale of continuum. Relative to the organism's difficulty of learning the new association = (as shown by the number of pairings required) because of how close or = distant the association is to innate / reflexive actions either by = virtue of evolutionary learning and/or coupled with the individual = organism's life learning. (not as in physical difficulty). I have recut the exact words and paste them here seperated out for quick = reference so you don't have to keep returning up to reread the whole = thing. START OF CUT2: If the organism makes the indi-cant response consistently from the very = first presentation of the CS on, such =93learning=94 represents a clear case = of instinctive responding, the extreme of the prepared end of the dimension. If the organism makes the response consistently after only a few pairings, it is somewhat prepared. If the response emerges only after many pairings (extensive input), the = organism is unprepared. =20 If acquisition occurs only after very many pairings or does not occur at all, the organism is said to be contraprepared.=20 The number of pairings is the measure that makes the dimension a = continuum, and implicit in this dimension is the notion that =93learning=94 and =93instinct=94 are = continuous. END OF CUT2: So (I think) we can see from this he doesn't say that "contraprepared" = means that the animal can *never* learn the new association just that it = is much more difficult than if it is at the other end of the = preparedness scale. Thoughts anyone? Regards John L. --Boundary_(ID_RPLHVmB0URMI4qKOesraUw) Content-type: text/html; charset=Windows-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: QUOTED-PRINTABLE =0D= =0A=0D=0A=0D=0A=0D=0A=0D=0A=0D=0A=0D=0A
Great sense= of humour Robyn. Lightened the topic a =0D=0Alot thanks.=0D=0A
 
=0D=0A 
=0D=0A
ROBYN SAID= :
=0D=0A
>I think that they do not act thus in either co= ntingence - ORDINARILY =0D=0A-
>but clearly they can be trained= if they are obliging enough to offer =0D=0Athe
>opportunity. <= /DIV>=0D=0A
 
=0D= =0A
 
=0D=0A
MY RESPONSE:
=0D=0A
Good point Robyn. I'll buy this and I now don't = =0D=0Athink this necessarily negates Seligmans view. I'll explain why= by taking a cut =0D=0Afrom his paper "On the generality of the laws = of learning" I =0D=0Aposted.
=0D=0A
 
= =0D=0A
While parts of Seligmans paper= at times appear to =0D=0Ame to be contradictory in terms of explaina= tion of premise I am go= ing to cut what I think is the relative =0D=0Astatement that&nbs= p;we are looking at here.
=0D=0A
 
=0D=0A
Thi= s bit (I think) we can all live =0D=0Awith.
=0D=0A
 
=0D=0A
 
=0D=0A
START OF CUT1:
=0D=0A
We can define a continuu= m of preparedness operationally. Confront =0D=0Aan
organism with a= CS paired with US or with a response which produces =0D=0Aan
outc= ome. Depending on the specifics, the organism can be =0D=0Aeither
= prepared, unprepared, or contraprepared for learning about the events= . =0D=0A
 
The relative preparedness of an organism for l= earning about a =0D=0Asituation
is defined by the amount of input = (e.g., numbers of trials, =0D=0Apairings,
bits of information, etc= .) which must occur before that =0D=0Aoutput
(responses, acts, rep= ertoire, etc.), which is construed as evidence =0D=0Aof
acquisitio= n, reliably occurs. It does not matter how input or output =0D=0Aare<= BR>specified, as long as that specification can be used consistently = =0D=0Afor
all points on the continuum. Thus, using the preparednes= s dimension =0D=0Ais
independent of whether one happens to be an S= -R theorist, a =0D=0Acognitive
theorist, an information processing= theorist, an ethologist, or =0D=0Awhat
have you. Let me illustrat= e how one can place an experimental =0D=0Asituation
at various poi= nts on the continuum for classical conditioning. If =0D=0Athe
orga= nism makes the indi-cant response consistently from the very =0D=0Afi= rst
presentation of the CS on, such =93learning=94 represents a cl= ear case =0D=0Aof
instinctive responding, the extreme of the prepa= red end of =0D=0Athe
dimension. If the organism makes the response= consistently after only =0D=0Aa
few pairings, it is somewhat prep= ared. If the response emerges =0D=0Aonly
after many pairings (exte= nsive input), the organism is unprepared. =0D=0AIf
acquisition occ= urs only after very many pairings or does not occur =0D=0Aat
all, = the organism is said to be contraprepared. The number of =0D=0Apairin= gs
is the measure that makes the dimension a continuum, and implic= it =0D=0Ain
this dimension is the notion that =93learning=94 and = =93instinct=94 =0D=0Aare
continuous.
=0D=0A
END OF CUT1:
=0D=0A
 
=0D=0A
From this (I think) we can see he says that =0D=0A"preparedness"= , "unpreparedness" and "contrapreparedness"  is =0D=0Anot = (go/no go) terminology. As in the animal in black and white terms = =0D=0Aeither can or cant.
=0D=0A
 
=0D=0A
&nb= sp;He sees it as a relative sliding scale =0D=0Aof continuum.
=0D=0A
 
= =0D=0A
 Relative to the organism= 's difficulty of =0D=0Alearning the new association (as shown by the = number of pairings required) =0D=0Abecause of how close or distant th= e association is to innate / reflexive actions =0D=0Aeither by virtue=  of evolutionary learning and/or coupled with the =0D=0Aindividu= al organism's life learning. (not as in physical =0D=0Adifficulty).
=0D=0A
 
= =0D=0A
I have recut the exact words a= nd paste them here =0D=0Aseperated out for quick reference so you don= 't have to keep returning up to =0D=0Areread the whole thing.<= /DIV>=0D=0A
 
=0D= =0A
 
=0D=0A
START OF CUT2:
=0D=0A
If the= organism makes the indi-cant response consistently from the very = =0D=0Afirst
presentation of the CS on, such =93learning=94 represe= nts a clear case =0D=0Aof
instinctive responding, the extreme of t= he prepared end of =0D=0Athe
dimension.
=0D=0A
 =0D=0A
 If the organism makes the response consistently af= ter only a
few =0D=0Apairings, it is somewhat prepared.
=0D= =0A
 
=0D=0A
 If the response emerges only aft= er many pairings (extensive input), =0D=0Athe organism is unprepared.=
=0D=0A
 
=0D=0A
If acquisition occurs only af= ter very many pairings or does not occur =0D=0Aat
all, the organis= m is said to be contraprepared.
=0D=0A
 
=0D=0AThe number of pairings is the measure that makes the dimension a c= ontinuum, =0D=0Aand implicit in
this dimension is the notion that = =93learning=94 and =93instinct=94 =0D=0Aare continuous.
=0D=0AEND OF CUT2:
=0D=0A
&n= bsp;
=0D=0A
 
= =0D=0A
So (I think) we can see from t= his he doesn't say =0D=0Athat "contraprepared" means that the animal = can *never* learn the new =0D=0Aassociation just that it is much more= difficult than if it is at the other end =0D=0Aof the preparedness s= cale.
=0D=0A
 
=0D=0A
Thoughts anyone?
=0D=0A
 
=0D=0A
= Regards John L.
=0D=0A
 
=0D=0A
 
=0D=0A
 
=0D=0A= --Boundary_(ID_RPLHVmB0URMI4qKOesraUw)-- From: IN%"jwillard@turbonet.com" "Janice Willard" 29-JUN-2004 20:37:21.47 To: IN%"tmccor@vetmed.wsu.edu" "Tammy McCormick", IN%"ngourkow@spca.bc.ca" "Nadine Gourkow", IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: aggression Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBVSBHLPK08YT3DF@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from jwillard@turbonet.com); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 20:37:19 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBVSBFFSR48YQS0C@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 20:37:00 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBVSBF2TE48X02GU@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 20:36:58 -0600 (CST) Received: from mail.turbonet.com (mail.turbonet.com [207.13.199.1]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5U2apK9002098 for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 20:36:52 -0600 (envelope-from jwillard@turbonet.com) Received: from Alexandria ([206.228.113.189]) by mail.turbonet.com (Cactus Mail Server v7.4.5) with ASMTP id KIA74472; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 19:36:45 -0700 Date: Tue, 29 Jun 2004 19:36:39 -0700 From: Janice Willard Subject: Re: aggression To: Tammy McCormick , Nadine Gourkow , Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <005d01c45e4b$13c78ee0$a570e4ce@Alexandria> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: multipart/alternative; boundary="Boundary_(ID_y4BCBhpJDSjUZrJRfHVxJw)" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='HTML_50_70 0.092, SUPERLONG_LINE 0.003, MAILTO_LINK 0.001, HTML_FONT_COLOR_BLUE 0, HTML_TAG_UNKNOWN 0.000, REFERENCES 0.000' References: This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_y4BCBhpJDSjUZrJRfHVxJw) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Hi Tammy, Could I ask one point of clarification? You said that the research showed that they had a very low success rate for treating aggression in a shelter setting. My question is what would then happen if these dogs, who could not be treated in a shelter environment, were instead housed in a lower stress environment--a non-shelter setting? In other words, how much of the aggression is the dog and how much is this the dog's reaction to the high stress, shelter environment? I think that many shelter workers describe a process whereby they see dogs showing progressively more aberrant behavior (depression, aggression, etc, depending on the dog's underlying emotional temperament) as they persist in the shelter environment--this environment apparently not being conducive to normal canine emotional wellbeing. A thought that occurred to me, and one which I found rather disturbing when I thought of it, is whether shelters, whose greatest goal is to save dogs, could be by their very design (one that suits human needs, that is, a place which can house a lot of dogs and be kept easily clean) rather than environmentally designed for canine needs, in fact be contributing to such a decline in a dog's emotional welfare that it is creating a situation that some dogs can not come back from? Sort of like humans suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome. How much of the aggressive behavior we see in a shelter (or for that matter, separation anxiety after the shelter episode) is in fact a normal response to an abnormal and highly stressful environment? I am thinking of the environmental enrichment studies that have been going on in zoos and realizing that there is not a zoo around that would have any hope of getting accreditation if it keep its animals in the conditions that an average dog is expected to endure at an average shelter. I am wondering if it is not so much an issue of what training parameters can correct aggression in a shelter environment but rather what environmental parameters a shelter should have to not be conducive to learning aggression and anxiety? Is there any validity to this line of questioning? Janice Janice Willard, DVM, MS ----- Original Message ----- From: Tammy McCormick To: Nadine Gourkow ; Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Sent: Tuesday, June 29, 2004 9:01 AM Subject: RE: aggression Hi Nadine, The San Francisco SPCA, under the supervision of Jean Donaldson, ran a rehabilitation program for shelter dogs and collected data on their work. Overall, they had a very low success rate for treating most forms of aggression in a shelter setting. The SF SPCA has a full time staff of trainers and interns in behavior and training that have graduated from Jean's training academy, and their procedures are very thorough. Despite this, very few of the dogs in the program were ever deemed "adoptable". A private agency called Shelter Works presents this information to shelters for educational purposes. I have been interning at the SF SPCA in their behavior and training department and I am currently working on a research project there. If you would like more information, you can contact Shelter Works at info@shelterworks.us or check out www.shelterworks.us. My dissertation topic is aggression towards familiar humans by domestic dogs and I am doing some preliminary work in conjunction with the SF SPCA. If you would like more information from me, please contact me off list at tmccor@vetmed.wsu.edu. Cheers, Tammy Tammy McCormick Donaldson, M.S., PhD candidate Center for the study of Animal Well-being Dept. of Animal Science Washington State University ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ From: Nadine Gourkow [mailto:ngourkow@spca.bc.ca] Sent: Tue 6/22/2004 3:55 PM To: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Subject: aggression Does anyone know of published papers (or unpublished data) on the success of various rehabilitation practices for aggression of dogs towards people? A study done (or data collected) in an animal shelter would be ideal. I do have Karen Overall's list of indicators for success of rehab and Katherine Houpt's paper on treatment for inter dog aggression. Expert opinion would also of use on types of aggression and chances of success for rehab in the shelter environment or foster home (new environment for the dog) thanks nadine ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Nadine Gourkow, BEd, MSc Animal Welfare Manager BC SPCA Administration Centre 1245 East 7th Avenue Vancouver, BC V5T 1R1 Ph. 604.709.6714 Fax. 604.681 7022 www.spca.bc.ca ngourkow@spca.bc.ca --Boundary_(ID_y4BCBhpJDSjUZrJRfHVxJw) Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT
Hi Tammy,
 
Could I ask one point of clarification?  You said that the research showed that they had a very low success rate for treating aggression in a shelter setting.  My question is what would then happen if these dogs, who could not be treated in a shelter environment, were instead housed in a lower stress environment--a non-shelter setting?   In other words, how much of the aggression is the dog and how much is this the dog's reaction to the high stress, shelter environment?
 
I think that many shelter workers describe a process whereby they see dogs showing progressively more aberrant behavior (depression, aggression, etc, depending on the dog's underlying emotional temperament) as they persist in the shelter environment--this environment apparently not being conducive to normal canine emotional wellbeing.   
 
A thought that occurred to me, and one which I found rather disturbing when I thought of it, is whether shelters, whose greatest goal is to save dogs, could be by their very design (one that suits human needs, that is, a place which can house a lot of dogs and be kept easily clean) rather than environmentally designed for canine needs, in fact be contributing to such a decline in a dog's emotional welfare that it is creating a situation that some dogs can not come back from?  Sort of like humans suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome. How much of the aggressive behavior we see in a shelter (or for that matter, separation anxiety after the shelter episode) is in fact a normal response to an abnormal and highly stressful environment? 
 
I am thinking of the environmental enrichment studies that have been going on in zoos and realizing that there is not a zoo around that would have any hope of getting accreditation if it keep its animals in the conditions that an average dog is expected to endure at an average shelter. 
 
 I am wondering if it is not so much an issue of what training parameters can correct aggression in a shelter environment but rather what environmental parameters a shelter should have to not be conducive to learning aggression and anxiety?  Is there any validity to this line of questioning?   
 
Janice
 
Janice Willard, DVM, MS
----- Original Message -----
Sent: Tuesday, June 29, 2004 9:01 AM
Subject: RE: aggression

Hi Nadine,

 

The San Francisco SPCA, under the supervision of Jean Donaldson, ran a rehabilitation program for shelter dogs and collected data on their work.  Overall, they had a very low success rate for treating most forms of aggression in a shelter setting.  The SF SPCA has a full time staff of trainers and interns in behavior and training that have graduated from Jean's training academy, and their procedures are very thorough.  Despite this, very few of the dogs in the program were ever deemed "adoptable".  A private agency called Shelter Works presents this information to shelters for educational purposes.  I have been interning at the SF SPCA in their behavior and training department and I am currently working on a research project there.  If you would like more information, you can contact Shelter Works at info@shelterworks.us or check out www.shelterworks.us. 

 

My dissertation topic is aggression towards familiar humans by domestic dogs and I am doing some preliminary work in conjunction with the SF SPCA.  If you would like more information from me, please contact me off list at tmccor@vetmed.wsu.edu.

 

Cheers,

Tammy

 

 

Tammy McCormick Donaldson, M.S., PhD candidate

Center for the study of Animal Well-being

Dept. of Animal Science

Washington State University

 

 
From: Nadine Gourkow [mailto:ngourkow@spca.bc.ca]
Sent: Tue 6/22/2004 3:55 PM
To: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca
Subject: aggression

Does anyone know of published papers (or unpublished data) on the success of various rehabilitation practices for aggression of dogs towards people?  A study done (or data collected) in an animal shelter would be ideal.
I do have Karen Overall's list of indicators for success of rehab and Katherine Houpt's paper on treatment for inter dog aggression. 
 
Expert opinion would also of use on types of aggression and chances of success for rehab in the shelter environment or foster home (new environment for the dog)
 
thanks
nadine
 
 
Nadine Gourkow, BEd, MSc
Animal Welfare Manager
BC SPCA Administration Centre
1245 East 7th Avenue
Vancouver, BC  V5T 1R1
Ph. 604.709.6714  Fax. 604.681 7022
www.spca.bc.ca  ngourkow@spca.bc.ca
 
--Boundary_(ID_y4BCBhpJDSjUZrJRfHVxJw)-- From: IN%"probards@ozemail.com.au" "Pat Robards" 29-JUN-2004 22:52:09.46 To: IN%"appleby@petbehaviourcentre.com" "David Appleby", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Seligmans paper Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBVX0IIOK08YT3DF@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from probards@ozemail.com.au); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 22:52:07 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBVX0I98K08YS371@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 22:51:43 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBVX0I1N6A8X086S@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 22:51:43 -0600 (CST) Received: from smta03.mail.ozemail.net (smta03.mail.ozemail.net [203.103.165.70]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5U4pXFZ007407 for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 22:51:39 -0600 (envelope-from probards@ozemail.com.au) Received: from TOSHIBA ([203.102.174.201]) by smta03.mail.ozemail.net with SMTP id <20040630045132.EMJA11826.smta03.mail.ozemail.net@TOSHIBA>; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 04:51:32 +0000 Date: Wed, 30 Jun 2004 14:51:32 +1000 From: Pat Robards Subject: Re: Seligmans paper To: David Appleby , applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Reply-to: Pat Robards Message-id: <013701c45e5d$ea963ae0$0300a8c0@TOSHIBA> MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1409 Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='QUOTED_EMAIL_TEXT 0, REFERENCES 0.000' References: From: "David Appleby" Sent: Wednesday, June 30, 2004 7:11 AM > Hi, > > Do you know if the toys that were familiar to the dog would have had its > scent on i.e. resulting in the novel item being the only one that did not? > > > Best wishes, > > David > Hi, I question.... if the dog 'knew' words, then why did the novel item have to be placed? Why was it not already with the other items in the room? Couldn't all the items, of which it knew the names, be kept in the room and the dog simply asked to retrieve any of the named items? I question that the novel object was placed in the next room by the tester, (so neither the owners scent nor the owners body language were available to cue the dog to pick the novel object) why cannot the dog be working on the scent of the person placing the article, thus a game of 'hot' and 'cold' items.. The dog was retested a few weeks later, were the items 'placed' again or was the dog instructed to retrieve from cold articles already in the room?. Kindest Regards Pat Robards (Australia) http://www.k9events.com/ From: IN%"kc@synalia.com" 29-JUN-2004 22:57:25.98 To: IN%"jwillard@turbonet.com" CC: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: aggression Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBVX6T2OMO8YT3IQ@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from kc@synalia.com); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 22:57:24 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBVX6SODG08YT3TH@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 22:56:47 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBVX6SBQJU8X0BZP@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 22:56:47 -0600 (CST) Received: from elroy.edifax.com (elroy.edifax.com [216.54.61.24]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5U4ugFZ008211 for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 22:56:43 -0600 (envelope-from kc@synalia.com) Received: from synalia.com (localhost [127.0.0.1]) (authenticated (0 bits)) by elroy.edifax.com (8.11.6/8.11.6) with ESMTP id i5U4sLS27700; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 00:54:21 -0400 Received: from 68.229.115.80 (SquirrelMail authenticated user synalia@synalia.com) by www.synalia.com with HTTP; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 00:54:21 -0400 (EDT) Date: Wed, 30 Jun 2004 00:54:21 -0400 (EDT) From: Kayce Cover Subject: Re: aggression In-reply-to: <005d01c45e4b$13c78ee0$a570e4ce@Alexandria> To: jwillard@turbonet.com Cc: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Reply-to: kc@synalia.com Message-id: <49457.68.229.115.80.1088571261.squirrel@www.synalia.com> MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: SquirrelMail (version 1.2.11) Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Importance: Normal X-Priority: 3 X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='QUOTED_EMAIL_TEXT 0, REFERENCES 0.000, IN_REP_TO 0' References: <005d01c45e4b$13c78ee0$a570e4ce@Alexandria> Hi Janice and Tammy, At Wood Green Animal Shelters, I believe they are being quite successful at reversing the tendency of dogs to be aggressive. The cases I know of include 6 aggressive dogs (three had homes within a week), and one aggressive goat (tended to toss his head and want to butt, and he has rather large horns). In addition, they have made some significant inroads with animals with compulsive behaviors, such as tail chasing and muzzle butting (to the point of breaking front teeth). This latter dog was taught not to do this, and was successfully placed in a home. They have been able to get a number of animals to quit guarding body parts - like a dog named Star who was ferocious if any tried to touch his ears, etc. This dog now has a home and has come in again and the vet nurse reported that he acted like a normal dog, rather than like the growling maniac they nearly gave up on. They have a good, but dense kennelling set up. Sue Gearing is the director of training there and can give details. Best, Kayce Kayce Cover Syn Alia Training Systems http://www.synalia.com 757 588 5967 or 757 619 5557 > Hi Tammy, > > Could I ask one point of clarification? You said that the research > showed that they had a very low success rate for treating aggression in > a shelter setting. My question is what would then happen if these dogs, > who could not be treated in a shelter environment, were instead housed > in a lower stress environment--a non-shelter setting? In other words, > how much of the aggression is the dog and how much is this the dog's > reaction to the high stress, shelter environment? > > I think that many shelter workers describe a process whereby they see > dogs showing progressively more aberrant behavior (depression, > aggression, etc, depending on the dog's underlying emotional > temperament) as they persist in the shelter environment--this > environment apparently not being conducive to normal canine emotional > wellbeing. > > A thought that occurred to me, and one which I found rather disturbing > when I thought of it, is whether shelters, whose greatest goal is to > save dogs, could be by their very design (one that suits human needs, > that is, a place which can house a lot of dogs and be kept easily clean) > rather than environmentally designed for canine needs, in fact be > contributing to such a decline in a dog's emotional welfare that it is > creating a situation that some dogs can not come back from? Sort of > like humans suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome. How much of > the aggressive behavior we see in a shelter (or for that matter, > separation anxiety after the shelter episode) is in fact a normal > response to an abnormal and highly stressful environment? > > I am thinking of the environmental enrichment studies that have been > going on in zoos and realizing that there is not a zoo around that would > have any hope of getting accreditation if it keep its animals in the > conditions that an average dog is expected to endure at an average > shelter. > > I am wondering if it is not so much an issue of what training > parameters can correct aggression in a shelter environment but rather > what environmental parameters a shelter should have to not be conducive > to learning aggression and anxiety? Is there any validity to this line > of questioning? > > Janice > > Janice Willard, DVM, MS > ----- Original Message ----- > From: Tammy McCormick > To: Nadine Gourkow ; Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca > Sent: Tuesday, June 29, 2004 9:01 AM > Subject: RE: aggression > > > Hi Nadine, > > > > The San Francisco SPCA, under the supervision of Jean Donaldson, ran a > rehabilitation program for shelter dogs and collected data on their > work. Overall, they had a very low success rate for treating most > forms of aggression in a shelter setting. The SF SPCA has a full time > staff of trainers and interns in behavior and training that have > graduated from Jean's training academy, and their procedures are very > thorough. Despite this, very few of the dogs in the program were ever > deemed "adoptable". A private agency called Shelter Works presents > this information to shelters for educational purposes. I have been > interning at the SF SPCA in their behavior and training department and > I am currently working on a research project there. If you would like > more information, you can contact Shelter Works at > info@shelterworks.us or check out www.shelterworks.us. > > > > My dissertation topic is aggression towards familiar humans by > domestic dogs and I am doing some preliminary work in conjunction with > the SF SPCA. If you would like more information from me, please > contact me off list at tmccor@vetmed.wsu.edu. > > > > Cheers, > > Tammy > > > > > > Tammy McCormick Donaldson, M.S., PhD candidate > > Center for the study of Animal Well-being > > Dept. of Animal Science > > Washington State University > > > > > > > ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ > From: Nadine Gourkow [mailto:ngourkow@spca.bc.ca] > Sent: Tue 6/22/2004 3:55 PM > To: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca > Subject: aggression > > > Does anyone know of published papers (or unpublished data) on the > success of various rehabilitation practices for aggression of dogs > towards people? A study done (or data collected) in an animal shelter > would be ideal. I do have Karen Overall's list of indicators for > success of rehab and Katherine Houpt's paper on treatment for inter > dog aggression. > > Expert opinion would also of use on types of aggression and chances of > success for rehab in the shelter environment or foster home (new > environment for the dog) > > thanks > nadine > > > > ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ > > Nadine Gourkow, BEd, MSc > Animal Welfare Manager > BC SPCA Administration Centre > 1245 East 7th Avenue > Vancouver, BC V5T 1R1 > Ph. 604.709.6714 Fax. 604.681 7022 > www.spca.bc.ca ngourkow@spca.bc.ca Kayce Cover Syn Alia Training Systems http://www.synalia.com From: IN%"clothier@telenet.net" "Suzanne Clothier" 29-JUN-2004 23:03:27.27 To: IN%"appleby@petbehaviourcentre.com" "David Appleby", IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied-ethology" CC: Subj: RE: Seligmans paper Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBVXEFL6Q88YT3IQ@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from clothier@telenet.net); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 23:03:25 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBVXEF7RKW8WZLAW@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 23:02:56 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBVXEF42SG8X010A@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 23:02:56 -0600 (CST) Received: from newmail.logical.net (newmail.logical.net [209.23.116.20]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5U52nK9011544 for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 23:02:52 -0600 (envelope-from clothier@telenet.net) Received: from CPQ10443900021.telenet.net (ip-209-23-17-193.modem.logical.net [209.23.17.193]) by newmail.logical.net (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5U52PH1023753; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 01:02:46 -0400 Date: Wed, 30 Jun 2004 00:19:30 -0400 From: Suzanne Clothier Subject: Re: Seligmans paper In-reply-to: X-Sender: clothier@pop.telenet.net (Unverified) To: David Appleby , Applied-ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <6.0.1.1.2.20040630000150.01fba610@pop.telenet.net> MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Version 6.0.1.1 Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='EMAIL_ATTRIBUTION 0, REFERENCES 0.000, IN_REP_TO 0' References: Hi: I wondered the same thing as David, but when thinking on it further, considered this: what if the novel item *did* have a novel scent? Does that change anything? If so, how? Regardless of the means by which the novel item was detected (visual, olfactory, tactile, even auditory but not in this case as I understand the experiments were set up but it could be done), wouldn't fast mapping still be present? Was there an assumption here that visual identification was at work? Might it be for all we know that Rico carries a scent memory for each object as well as or even instead of a visual memory? That would be interesting to test, and not terribly difficult by presenting hidden objects that could be identified only by scent. Given how strong olfactory memory is in humans (quick - think of the smell of bananas, leather, skunk, lemon), it would seem logical that an olfactorily superior animal such as the dog would have considerable memory links via this sense. And my practical experience with dogs and scentwork helps me understand that while we humans may think all the objects had the dog's scent on it and therefore were "the same," the dog is quite capable of distinguishing one object from another based purely on the individual components/materials of each. From the small photos I've seen, it looked like a pretty wide range of materials. best, Suzanne Clothier David Appleby wrote: >Hi, > >Do you know if the toys that were familiar to the dog would have had its >scent on i.e. resulting in the novel item being the only one that did not? > >Best wishes, > > David > >-----Original Message----- >From: Geiger [mailto:gooddog@dodo.com.au] >Sent: 29 June 2004 01:43 >To: 'Pat Robards'; Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca >Subject: RE: Seligmans paper > >Hi everyone, the dog Rico was subjected to scientific testing. The novel >object was placed in the next room by the tester, so neither the owners >scent nor the owners body language were available to cue the dog to pick the >novel object. The dog was retested a few weeks later and had retained the >names for the novel items in 50% of items, which was compared with the >capacity of a 3 year old child for "fast-mapping". >The dog is a border collie, commonly thought to be rather clever dogs. >Regards, >Jackie Perkins >Ps I have not yet read the full copy of this study. I may be able to share >more later. > >-----Original Message----- >From: Pat Robards [mailto:probards@ozemail.com.au] >Sent: Friday, June 25, 2004 12:29 PM >To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca >Subject: Re: Seligmans paper > > > >Sent: Thursday, June 24, 2004 8:21 PM >Subject: Re: Seligmans paper > > >Good old fashioned *scent discrimination*, I wonder what other cues >were given, a raised eyebrow, a smile perhaps? >Kindest Regards > >Pat Robards (Australia) >http://www.k9events.com/ From: IN%"clothier@telenet.net" "Suzanne Clothier" 29-JUN-2004 23:03:27.47 To: IN%"jwillard@turbonet.com" "Janice Willard", IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: aggression Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBVXEEGUF48YT4FK@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from clothier@telenet.net); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 23:03:25 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBVXEE0C408YQS0C@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 23:02:54 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBVXEDNZL08X010A@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 23:02:54 -0600 (CST) Received: from newmail.logical.net (newmail.logical.net [209.23.116.20]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5U52pFZ009313 for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 23:02:52 -0600 (envelope-from clothier@telenet.net) Received: from CPQ10443900021.telenet.net (ip-209-23-17-193.modem.logical.net [209.23.17.193]) by newmail.logical.net (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5U52PH2023753; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 01:02:48 -0400 Date: Wed, 30 Jun 2004 00:51:12 -0400 From: Suzanne Clothier Subject: Re: aggression In-reply-to: <005d01c45e4b$13c78ee0$a570e4ce@Alexandria> X-Sender: clothier@pop.telenet.net (Unverified) To: Janice Willard , Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <6.0.1.1.2.20040630002022.02085e98@pop.telenet.net> MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Version 6.0.1.1 Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='QUOTED_EMAIL_TEXT 0, REFERENCES 0.000, IN_REP_TO 0' References: <005d01c45e4b$13c78ee0$a570e4ce@Alexandria> Hi Janice: When thinking about the original request for information, I found it interesting that Nadine was particularly interested in any data from shelter environments. My very first thought was that a shelter environment was not ideal for rehabilitation! Of course, since so many dogs with aberrant behavior end up in shelters, then knowing how rehab programs do (or don't) succeed in that environment is important information. But, how would this contrast with what would be possible in a non-shelter environment, since as Janice points out, perhaps the environment itself makes success difficult if not impossible? There's a lot of anecdotal evidence that this is indeed true (witness what is possible when a problem dog is taken into a private home and successfully rehabilitated - as happens with many of my clients) but don't know of any carefully controlled studies or formal data collection. If the environment contributes to the lack of success, what then are the critical environmental aspects that would help to promote success? Maybe examining the environment in shelters with low success rates would help define, at the least, what's not desirable. Nadine - by "aggression towards people" what do you mean precisely? That covers an awful lot of territory behaviorally speaking, with many different motivations possible. What behaviors are you including/excluding in your broad category of aggression? best, Suzanne Clothier >Hi Tammy, > >Could I ask one point of clarification? You said that the research showed >that they had a very low success rate for treating aggression in a shelter >setting. My question is what would then happen if these dogs, who could >not be treated in a shelter environment, were instead housed in a lower >stress environment--a non-shelter setting? In other words, how much of >the aggression is the dog and how much is this the dog's reaction to the >high stress, shelter environment? > >I think that many shelter workers describe a process whereby they see dogs >showing progressively more aberrant behavior (depression, aggression, etc, >depending on the dog's underlying emotional temperament) as they persist >in the shelter environment--this environment apparently not being >conducive to normal canine emotional wellbeing. > >A thought that occurred to me, and one which I found rather disturbing >when I thought of it, is whether shelters, whose greatest goal is to save >dogs, could be by their very design (one that suits human needs, that is, >a place which can house a lot of dogs and be kept easily clean) rather >than environmentally designed for canine needs, in fact be contributing to >such a decline in a dog's emotional welfare that it is creating a >situation that some dogs can not come back from? Sort of like humans >suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome. How much of the aggressive >behavior we see in a shelter (or for that matter, separation anxiety after >the shelter episode) is in fact a normal response to an abnormal and >highly stressful environment? > >I am thinking of the environmental enrichment studies that have been going >on in zoos and realizing that there is not a zoo around that would have >any hope of getting accreditation if it keep its animals in the conditions >that an average dog is expected to endure at an average shelter. > > I am wondering if it is not so much an issue of what training parameters > can correct aggression in a shelter environment but rather what > environmental parameters a shelter should have to not be conducive to > learning aggression and anxiety? Is there any validity to this line of > questioning? > >Janice > >Janice Willard, DVM, MS >----- Original Message ----- >From: Tammy McCormick >To: Nadine Gourkow ; >Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca >Sent: Tuesday, June 29, 2004 9:01 AM >Subject: RE: aggression > >Hi Nadine, > > The San Francisco SPCA, under the supervision of Jean Donaldson, ran a > rehabilitation program for shelter dogs and collected data on their > work. Overall, they had a very low success rate for treating most forms > of aggression in a shelter setting. The SF SPCA has a full time staff of > trainers and interns in behavior and training that have graduated from > Jean's training academy, and their procedures are very thorough. Despite > this, very few of the dogs in the program were ever deemed > "adoptable". A private agency called Shelter Works presents this > information to shelters for educational purposes. I have been interning > at the SF SPCA in their behavior and training department and I am > currently working on a research project there. If you would like more > information, you can contact Shelter Works at > info@shelterworks.us or check out > www.shelterworks.us. > > My dissertation topic is aggression towards familiar humans by domestic > dogs and I am doing some preliminary work in conjunction with the SF > SPCA. If you would like more information from me, please contact me off > list at tmccor@vetmed.wsu.edu. > > >Cheers, > >Tammy > > > >---------- >From: Nadine Gourkow [mailto:ngourkow@spca.bc.ca] >Sent: Tue 6/22/2004 3:55 PM >To: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca >Subject: aggression > >Does anyone know of published papers (or unpublished data) on the success >of various rehabilitation practices for aggression of dogs towards >people? A study done (or data collected) in an animal shelter would be ideal. >I do have Karen Overall's list of indicators for success of rehab and >Katherine Houpt's paper on treatment for inter dog aggression. > >Expert opinion would also of use on types of aggression and chances of >success for rehab in the shelter environment or foster home (new >environment for the dog) > >thanks >nadine > > > >---------- >Nadine Gourkow, BEd, MSc >Animal Welfare Manager >BC SPCA Administration Centre >1245 East 7th Avenue >Vancouver, BC V5T 1R1 >Ph. 604.709.6714 Fax. 604.681 7022 >www.spca.bc.ca >ngourkow@spca.bc.ca > From: IN%"ewj@uiuc.edu" "E. Wayne Johnson" 29-JUN-2004 23:25:22.62 To: IN%"clothier@telenet.net" "Suzanne Clothier", IN%"jwillard@turbonet.com" "Janice Willard", IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: aggression Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBVY6FA0N48YT4FK@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from ewj@uiuc.edu); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 23:25:20 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBVY6EWTY88YT2S6@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 23:24:43 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf1.usask.ca (spamf1.usask.ca [128.233.150.97]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBVY6EIJQA8X0B8F@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Tue, 29 Jun 2004 23:24:43 -0600 (CST) Received: from sccimhc91.asp.att.net (sccimhc91.asp.att.net [63.240.76.165]) by spamf1.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5U5OfK9017530 for ; Tue, 29 Jun 2004 23:24:42 -0600 (envelope-from ewj@uiuc.edu) Received: from ewj.uiuc.edu (12-221-64-81.client.insightbb.com[12.221.64.81]) by sccimhc91.asp.att.net (sccimhc91) with SMTP id <20040630052440i9100ack5ae>; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 05:24:41 +0000 Date: Wed, 30 Jun 2004 00:24:44 -0500 From: "E. Wayne Johnson" Subject: Re: aggression In-reply-to: <6.0.1.1.2.20040630002022.02085e98@pop.telenet.net> X-Sender: ewj@express.cites.uiuc.edu To: Suzanne Clothier , Janice Willard , Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: <6.1.0.6.2.20040630000950.029fc2a8@express.cites.uiuc.edu> MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Version 6.1.0.6 Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='EMAIL_ATTRIBUTION 0, REFERENCES 0.000, IN_REP_TO 0' References: <005d01c45e4b$13c78ee0$a570e4ce@Alexandria> <6.0.1.1.2.20040630002022.02085e98@pop.telenet.net> At 11:51 PM 6/29/2004, Suzanne Clothier wrote: >Of course, since so many dogs with aberrant behavior end up in shelters, >then knowing how rehab programs do (or don't) succeed in that environment >is important information. But, how would this contrast with what would be >possible in a non-shelter environment, since as Janice points out, perhaps >the environment itself makes success difficult if not impossible? It should not be overlooked that there are genetic factors here. There is a large dog population that is mating more or less randomly (with some notable exceptions). Even planned matings that tend to be inbred rather than outbred/outcross will produce a number of undesirable individuals. Aggression, the tendency to display aggressive behaviour and the degree of aggression are rather heritable traits. Man has dominion over the animals and as such there is a responsiblity to remove the "culls" that are generated in any breeding pragram (planned or otherwise). One is rather glad that there aren't many Great Danes with a Rat Terrier chipset. Selection pressure toward a manageable temperament is useful. Sterilzation is one effective way of stopping the proliferation of an undesirable set of alleles but it does nothing to eliminate the undesirable individual. Whether you call them humane shelters or dog pounds, one of their important functions in the society is to serve as a garbage dump. For people they build prisons and quasi-incarcerative institutions to serve a similar purpose. The uncooperative, uncorrigible,and unlucky detritus of the society will live out its life there. From: IN%"appleby@petbehaviourcentre.com" "David Appleby" 30-JUN-2004 08:08:55.83 To: IN%"clothier@telenet.net" "Suzanne Clothier", IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied-ethology" CC: Subj: RE: Seligmans paper Return-path: Received: from PROCESS-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBWGH3QY4W8YT3DF@sask.usask.ca> (original mail from appleby@petbehaviourcentre.com); Wed, 30 Jun 2004 08:08:55 -0600 (CST) Received: from CONVERSION-DAEMON.sask.usask.ca by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) id <01LBWGH3O1LC8YS371@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Wed, 30 Jun 2004 08:08:44 -0600 (CST) Received: from spamf2.usask.ca (spamf2.usask.ca [128.233.150.98]) by sask.usask.ca (PMDF V6.2-X27 #30875) with ESMTP id <01LBWGH33QDK8X0CJ9@sask.usask.ca> for applied-ethology-expand@process.sask.usask.ca (ORCPT Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca); Wed, 30 Jun 2004 08:08:44 -0600 (CST) Received: from crichton.netkonect.net (crichton.netkonect.net [194.62.44.62]) by spamf2.usask.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i5UE8YFZ032283 for ; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 08:08:35 -0600 Received: from klingon.netkonect.net (crichton.netkonect.net [194.62.44.62]) by crichton.netkonect.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id E6F2F15A11; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 15:08:33 +0100 (BST) Received: from David ([194.164.80.179]) by klingon.netkonect.net (8.12.10/8.12.10) with SMTP id i5UE8WEl000893; Wed, 30 Jun 2004 15:08:33 +0100 (BST) Date: Wed, 30 Jun 2004 15:08:07 +0100 From: David Appleby Subject: RE: Seligmans paper In-reply-to: <6.0.1.1.2.20040630000150.01fba610@pop.telenet.net> To: Suzanne Clothier , Applied-ethology Errors-to: applied-ethology-error@sask.usask.ca Message-id: MIME-version: 1.0 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1409 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook IMO, Build 9.0.2416 (9.0.2911.0) Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Importance: Normal X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-priority: Normal X-PMX-Version: 4.1.1.86173 X-PerlMx-Spam: Gauge=IIIIIIII, Probability=8%, Report='EMAIL_ATTRIBUTION 0, IN_REP_TO 0' Good thoughts but I don't think that for the dog all the toys would have smelt the same because they had its scent on, but that the dog's scent could have been a component of the scent profile of each of the familiar items. Therefore I wonder if the dog was shaped into retrieving the item without its scent on through owner response. I should point out that I have not had a chance to read the paper and study the method used. Best wishes, David -----Original Message----- From: Suzanne Clothier [mailto:clothier@telenet.net] Sent: 30 June 2004 05:20 To: David Appleby; Applied-ethology Subject: Re: Seligmans paper Hi: I wondered the same thing as David, but when thinking on it further, considered this: what if the novel item *did* have a novel scent? Does that change anything? If so, how? Regardless of the means by which the novel item was detected (visual, olfactory, tactile, even auditory but not in this case as I understand the experiments were set up but it could be done), wouldn't fast mapping still be present? Was there an assumption here that visual identification was at work? Might it be for all we know that Rico carries a scent memory for each object as well as or even instead of a visual memory? That would be interesting to test, and not terribly difficult by presenting hidden objects that could be identified only by scent. Given how strong olfactory memory is in humans (quick - think of the smell of bananas, leather, skunk, lemon), it would seem logical that an olfactorily superior animal such as the dog would have considerable memory links via this sense. And my practical experience with dogs and scentwork helps me understand that while we humans may think all the objects had the dog's scent on it and therefore were "the same," the dog is quite capable of distinguishing one object from another based purely on the individual components/materials of each. From the small photos I've seen, it looked like a pretty wide range of materials. best, Suzanne Clothier David Appleby wrote: >Hi, > >Do you know if the toys that were familiar to the dog would have had its >scent on i.e. resulting in the novel item being the only one that did not? > >Best wishes, > > David > >-----Original Message----- >From: Geiger [mailto:gooddog@dodo.com.au] >Sent: 29 June 2004 01:43 >To: 'Pat Robards'; Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca >Subject: RE: Seligmans paper > >Hi everyone, the dog Rico was subjected to scientific testing. The novel >object was placed in the next room by the tester, so neither the owners >scent nor the owners body language were available to cue the dog to pick the >novel object. The dog was retested a few weeks later and had retained the >names for the novel items in 50% of items, which was compared with the >capacity of a 3 year old child for "fast-mapping". >The dog is a border collie, commonly thought to be rather clever dogs. >Regards, >Jackie Perkins >Ps I have not yet read the full copy of this study. I may be able to share >more later. > >-----Original Message----- >From: Pat Robards [mailto:probards@ozemail.com.au] >Sent: Friday, June 25, 2004 12:29 PM >To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca >Subject: Re: Seligmans paper > > > >Sent: Thursday, June 24, 2004 8:21 PM >Subject: Re: Seligmans paper > > >Good old fashioned *scent discrimination*, I wonder what other cues >were given, a raised eyebrow, a smile perhaps? >Kindest Regards > >Pat Robards (Australia) >http://www.k9events.com/