Subject: Bovine pacifier From: joseph stookey Date: Wed, 19 Mar 2008 08:36:21 -0600 To: applied-ethology@usask.ca, Anne Marie de Passille , "Rushen, Jeffrey" , Marina von Keyserlingk , "Scott, Shannon" , "Haley, Derek" , Jon Watts , "Swanson, Janice" , Don.Lay@ars.usda.gov, "Petherick, Carol" , John Campbell , Steve Hendrick , Reuben Mapletoft , albert barth , Colin Palmer , John McKinnon HI Everyone, I can not remember if I asked this group this question already, but I am interested in hearing if anyone has experience or knowledge of a "bovine pacifier"? A veterinarian near Perth, Australia contacted me and shared the story of a client of his who had mentioned they used a "bovine pacifier", shaped sort of like a metal sheep drenching gun, that they insert into the animal's mouth between the molars and cheek during restraint. The animal chews or manipulates the device with its tongue and teeth while procedures (i.e. branding, castration, etc.) are performed on the animal. It is not electric nor painful, just a metal tube the animal can chew on or manipulate. When they use the pacifier the animals stand considerably calmer than they normally would under the same circumstances - as if "the animal can not focus on two things at the same time" (quoting the vet). Has anyone used a "bovine pacifier" or heard of this technique to quiet cattle during restraint? Cheers, Joe -- Joseph M. Stookey Professor of Applied Ethology Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan 52 Campus Drive Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada S7N 5B4 Tel 306-966-7154 Fax 306-966-7159 Subject: Re: Mimetic desire From: John Burchard Date: Mon, 24 Mar 2008 11:08:37 -0700 To: Applied Ethology list joseph stookey wrote: > Have you ever heard of "mimetic desire" (as expounded by Rene Girard > and Gil Baile)? In light of such theories as Baile's "Violence > Unveiled", I was wondering if animals portray anything like this > "mimetic desire" and "envy" to get something the others have, simply > because the other has it! Something like a child suddenly wanting > the toy that was of no interest /until/ the other began to play with > it! I observe this many times each day in the interactions between my 4 month old mixed breed pup and her two next older playmates. They happen to be Salukis, 16 months and 21 months respectively. One of them will pick up a stick (among dozens available in my yard which has several messy trees) which then instantly becomes an object of desire for the others, leading to deployment of more or less elaborate strategies directed toward obtaining possession of the stick. The one who starts the game does so ceremoniously - the stick is of interest only if the others see you carrying it, so you have to make sure they do see you . It's quite funny to watch. John -- John E. Burchard, Ph.D. Tepe Gawra Salukis saluqi@ix.netcom.com http://saluqi.home.netcom.com Subject: psychogenic stress From: Anna Olsson Date: Tue, 25 Mar 2008 11:19:43 +0000 To: APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca Dear all, What is your view of the term "psychogenic stress", to describe stress reaction that originates in psychological stressors rather than physiological stressors? If thinking about the protocols (chronic mild stress and others) applied to induce stress experimentally, I would think of regrouping as a typically psychological stressor and extreme temperature as typically physiological stressor. But when a colleague asked me about the term I used in a manuscript and I started to think about I became less convinced about the distinction. It's clearly unpleasant to be cold or hot (or underfed, or not able to rest properly etc etc) - so isn't there a psychological component to most of the 'physiological' stressors that we as animal welfare scientists will consider? As opposed to oxidative stress on the cellular or organ level as some of my colleagues work with. Does it then make sense to talk about psychogenic stress or is it just unnecessary jargon and I better just write stress in my manuscript? Best regards, Anna Olsson -- Dr Anna Olsson Researcher Laboratory Animal Science Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology Rua Campo Alegre 823 4150-180 Porto, Portugal ---------------------------------------------------------------- This message was sent using IMP, the Internet Messaging Program. Subject: Re: psychogenic stress From: Kayce Cover Date: Wed, 26 Mar 2008 14:37:04 -0400 (EDT) To: applied-ethology@usask.ca Hi Anna, In my work, I refer to perception-mediated stress/illness/conditions. The term psychogenic literally says that the thoughts/mental state created the stress. The stimuli which the animal must adapt to is often external (not always, as in the case of estrus) , but the animal or human may learn different ways to perceive those stimuli. There are many events where organisms, both cellular and multi-cellular, or cells within a multi-cellular organism, make decisions based on perceptions and related to experience. Change the experience or the perception and the organism or cell makes other choices. For example, cells in rats made a mast cell spike in each of two trials, when a buzzer, light and egg white injection coincided. Third trial, no egg white, just buzzer and light and same mast cell spike. In two experiences, cells were making associations and basing responses on them. These associations can then be changed in a similar way. So knowledge/cognition/experience can be involved. So, the conditions, in this case, anaphylaxis, are often the result of the organism's interpretation of outside events, rather than on some internal construct such as a delusion or just a thought. For this reason, I prefer perception-mediated to psychogenic. Regards, Kayce Kayce Cover MSEd, BS An Sci, CABC IAABC Syn Alia Training Systems http://www.synalia.com PO Box 8788, Norfolk, VA 23503-0788 001 757 588 5967 or 001 757 609 5066 > > Dear all, > > > > What is your view of the term "psychogenic stress", to describe stress > > reaction > > that originates in psychological stressors rather than physiological > > stressors? > > > > If thinking about the protocols (chronic mild stress and others) > > applied to > > induce stress experimentally, I would think of regrouping as a > > typically > > psychological stressor and extreme temperature as typically > > physiological > > stressor. But when a colleague asked me about the term I used in a > > manuscript > > and I started to think about I became less convinced about the > > distinction. > > It's clearly unpleasant to be cold or hot (or underfed, or not able to > > rest > > properly etc etc) - so isn't there a psychological component to most > > of the > > 'physiological' stressors that we as animal welfare scientists will > > consider? > > As opposed to oxidative stress on the cellular or organ level as some > > of my > > colleagues work with. > > > > Does it then make sense to talk about psychogenic stress or is it just > > unnecessary jargon and I better just write stress in my manuscript? > > > > Best regards, > > Anna Olsson > > > > -- > > Dr Anna Olsson > > Researcher > > > > Laboratory Animal Science > > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal Subject: dementia in old (companion) animals From: Anna Olsson Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2008 08:40:13 +0000 To: APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca Dear all, Does any of you encounter old animals with dementia and have an idea of how that affects their welfare? I was thinking primarily about dogs and cats as companion animal geriatrics seem to be an emerging topic in veterinary medicine. Best regards, Anna Olsson -- Dr Anna Olsson Researcher Laboratory Animal Science Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology Rua Campo Alegre 823 4150-180 Porto, Portugal ---------------------------------------------------------------- This message was sent using IMP, the Internet Messaging Program. Subject: Ray Stricklin on psychogenic stress From: Anna Olsson Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2008 08:42:01 +0000 To: APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca Ray Stricklin asked me to post this on the list: Anna, I think you raise a very good point regarding there (possibly) not be any sharp distinction between psychological and physiological stressors. Does the manuscript you mention allow you an opportunity to discuss this idea? You mention thermal stressors which I think are good examples of the concept you have raised. Regarding your question, I also thought a bit about suckling deprivation (in crate-fed veal calves for example). I think one could build a good argument that the critical issue from the calf's viewpoint has to do with the psychological stress experienced as a consequence of being deprived of its ability to engage in a physiologically-based activity, i.e., suckling. I think the issue you have raised ultimately has to do with the fact that mind and body are inextricably linked. Further, I think your question can be viewed as having to do with feelings, and in terms of AW, physiologically-based stressors both chronic and acute may all ultimately have to do with feelings. This last point goes back at least to M Dawkins and is an idea advanced by I Duncan et al. that AW is ultimately all about what the animal feels. (As a bit of a digression, I think that the FAP and its later incarnations inevitably led to the idea of AW having to do with feelings.) But after having written and briefly reflected on the above, let me raise a related point. Physiologists might be happy to contend that all mental stress has a physiological basis, and I don't think that this is true. For example (and related to the suckling drive/reflex example above), I think that it is possible for an animal to experience "stress" as a result of the inability of the animal to meet a drive that one could say is mentally based (i.e., psychogenic). Thus, I would argue that there is an important concept behind "psychogenic stress" or whatever term one uses - but it might be necessary or at least helpful for one to briefly explain or define the concept behind the term within each manuscript to assist the reader. Finally, it might possible for one to build an argument that all physiological stress has a psychological component - but not all stressors have a physiological basis. Interesting question, Anna. Best regards, Ray Stricklin -- Dr Anna Olsson Researcher Laboratory Animal Science Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology Rua Campo Alegre 823 4150-180 Porto, Portugal ---------------------------------------------------------------- This message was sent using IMP, the Internet Messaging Program. Subject: Re: psychogenic stress From: "CM Sherwin, Animal Health and Husbandry" Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2008 09:54:15 +0000 To: Anna Olsson , APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca Hi Anna, Just a few thoughts. I believe the term psychogenic stress has a place in the literature. If a caged animal becomes cold, it's body will experience autonomic processes that might become over-taxed. This might be considered as physiological stress per se. However, the caged animal will be conscious of this and as a consequence it's motivation to escape will increase. Because it is caged, this motivation will be frustrated, it's HPA axis will be stimulated, and the animal is likely to experience psychogenic stress. I believe that whilst an animal is whole, conscious and normal, there would be few examples where an animal experiences ONLY physiological stress. Evolution has acted to motivate animals to escape damage and if this means a little mental suffering and psychogenic stress to achieve this, it's probably a good trade-off. Just thoughts, Chris --On 25 March 2008 11:19 +0000 Anna Olsson wrote: > Dear all, > > What is your view of the term "psychogenic stress", to describe stress > reaction that originates in psychological stressors rather than > physiological stressors? > > If thinking about the protocols (chronic mild stress and others) applied > to induce stress experimentally, I would think of regrouping as a > typically psychological stressor and extreme temperature as typically > physiological stressor. But when a colleague asked me about the term I > used in a manuscript and I started to think about I became less convinced > about the distinction. It's clearly unpleasant to be cold or hot (or > underfed, or not able to rest properly etc etc) - so isn't there a > psychological component to most of the 'physiological' stressors that we > as animal welfare scientists will consider? As opposed to oxidative > stress on the cellular or organ level as some of my colleagues work with. > > Does it then make sense to talk about psychogenic stress or is it just > unnecessary jargon and I better just write stress in my manuscript? > > Best regards, > Anna Olsson > > -- > Dr Anna Olsson > Researcher > > Laboratory Animal Science > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal > > ---------------------------------------------------------------- > This message was sent using IMP, the Internet Messaging Program. ---------------------- Chris Sherwin Senior Research Fellow in Animal Behaviour and Welfare Division Clinical Veterinary Science University of Bristol Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk Phone 0117 928 9486 Subject: Response to dementia in old (companion) animals From: Bonnie Beaver Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2008 08:08:05 -0500 To: Anna Olsson , APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca Anna, There is a considerable body of literature that documents plaque deposition in the brains of various species, including the companion animals. Most of us in veterinary behavior call the resulting condition Cognitive Dysfunction. The neuro tangles seen in humans are usually not present in animals. Diagnosis of cognitive dysfunction (dementia) is based on ruling out the many other conditions that can cause similar signs and by the inclusion of more that one sign. Treatments are numerous, each with some short term success, with the real goal of extending quality time with the pet. Bill Ruehl is a co-author on several articles that deal with the pathology. Probably the best references for therapy at this time would be by Gary Landsberg (Therapeutic options for cognitive decline in senior pets; J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 42 (6): 407-413, Nov/Dec 2006). I hope this is helpful, Bonnie Beaver Bonnie V. Beaver, BS, DVM, MS, DACVB Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Texas A&M University 4474 TAMU College Station, TX 77843-4474 phone: 979-845-2351 fax: 979-845-6978 e-mail: bbeaver@cvm.tamu.edu >>> >>> Anna Olsson 3/27/2008 3:40 AM >>> Dear all, Does any of you encounter old animals with dementia and have an idea of how that affects their welfare? I was thinking primarily about dogs and cats as companion animal geriatrics seem to be an emerging topic in veterinary medicine. Best regards, Anna Olsson -- Dr Anna Olsson Researcher Laboratory Animal Science Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology Rua Campo Alegre 823 4150-180 Porto, Portugal ---------------------------------------------------------------- This message was sent using IMP, the Internet Messaging Program. Subject: Re: Response to dementia in old (companion) animals From: "M. Dew" Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2008 14:18:31 -0600 To: APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca CC: olsson@ibmc.up.pt, bbeaver@cvm.tamu.edu Interesting discussion of 'doggie dementia' FWIW, I have a 12-yr old female GSD who started displaying behaviors* suggesting the onset of CCD (Canine Cognitive Dysfunction) last year. For the 1st 6 years of her life, she was confined to a backyard by herself surrounded by a privacy fence and fed inexpensive, corn-based kibble. I suspect that if her previous owners had properly socialized her and provided adequate nutrition during her developing years, she wouldn't be as bad as she is now, but I would love to see some research on that topic. For the last six years, she's slept inside the house with me, is taken on daily walks, enjoys superior nutrition and is the "#2 dog" of a 4-dog 'pack.' Since December she has been on 30mg/day of Anipril (selegiline hydrochloride, L-deprenyl hydrochloride). Her 'cloudy-headedness' appears to have diminished somewhat. I'll chalk it up to the Anipril and the added fatty acids in her diet. I was *not* impressed by the Science Diet Prescription formula developed for the condition. * disorientation, standing on the hinge side of the door when it's opened for her, wanders/paces at all hours, staring at a wall, (fugue-like) etc. Pfizer has a CCD behavioral checklist online - http://www.cdsindogs.com/cds_checklist.asp Cheers, -Margaret Dew (student, Cedar Valley College Vet Tech Prog.) Dallas, TX Subject: Re: Ray Stricklin on psychogenic stress From: Yahoo - Helena Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2008 21:56:03 -0300 To: APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca Dear all, I subscribed to this list a long time ago, but this is the first time I write here. Let me introduce myself. I´m a Brazilian biologist, and actually I work as a dog behavior consultant and trainer. About the topic "Psychogenic Stress", I have a few words to post. Maybe we can say that physiological stress induces psychogenic stress what resuslts in a higher level of cortisol. If we talk about stress level in an organism that has a lower level of cognitive abilities, for an example, a fish, psychogenic stress probably doesn´t occur, while physiological stress induces organism reaction. But if we talk about language trainable animals, like parrots or chimps, we have a more complex situation regarding stress: a "thinking" animal can be somehow "conscious" about physiological stress, and then it produces psychogenic stress. "Mind and body are inextricably linked." (Stricklin) Helena Truksa Dog Behavior Consultant and Trainer. Brazil. ----- Original Message ----- From: "Anna Olsson" To: Sent: Thursday, March 27, 2008 5:42 AM Subject: Ray Stricklin on psychogenic stress > Ray Stricklin asked me to post this on the list: > > Anna, > > I think you raise a very good point regarding there (possibly) not be any > sharp distinction between psychological and physiological stressors. > > Does the manuscript you mention allow you an opportunity to discuss this > idea? > > You mention thermal stressors which I think are good examples of the > concept > you have raised. Regarding your question, I also thought a bit about > suckling deprivation (in crate-fed veal calves for example). I think one > could build a good argument that the critical issue from the calf's > viewpoint has to do with the psychological stress experienced as a > consequence of being deprived of its ability to engage in a > physiologically-based activity, i.e., suckling. > > I think the issue you have raised ultimately has to do with the fact that > mind and body are inextricably linked. Further, I think your question can > be > viewed as having to do with feelings, and in terms of AW, > physiologically-based stressors both chronic and acute may all ultimately > have to do with feelings. This last point goes back at least to M Dawkins > and is an idea advanced by I Duncan et al. that AW is ultimately all about > what the animal feels. (As a bit of a digression, I think that the FAP and > its later incarnations inevitably led to the idea of AW having to do with > feelings.) > > But after having written and briefly reflected on the above, let me raise > a > related point. Physiologists might be happy to contend that all mental > stress has a physiological basis, and I don't think that this is true. For > example (and related to the suckling drive/reflex example above), I think > that it is possible for an animal to experience "stress" as a result of > the > inability of the animal to meet a drive that one could say is mentally > based > (i.e., psychogenic). Thus, I would argue that there is an important > concept > behind "psychogenic stress" or whatever term one uses - but it might be > necessary or at least helpful for one to briefly explain or define the > concept behind the term within each manuscript to assist the reader. > > Finally, it might possible for one to build an argument that all > physiological stress has a psychological component - but not all stressors > have a physiological basis. > > Interesting question, Anna. > > Best regards, > > Ray Stricklin > > > -- > Dr Anna Olsson > Researcher > > Laboratory Animal Science > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal > > ---------------------------------------------------------------- > This message was sent using IMP, the Internet Messaging Program. Subject: conference: Acoustic Communication by Animals, Aug. 12-15 From: Dave Mellinger Date: Fri, 28 Mar 2008 02:08:32 -0700 To: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Acoustic Communication by Animals Second International Conference August 12-15, 2008 Corvallis, Oregon USA This conference will bring together senior scholars, mid-career researchers and teachers, young investigators, and students to share ideas, data, and methods in the growing and exciting field of animal acoustic communication. The emphasis in the conference will be to share information across animal taxa and to enable young investigators and students to meet and share ideas with more established investigators in the field. Toward this end, the keynote speakers at the conference will be Dr. Peter Marler Dr. Peter Slater who will provide insights from their lifetime of studying animal communication. Abstracts Abstracts of up to 300 words will be accepted until April 18, 2008. Submit abstracts via the conference web site, below. Topics Some of the special sessions we plan to have include · Development and evolution of animal communication · Communication in noisy environments · Modern techniques in measuring and analyzing complex animal sounds · Sound production mechanisms · Effects of anthropogenic sounds on animals · Cognition and language · Echolocation · Hearing and sound discrimination · Signal design · Mimicry · Physiology and anatomy · New equipment and software Other topics are welcome too. Invited speakers The following invited speakers will attend: Whitlow Au: Sound detection and echolocation by dolphins Andrew Bass: Communication in fishes Eliot Brenowitz: Vocal communication in songbirds Robert Dooling: Bird hearing Richard Fay: Fish hearing and sound production Albert Feng: Neural basis of sound communication in complex environments Tecumseh Fitch: Mammalian sound communication Ronald Hoy: Communication strategies in insects Peter Narins: Vertebrate seismic communication Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell: Elephant low frequency and seismic reception Kazuo Okanoya: Evolution of signal complexity in birds and humans Arthur Popper: New ideas on evolution of hearing Robert Seyfarth: Primate communication and social behavior Andrea Megela Simmons: Chorus dynamics in frogs James Simmons: Sound detection by bats Joseph Sisneros: Neural mechanisms of fish AnnMarie Surlykke: Bat echolocation Terry Takahashi: Hearing and localization Sophie Van Parijs: Pinniped communication Student funding We will have funding for some students to travel to the conference. See the conference website for details. Further information is available at the conference web site: http://oregonstate.edu/conferences/animalcommunication2008/ Hope to see you there! The conference scientific committee: Whitlow W.L. Au, Co-chair, University of Hawaii Andrea Megela Simmons, Co-chair, Brown University David K. Mellinger, Co-chair, Oregon State University Arthur N. Popper, University of Maryland Richard R. Fay, Loyola University of Chicago Charles Schmid, Vice-Chair, Acoustical Society of America Subject: Re: Ray Stricklin on psychogenic stress From: "CM Sherwin, Animal Health and Husbandry" Date: Fri, 28 Mar 2008 12:04:59 +0000 To: Yahoo - Helena , APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca Dear Helena, On what evidence do you conclude that fish have 'a lower level of cognitive abilities'? Chris --On 27 March 2008 21:56 -0300 Yahoo - Helena wrote: > Dear all, > > I subscribed to this list a long time ago, but this is the first time I > write here. > > Let me introduce myself. > I´m a Brazilian biologist, and actually I work as a dog behavior > consultant > and trainer. > > About the topic "Psychogenic Stress", I have a few words to post. Maybe we > can say that physiological stress induces psychogenic stress what resuslts > in a higher level of cortisol. If we talk about stress level in an > organism > that has a lower level of cognitive abilities, for an example, a fish, > psychogenic stress probably doesn´t occur, while physiological stress > induces organism reaction. But if we talk about language trainable > animals, like parrots or chimps, we have a more complex situation > regarding stress: a "thinking" animal can be somehow "conscious" about > physiological stress, and then it produces psychogenic stress. > > "Mind and body are inextricably linked." (Stricklin) > > > Helena Truksa > > Dog Behavior Consultant and Trainer. Brazil. > > > > > ----- Original Message ----- From: "Anna Olsson" > To: > Sent: Thursday, March 27, 2008 5:42 AM > Subject: Ray Stricklin on psychogenic stress > > >> Ray Stricklin asked me to post this on the list: >> >> Anna, >> >> I think you raise a very good point regarding there (possibly) not be any >> sharp distinction between psychological and physiological stressors. >> >> Does the manuscript you mention allow you an opportunity to discuss this >> idea? >> >> You mention thermal stressors which I think are good examples of the >> concept >> you have raised. Regarding your question, I also thought a bit about >> suckling deprivation (in crate-fed veal calves for example). I think one >> could build a good argument that the critical issue from the calf's >> viewpoint has to do with the psychological stress experienced as a >> consequence of being deprived of its ability to engage in a >> physiologically-based activity, i.e., suckling. >> >> I think the issue you have raised ultimately has to do with the fact that >> mind and body are inextricably linked. Further, I think your question can >> be >> viewed as having to do with feelings, and in terms of AW, >> physiologically-based stressors both chronic and acute may all ultimately >> have to do with feelings. This last point goes back at least to M Dawkins >> and is an idea advanced by I Duncan et al. that AW is ultimately all >> about what the animal feels. (As a bit of a digression, I think that the >> FAP and its later incarnations inevitably led to the idea of AW having >> to do with feelings.) >> >> But after having written and briefly reflected on the above, let me raise >> a >> related point. Physiologists might be happy to contend that all mental >> stress has a physiological basis, and I don't think that this is true. >> For example (and related to the suckling drive/reflex example above), I >> think that it is possible for an animal to experience "stress" as a >> result of the >> inability of the animal to meet a drive that one could say is mentally >> based >> (i.e., psychogenic). Thus, I would argue that there is an important >> concept >> behind "psychogenic stress" or whatever term one uses - but it might be >> necessary or at least helpful for one to briefly explain or define the >> concept behind the term within each manuscript to assist the reader. >> >> Finally, it might possible for one to build an argument that all >> physiological stress has a psychological component - but not all >> stressors have a physiological basis. >> >> Interesting question, Anna. >> >> Best regards, >> >> Ray Stricklin >> >> >> -- >> Dr Anna Olsson >> Researcher >> >> Laboratory Animal Science >> Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology >> Rua Campo Alegre 823 >> 4150-180 Porto, Portugal >> >> ---------------------------------------------------------------- >> This message was sent using IMP, the Internet Messaging Program. > > > ---------------------- Chris Sherwin Senior Research Fellow in Animal Behaviour and Welfare Division Clinical Veterinary Science University of Bristol Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk Phone 0117 928 9486 Subject: How to assess the pigs' fear of human? From: liyucai5432773@163.com Date: Sat, 29 Mar 2008 23:52:16 +0800 (CST) To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Dear All, The most common approach to test the fear is: Each pig was introduced individually into a novel arena and allowed a 2-min familiarisation period. After this time, a human (other than the handler) quietly entered the pen and stood erect against the midpoint of one wall of the pen. During the next 3 min, each pig was observed for: (1) the time taken to enter an area within 0.5 m of the experimenter (Area A); (2) the time spent within Area A; ................. My question is : when a pig takes 32s to enter the Area A ,then we record 32 for the pig.If there is a pig not enter the Area A during the 3 min, then what can we record for the pig at this time ? 0s? or 180s? ... In a word I want use this approach to test the fear,but I do not know how to “Statistical analysis”. Thanks everyone! All the best! Yucai Li ? ? ? ? ? ? --- ? ? ? ? ? ? ,166 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Subject: RE: How to assess the pigs' fear of human? From: Sue Bowers Date: Sat, 29 Mar 2008 12:20:56 -0400 To: applied-ethology@usask.ca Somewhat unrelated, but I am curious: ;-) What is the pig's *motivation* to enter the area? Wouldn't the individual's motivation drastically affect such an experiment? ~Sue From: liyucai5432773@163.com [mailto:liyucai5432773@163.com] Sent: Saturday, March 29, 2008 11:52 AM To: applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca Subject: How to assess the pigs' fear of human? Dear All, The most common approach to test the fear is: Each pig was introduced individually into a novel arena and allowed a 2-min familiarisation period. After this time, a human (other than the handler) quietly entered the pen and stood erect against the midpoint of one wall of the pen. During the next 3 min, each pig was observed for: (1) the time taken to enter an area within 0.5 m of the experimenter (Area A); (2) the time spent within Area A; ................. My question is : when a pig takes 32s to enter the Area A ,then we record 32 for the pig.If there is a pig not enter the Area A during the 3 min, then what can we record for the pig at this time ? 0s? or 180s? ... In a word I want use this approach to test the fear,but I do not know how to “Statistical analysis”. Thanks everyone! All the best! Yucai Li Subject: RE: How to assess the pigs' fear of human? From: Gorjanc Gregor Date: Sat, 29 Mar 2008 17:27:19 +0100 To: "liyucai5432773@163.com" , "applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Hi Yucai, > > The most common approach to test the fear is: > > Each pig was introduced individually into a novel arena and allowed a 2-min familiarisation period. After this time, a human (other than the handler) quietly > > entered the pen and stood erect against the midpoint of one wall of the pen. During the next 3 min, each pig was observed for: > > (1) the time taken to enter an area within 0.5 m of the experimenter (Area A); > > (2) the time spent within Area A; > > ................. > > My question is : when a pig takes 32s to enter the Area A ,then we record 32 for the pig.If there is a pig not enter the Area A during the 3 min, then what > > can we record for the pig at this time ? 0s? or 180s? ... > > In a word I want use this approach to test the fear,but I do not know how to “Statistical analysis”. You can use survival analysis if you measure fear as the time pig needs for the familiarisation process.. As you said you have two groups of pigs: - A pigs that enter the area within 3 minutes and you have precise data for them, say 32s, 120s, ... - B pigs that do not enter the area within 3 and you only know that their time is 180s or more Records for pigs in group A are uncensored, while records for pigs in group B are censored. So, search for survival analysis in your stat. software, say R, SAS, ... Regards, Gregor Gorjanc