From: IN%"skelligs@yahoo.com" "aoife ortega" 17-MAY-2002 13:38:34.46 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: thanks for writing me back and giving me those advices, i'll notice you the results thanks again for your attentions:) Aoife __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? LAUNCH - Your Yahoo! Music Experience http://launch.yahoo.com From: IN%"Rexxie1@aol.com" 20-MAY-2002 10:09:19.81 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Guardian article regarding list servers In case some members have not seen it, this Guardian article I received from= =20 another list server seems something to consider. Marlene Halverson http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,715153,00.html The fake persuaders Corporations are inventing people to rubbish their opponents on the=20 internet George Monbiot Tuesday May 14, 2002 The Guardian Persuasion works best when it's invisible. The most effective marketing=20 worms its way into our consciousness, leaving intact the perception that we=20 have reached our opinions and made our choices independently. As old as=20 humankind itself, over the past few years this approach has been refined,=20 with the help of the internet, into a technique called "viral marketing".=20 Last month, the viruses appear to have murdered their host. One of the=20 world's foremost scientific journals was persuaded to do something it had=20 never done before, and retract a paper it had published. While, in the past, companies have created fake citizens' groups to=20 campaign in favour of trashing forests or polluting rivers, now they create=20 fake citizens. Messages purporting to come from disinterested punters are=20 planted on listservers at critical moments, disseminating misleading=20 information in the hope of recruiting real people to the cause. Detective=20 work by the campaigner Jonathan Matthews and the freelance journalist Andy=20 Rowell shows how a PR firm contracted to the biotech company Monsanto=20 appears to have played a crucial but invisible role in shaping scientific=20 discourse. Monsanto knows better than any other corporation the costs of=20 visibility. Its clumsy attempts, in 1997, to persuade people that they=20 wanted to eat GM food all but destroyed the market for its crops.=20 Determined never to make that mistake again, it has engaged the services of=20 a firm which knows how to persuade without being seen to persuade. The=20 Bivings Group specialises in internet lobbying. An article on its website, entitled Viral Marketing: How to Infect the=20 World, warns that "there are some campaigns where it would be undesirable=20 or even disastrous to let the audience know that your organisation is=20 directly involved... it simply is not an intelligent PR move. In cases such=20 as this, it is important to first 'listen' to what is being said online...=20 Once you are plugged into this world, it is possible to make postings to=20 these outlets that present your position as an uninvolved third party...=20 Perhaps the greatest advantage of viral marketing is that your message is=20 placed into a context where it is more likely to be considered seriously."=20 A senior executive from Monsanto is quoted on the Bivings site thanking the=20 PR firm for its "outstanding work". On November 29 last year, two researchers at the University of=20 California, Berkeley published a paper in Nature magazine, which claimed=20 that native maize in Mexico had been contaminated, across vast distances,=20 by GM pollen. The paper was a disaster for the biotech companies seeking to=20 persuade Mexico, Brazil and the European Union to lift their embargos on GM=20 crops. Even before publication, the researchers knew their work was hazardous.=20 One of them, Ignacio Chapela, was approached by the director of a Mexican=20 corporation, who first offered him a glittering research post if he=20 withheld his paper, then told him that he knew where to find his children.=20 In the US, Chapela's opponents have chosen a different form of assassination= . On the day the paper was published, messages started to appear on a=20 biotechnology listserver used by more than 3,000 scientists, called=20 AgBioWorld. The first came from a correspondent named "Mary Murphy".=20 Chapela is on the board of directors of the Pesticide Action Network, and=20 therefore, she claimed, "not exactly what you'd call an unbiased writer".=20 Her posting was followed by a message from an "Andura Smetacek", claiming,=20 falsely, that Chapela's paper had not been peer-reviewed, that he was=20 "first and foremost an activist" and that the research had been published=20 in collusion with environmentalists. The next day, another email from=20 "Smetacek" asked "how much money does Chapela take in speaking fees, travel=20 reimbursements and other donations... for his help in misleading fear-based=20 marketing campaigns?" The messages from Murphy and Smetacek stimulated hundreds of others,=20 some of which repeated or embellished the accusations they had made. Senior=20 biotechnologists called for Chapela to be sacked from Berkeley. AgBioWorld=20 launched a petition pointing to the paper's "fundamental flaws". There do appear to be methodological problems with the research Chapela=20 and his colleague David Quist had published, but this is hardly=20 unprecedented in a scientific journal. All science is, and should be,=20 subject to challenge and disproof. But in this case the pressure on Nature=20 was so severe that its editor did something unparalleled in its 133-year=20 history: last month he published, alongside two papers challenging Quist=20 and Chapela's, a retraction in which he wrote that their research should=20 never have been published. So the campaign against the researchers was extraordinarily successful;=20 but who precisely started it? Who are "Mary Murphy" and "Andura Smetacek"? Both claim to be ordinary citizens, without any corporate links. The=20 Bivings Group says it has "no knowledge of them". "Mary Murphy" uses a=20 hotmail account for posting messages to AgBioWorld. But a message=20 satirising the opponents of biotech, sent by "Mary Murphy" from the same=20 hotmail account to another server two years ago, contains the=20 identification bw6.bivwood.com. Bivwood.com is the property of Bivings=20 Woodell, which is part of the Bivings Group. When I wrote to her to ask whether she was employed by Bivings and=20 whether Mary Murphy was her real name, she replied that she had "no ties to=20 industry". But she refused to answer my questions on the grounds that "I=20 can see by your articles that you made your mind up long ago about=20 biotech". The interesting thing about this response is that my message to=20 her did not mention biotechnology. I told her only that I was researching=20 an article about internet lobbying. Smetacek has, on different occasions, given her address as "London" and=20 "New York". But the electoral rolls, telephone directories and credit card=20 records in both London and the entire US reveal no "Andura Smetacek". Her=20 name appears only on AgBioWorld and a few other listservers, on which she=20 has posted scores of messages falsely accusing groups such as Greenpeace of=20 terrorism. My letters to her have elicited no response. But a clue to her=20 possible identity is suggested by her constant promotion of "the Centre For=20 Food and Agricultural Research". The centre appears not to exist, except as=20 a website, which repeatedly accuses greens of plotting violence. Cffar.org=20 is registered to someone called Manuel Theodorov. Manuel Theodorov is the=20 "director of associations" at Bivings Woodell. Even the website on which the campaign against the paper in Nature was=20 launched has attracted suspicion. Its moderator, the biotech enthusiast=20 Professor CS Prakash, claims to have no connection to the Bivings Group.=20 But when Jonathan Matthews was searching the site's archives he received=20 the following error message: "can't connect to MySQL server on=20 apollo.bivings.com". Apollo.bivings.com is the main server of the Bivings=20 Group. "Sometimes," Bivings boasts, "we win awards. Sometimes only the client=20 knows the precise role we played." Sometimes, in other words, real people=20 have no idea that they are being managed by fake ones. =B7 www.monbiot.com From: IN%"deweaver@gte.net" "Dallas E. Weaver, Ph.D." 20-MAY-2002 15:46:53.14 To: IN%"Rexxie1@aol.com", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Guardian article regarding list servers Marlene Halverson, What's new about using the internet list servers for PR purposes? This list server is often used by what appear to be "animal rights" activists and the scientific literature is full of "advocacy science" ranging from the cigarette companies journal articles (yes, their researchers do publish and what they say is true, but not the whole story) to articles by government employees with agendas. Good science and editorial review should separate this "advocacy science" from real science, but it is easier said than done. If someone misquotes a reference in a journal article to reinforce or make an impression, it is hard for reviewers to catch -- you can't check all the references, especially when you are reviewing for free. We are seeing way too much "advocacy science" in the "reviewed" literature and the problem appears to be getting worse. In the areas I see, most of the problem is coming from environmental and animal rights activists, not the corporations. Just because a scientists pay check comes from a government agency or a non-profit "research" group doesn't mean his scientific ethics are any better or worse that a corporate scientist. The real issue that should be covered in a scientific oriented list server, such as this one, is whether the article in question is true or an error. That is what science is good at. If the results don't reproduce or the methodology won't give the results claimed, we need to know. Whether a "planted" note started people looking in detail at the article is irrelevant to good science. I can think of several cases of "advocacy science" in the high end journals like Science and Nature that haven't got anyones attention (it's no big deal yet, but may be being setup to provide good references for a later fight). If the article in question isn't true, it isn't true -- period. For the politically minded, question can be asked whether this is a case of "advocacy science" which stretched the truth too far or just another set of experiments that got screwed up for unknown reasons. In either case, it is irrelevant to the science of the issue. Dallas > -- Dallas E. Weaver, Ph.D. Scientific Hatcheries deweaver@gte.net 5542 Engineer Dr. 714-890-0138 Huntington Beach, CA Fax 714-890-3778 92649 From: IN%"Rexxie1@aol.com" 20-MAY-2002 17:49:06.86 To: IN%"deweaver@gte.net", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Guardian article regarding list servers Hmmm Seems like I hit a sensitive note. I think the issue in the article had to do with the questionable ethics of misrepresenting oneself as an ordinary member of the public when one actually is an advocate for hire employed by the company whose views or products one is promoting. Most list serv readers would not have any way of knowing there is a move afoot to "stuff the ballot boxes" or distract the debate so to speak and would take at face value that the writer was putting forward only his or her own opinion or educated judgment. But I agree there is nothing new about it. Marlene Halverson From: IN%"margory@dnai.com" "margory cohen" 20-MAY-2002 18:38:21.65 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca", IN%"CANGEN-L@mercury.cc.uottawa.ca" "Canine Genetics Discussion Group on Univ. of Ottawa listserv" CC: Subj: Stephen Jay Gould Sad news to pass along. I would read him (again and again) in the collection part of _In the Company of Animals_. margory cohen www.nytimes.com also has story and some biography. Subject: Famed biologist, author Stephen Jay Gould dies at 60 > > May 20, 2002 Posted: 4:12 PM EDT (2012 GMT) > _____ > > > BOSTON (AP) -- Stephen Jay Gould, a famed evolutionary biologist and > prolific author who influenced his field for decades, died Monday. He was > 60. > > Gould died of cancer at his home in New York City, according to his > assistant, Stephanie Schur. > > One of America's best-known scientists, Gould wrote books that sought to > make complex debates about geology, paleontology and evolutionary biology > accessible to the public. > > A Harvard University professor, he joined the faculty in 1967 as a professor > of geology. He advanced to associate professor in 1971 and to professor in > 1973. > > Gould analyzed evolutionary theory -- criticizing elements of it at points > -- with comparisons to a range of disciplines, including popular culture and > sports. > /// > Copyright 2002 The > Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, > broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. From: IN%"deweaver@gte.net" "Dallas E. Weaver, Ph.D." 20-MAY-2002 20:20:49.72 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Guardian article regarding list servers Mariene, It is sensitive in that I almost expect PR flacks to misrepresent themselves. The real questionable ethics arise when scientists misrepresent their information. For example, the scientists at LLNL did an environmental study for the Governor of California (I have no idea where you are located) on the switch from MTBE to ethanol in gasoline. In their study they showed how fast ethanol is biodegraded (bacterially oxidized) and the fact that it would be below toxic levels when spilled into a water supply (very beautiful mathematical model work). However, they never mentioned that the biological removal of the ethanol also removes oxygen from the water and low dissolved oxygen would kill every aerobic life form in the impact area (a small spill can kill a square Km of San Francisco Bay). These scientists knew about the problem, but omitted it, when it was clear that governor Davis didn't want any environmental problems. Who is a bigger problem, a PR flack claiming to be someone else or a scientist (in this case a whole team from a national lab) claiming to do an objective analysis? If the science in the original article was bad, articles such as the one you posted are just a counter PR attack whose purpose is to deflect attention from either bad science or "advocacy science". Notice that the article didn't back up the science, it only attacked individuals and implies a grand conspiracy. Dallas From: IN%"Rexxie1@aol.com" 21-MAY-2002 09:05:48.71 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: welfare impacts of "paylean" The following message was sent to me by a friend. It is encouraging at leas= t=20 to see that the industry is beginning to admit the welfare impacts of=20 administering ractopamine to intensively confined pigs. It seems it would b= e=20 preferable from a welfare standpoint to let pigs build muscles the=20 old-fashioned way, by giving them the space and opportunity to exercise. Is= =20 paylean or similar product used in countries other than the U.S.? Thoughts=20 from anyone? You can reply off the list serv so we don't tie it up with a=20 discussion that might be off topic for most. Marlene Halverson The following are excerpts from a lengthy article entitled "Paylean Judged o= n=20 Carcass Merits" by Debra Neutkens from the May 15, 2002 issue of National Ho= g=20 Farmer. The full article can be accessed at: http://industryclick.co= m/magazinearticle.asp?magazineid=3D17&releaseid=3D10180& magazinearticleid=3D148438&SiteID=3D5 =20 =20 =E2=80=98Slows' an Issue=20 =20 One of the possible pitfalls of feeding Paylean, he adds, may be "slows"=20= =E2=80=94=20 pigs that seem to run out of energy and walk slowly or lie down. He prefers=20 to avoid the term "downers," since this does not involve hogs that are=20 injured or sick. Some producers attribute the incidence of "slows" to=20 Paylean. "Like any new technology, Paylean usage needs to be fine-tuned with more=20 focused management and better handling. Our producers are experimenting with= =20 different amounts in the diet to provide growth rate changes, as well as a=20 desirable carcass with minimal slow animals," he explains. =20 Handle with Care (and No Prods)=20 Downers are an issue with the industry. Also called "slows," these are the=20 pigs that become fatigued for no apparent reason and refuse to get up and=20 walk. Many factors can influence downers, but it seems more prevalent in=20 heavily muscled pigs. The presence of the stress gene or use of ractopamine=20 hydrochloride (Paylean) is commonly blamed. Elanco Animal Health, the maker of Paylean, is looking for reasons why. "We=20 decided to study the physiology of downer pigs," says David Anderson, senior= =20 research scientist with Elanco. Pigs were taken from a commercial midwestern= =20 plant that was processing 14,000 head/day over a three-day period. "We=20 evaluated things such as muscle tremors and vocalization, measured rectal=20 temperatures, collected tissues and did blood tests =E2=80=94 in Paylean and= =20 non-Paylean-fed pigs. What we found was evidence of metabolic acidosis. "The bottom line is downer pigs have a pH that is 7.1, which is very low. A=20 normal pH is 7.36 to 7.44. The most important factor contributing to=20 metabolic acidosis is handling," he adds. Elanco took the study a step further, developing a model for handling at-ris= k=20 pigs and identifying factors associated with downers. "Our recommendation is= =20 to treat pigs as gently as possible and reduce use of electric prods," says=20 Anderson. Minnesota producer Gehl Mittelsted feeds Paylean to thousands of pigs and=20 agrees that handling is a big issue. "Paylean pigs cannot be pushed. They're= =20 like body builders; they walk slower and stiffer; they take twice as long to= =20 load." Mittelsted works with his truckers to get pigs to the dock in good shape.=20 "Pigs aren't crowded on the truck =E2=80=94 185 head are shipped per load vs= . 200 =E2=80=94=20 and we make sure everything walks off," he says. Elanco also studied the effects of feeding a buffer shortly before slaughter= =20 to offset lactic acid production in downer pigs, notes Anderson. The added=20 electrolyte, in this case sodium bicarbonate, reduced downer rates by half. National Institute for Animal Agriculture offers these additional tips to=20 minimize stress during transport: =C2=B7 Prepare pigs for moving and transport by walking pens 1 min./pen each= day=20 or 5 min. each week. =C2=B7 Withhold feed 4-6 hours before loading or 12-18 hours before slaughte= r. =C2=B7 Minimal electroshock should be used and only as a last resort. =C2=B7 Equalize lighting and temperature and open curtains 15 min. prior to=20 loading. =C2=B7 Move pigs in small groups and avoid sharp turns and bunching. =C2=B7 Do not overload. =C2=B7 Once loaded, leave immediately for the packing plant. From: IN%"layd@purdue.edu" "Dr. Donald C. Lay, Jr." 22-MAY-2002 09:52:54.23 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: ARS Post-Doc Position Dear Colleagues: Recently, Dr. Ed Pajor posted an announcement for a post-doctoral position for which I am hiring. One important detail that was left out of that announcement is that we are a research unit for the Agricultural Research Unit, and thus we are currently unable to hire non-U.S. citizens. Due to the events of Sept. 11th, the U.S. government as suspended all hiring of non-U.S. citizens until further notice. This is a very unfortunate circumstance, however until policies are implemented to address governmental concerns we must operate accordingly. I apologize for any inconvenience that the lack of this information in the previous email has caused you. Sincerely, Don Dr. Donald C. Lay Jr. Research Leader USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit 219 Poultry Sci. Purdue Univ. West Lafayette, IN 47907 765-496-7750 layd@purdue.edu From: IN%"J.G.van_Dijk.neur@lumc.nl" "Dijk, J.G. van (NEUR)" 22-MAY-2002 10:13:41.65 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "'applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca'" CC: Subj: kittens and the scruff of their neck Many mammals can carry their young from place to place. Kittens, when grabbed by the neck, then assume a position in which they bend their backs, lift up their hind legs, curl their tails forwards and otherwise remain motionless. Many people will have used this reaction/reflex to subdue an unruly house cat. It works very well in young cats, but appears to stay working for a long time. Does anyone know how widespread this response is among mammals, or whether there are any physiological studies on it? could it be related to tonic immobility? What would be the correct English phrase to look for? From: IN%"coria75@neuroetologia.net" 22-MAY-2002 11:41:37.75 To: IN%"J.G.van_Dijk.neur@lumc.nl" "Dijk, J.G. van (NEUR)", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "'applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca'" CC: Subj: RE: kittens and the scruff of their neck At least in rats, it is very common to grabb them by the neck and skin of t= he back to inject them intraperitoneally. Handling a rat in this way we can= mimic a mom rat carring the pups, but if grabbed by the lower back it is a= ssumed we can mimic a predator, like a big bird. it is pretty easy to see how a pup shows a relaxed-like behavior in the fir= st way, lifting up its legs and an ansioux-like in the second one, extendin= g the whole body. This kind of behavior is seen in young and old rats. Genaro Coria, MVZ. M en C Laboratorio de Fisiolog=EDa Instituto de Neuroetolog=EDa Universidad Veracruzana A.P. 566 C.P. 91000 phone/Fax 52 2288 125748 --- "Dijk, J.G. van (NEUR)" wrote: >Many mammals can carry their young from place to place. Kittens, when >grabbed by the neck, then assume a position in which they bend their backs, >lift up their hind legs, curl their tails forwards and otherwise remain >motionless. Many people will have used this reaction/reflex to subdue an >unruly house cat. It works very well in young cats, but appears to stay >working for a long time. > >Does anyone know how widespread this response is among mammals, or whether >there are any physiological studies on it? could it be related to tonic >immobility? What would be the correct English phrase to look for? From: IN%"anna.johnson@porkboard.org" "Anna Johnson" 22-MAY-2002 13:35:30.61 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Advise Dear All, I am trying to find a source (s) which details the number of sows/ gilts housed in a variety of systems in the U.S. I need to numbers (rather than %) of sows/ gilts kept in stalls, pens, hoops, pasture systems etc. NAHMS gives percentages for animals kept in: total confinement, open building with no outside access, open building with outside access, lot with hut or no building, pasture with hut or no building. But this data set does not divide total confinement into pens versus stall systems. Any information would be helpful Thanks Anna Anna Johnson PhD Director of Animal Welfare National Pork Board P.O. Box 9114 Des Moines, Iowa 50306 Phone: (515) 223-3533 Fax: (515) 223-2646 Mobile: (515) 991-1776 E-mail: anna.johnson@porkboard.org copyright 2001: all rights reserved From: IN%"mappleby@hsus.org" "Michael Appleby" 22-MAY-2002 15:22:11.08 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "'applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca'" CC: Subj: RE: kittens and the scruff of their neck I once saw a simple and memorable demonstration by someone who put a clothes peg on a kitten's scruff (after putting it on his own ear to demonstrate that it was not strong enough to cause pain) then laid the kitten down. It just lay there, as if anaesthetized. There must be a physiological basis for this. This would obviously be a practical way to carry out minor procedures on such an animal - although we would need to know more about whether there is actually any analgesia before doing anything painful. Mike > Many mammals can carry their young from place to place. Kittens, when grabbed by the neck, then assume a position in which they bend their backs, lift up their hind legs, curl their tails forwards and otherwise remain motionless. Many people will have used this reaction/reflex to subdue an unruly house cat. It works very well in young cats, but appears to stay working for a long time. > Does anyone know how widespread this response is among mammals, or whether there are any physiological studies on it? could it be related to tonic immobility? What would be the correct English phrase to look for? Michael C. Appleby (Dr) Vice-President Farm Animals and Sustainable Agriculture The Humane Society of the United States 2100 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20037, USA Switchboard 1 202 452 1100 Direct 1 301 258 3111 Fax 1 301 258 3081 Email mappleby@hsus.org -----Original Message----- From: Dijk, J.G. van (NEUR) [mailto:J.G.van_Dijk.neur@lumc.nl] Sent: Wednesday, May 22, 2002 12:00 PM To: 'applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca' Subject: kittens and the scruff of their neck Many mammals can carry their young from place to place. Kittens, when grabbed by the neck, then assume a position in which they bend their backs, lift up their hind legs, curl their tails forwards and otherwise remain motionless. Many people will have used this reaction/reflex to subdue an unruly house cat. It works very well in young cats, but appears to stay working for a long time. Does anyone know how widespread this response is among mammals, or whether there are any physiological studies on it? could it be related to tonic immobility? What would be the correct English phrase to look for? From: IN%"keckert@larc.ucsf.edu" "Eckert, Katie" 22-MAY-2002 15:57:06.20 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "'applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca'" CC: Subj: RE: kittens and the scruff of their neck Does anyone know if there are acupressure points in this region for cats? Scruffing is a last resort restraint for most vet techs due to the fact that it seems to be stressful to the animals during the procedure (shots, etc.) to be immobilized in this way, and it is only used for aggresssive cats or more invasive procedures (blood draws, etc). Katie -----Original Message----- From: Michael Appleby [mailto:mappleby@hsus.org] Sent: Wednesday, May 22, 2002 2:21 PM To: 'applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca' Subject: RE: kittens and the scruff of their neck I once saw a simple and memorable demonstration by someone who put a clothes peg on a kitten's scruff (after putting it on his own ear to demonstrate that it was not strong enough to cause pain) then laid the kitten down. It just lay there, as if anaesthetized. There must be a physiological basis for this. This would obviously be a practical way to carry out minor procedures on such an animal - although we would need to know more about whether there is actually any analgesia before doing anything painful. Mike > Many mammals can carry their young from place to place. Kittens, when grabbed by the neck, then assume a position in which they bend their backs, lift up their hind legs, curl their tails forwards and otherwise remain motionless. Many people will have used this reaction/reflex to subdue an unruly house cat. It works very well in young cats, but appears to stay working for a long time. > Does anyone know how widespread this response is among mammals, or whether there are any physiological studies on it? could it be related to tonic immobility? What would be the correct English phrase to look for? Michael C. Appleby (Dr) Vice-President Farm Animals and Sustainable Agriculture The Humane Society of the United States 2100 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20037, USA Switchboard 1 202 452 1100 Direct 1 301 258 3111 Fax 1 301 258 3081 Email mappleby@hsus.org -----Original Message----- From: Dijk, J.G. van (NEUR) [mailto:J.G.van_Dijk.neur@lumc.nl] Sent: Wednesday, May 22, 2002 12:00 PM To: 'applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca' Subject: kittens and the scruff of their neck Many mammals can carry their young from place to place. Kittens, when grabbed by the neck, then assume a position in which they bend their backs, lift up their hind legs, curl their tails forwards and otherwise remain motionless. Many people will have used this reaction/reflex to subdue an unruly house cat. It works very well in young cats, but appears to stay working for a long time. Does anyone know how widespread this response is among mammals, or whether there are any physiological studies on it? could it be related to tonic immobility? What would be the correct English phrase to look for? From: IN%"Shetts@aol.com" 22-MAY-2002 17:14:31.40 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: kittens and the scruff of their neck In a message dated 05/22/2002 3:22:38 PM Mountain Daylight Time, mappleby@hsus.org writes: > Kittens, when grabbed by the neck, then assume a position in which they bend > their backs, lift up their hind legs, curl their tails forwards and > otherwise remain motionless I have always heard that it is never a good idea to carry or suspend an adult cat in this way without supporting the back legs. Supporting a kitten's weight by the scruff of the neck may be possible, but that expecting the weight of an adult cat to be supported in this way is not a good idea, and could cause injury. Suzanne Hetts, Ph.D. Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist Animal Behavior Associates, Inc. Littleton, CO www.animalbehaviorassociates.com From: IN%"appleby@petbcent.demon.co.uk" "David Appleby" 23-MAY-2002 05:22:41.74 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: kittens and the scruff of their neck Dear all, You will find this reflex response discussed in; Bradshaw, J.W.S. 1992. The Behaviour of the Domestic Cat. C.A.B. International. Wallingford. England. pp73. Best wishes. David ---------------------------------------- Name:David Appleby MSc Address:The Pet Behaviour Centre, Upper street, Defford, Worcestershire. WR8 9AB.England. Phone:+44(0)1386 750615 Fax:+44(0)1386 750743 E-mail:appleby@petbcent.demon.co.uk WWW: http://www.petbcent.demon.co.uk ---------------------------------------- -----Original Message----- From: Michael Appleby [mailto:mappleby@hsus.org] Sent: 22 May 2002 22:21 To: 'applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca' Subject: RE: kittens and the scruff of their neck I once saw a simple and memorable demonstration by someone who put a clothes peg on a kitten's scruff (after putting it on his own ear to demonstrate that it was not strong enough to cause pain) then laid the kitten down. It just lay there, as if anaesthetized. There must be a physiological basis for this. This would obviously be a practical way to carry out minor procedures on such an animal - although we would need to know more about whether there is actually any analgesia before doing anything painful. Mike > Many mammals can carry their young from place to place. Kittens, when grabbed by the neck, then assume a position in which they bend their backs, lift up their hind legs, curl their tails forwards and otherwise remain motionless. Many people will have used this reaction/reflex to subdue an unruly house cat. It works very well in young cats, but appears to stay working for a long time. > Does anyone know how widespread this response is among mammals, or whether there are any physiological studies on it? could it be related to tonic immobility? What would be the correct English phrase to look for? Michael C. Appleby (Dr) Vice-President Farm Animals and Sustainable Agriculture The Humane Society of the United States 2100 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20037, USA Switchboard 1 202 452 1100 Direct 1 301 258 3111 Fax 1 301 258 3081 Email mappleby@hsus.org -----Original Message----- From: Dijk, J.G. van (NEUR) [mailto:J.G.van_Dijk.neur@lumc.nl] Sent: Wednesday, May 22, 2002 12:00 PM To: 'applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca' Subject: kittens and the scruff of their neck Many mammals can carry their young from place to place. Kittens, when grabbed by the neck, then assume a position in which they bend their backs, lift up their hind legs, curl their tails forwards and otherwise remain motionless. Many people will have used this reaction/reflex to subdue an unruly house cat. It works very well in young cats, but appears to stay working for a long time. Does anyone know how widespread this response is among mammals, or whether there are any physiological studies on it? could it be related to tonic immobility? What would be the correct English phrase to look for? From: IN%"C.WATSON@CABI.ORG" "Charles Watson" 29-MAY-2002 03:38:40.01 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "'Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca'" CC: Subj: New Book from CABI Publishing The following book has been published, we welcome requests for = inspection copies (http://www.cabi-publishing.org/Bookshop/inspection.asp) and if = you wish to purchase this book please quote BAP on ordering to receive a = 20% discount. The Ethology of Domestic Animals: An Introductory Text http://www.cabi-publishing.org/Bookshop/book_detail.asp?isbn=3D085199602= 7 P Jensen, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden=20 Publication Date: May 2002 Number of Pages: 240 Pages=20 Binding: Paperback=20 ISBN: 0851996027 Price: =A322.50 (US$40.00)=20 Readership: Undergraduate students of animal and veterinary science, = zoology and psychology. Key Features covers behaviour, genetics, physiology and motivation, and social and reproductive behaviour separate chapters on the behaviour of individual farm animal species = and on dogs and cats, rabbits and rodents authoritative contributing authors from the UK, USA, Canada and = Scandinavia fills a gap in the market for a concise, introductory text This book provides a basic, introductory text on the behaviour of = domestic animals, a subject that is now taught to a wide range of students of veterinary medicine, animal science and biology. It also provides an overview of the subject for practising veterinarians and advisers.=20 PART A: Basic elements of animal behaviour The study of animal behaviour and its applications, Per Jensen Behavioural genetics, evolution and domestication, Per Jensen Physiology, motivation and the organization of behaviour, Frederick = Toates, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK Learning and cognition, Bj=F6rn Forkman, Royal Veterinary and = Agricultural University, Denmark Social and reproductive behaviour, Daniel M Weary, and David Fraser, University of British Columbia, Canada Behavioural disturbances, stress and welfare, Linda Keeling Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden and Per Jensen PART B: Species-specific behaviour of some important domestic animals Behaviour of fowl and other domesticated birds, Linda Keeling Behaviour of horses, Sue M McDonnell, University of Pennsylvania, USA Behaviour of cattle, Stephen J G Hall, University of Lincoln, UK Behaviour of sheep and goats, S Mark Rutter, Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, UK Behaviour of pigs, Per Jensen Behaviour of dogs and cats, Bjarne O Braastad and Morten Bakken, Agricultural University of Norway, Norway Behaviour of rabbits and rodents, David B Morton, University of = Birmingham, UK Charles Watson Promotions Executive, CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, = Oxon, OX10 8DE, UK; Tel: + 44 (0)1491 829247; Fax: +44 (0)1491 829198; c.watson@cabi.org=20 Please visit our website to find out about more CABI Publishing = products and services: www.cabi-publishing.org From: IN%"heike.westerath@fat.admin.ch" "Heike Schulze Westerath" 29-MAY-2002 08:56:34.89 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: job announcement --Boundary_(ID_Sa/GXiQQKX2sUNPLTDbMEA) Content-type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Dear All, Please find attached a job announcement for a graduate assistantship at the Swiss Federal Veterinary Office, Centre for proper housing of ruminants and pigs in Taenikon (near Zuerich) dealing with alternative housing systems for fattening bulls. Best regards! --------------------------------------------------------------- Heike Schulze Westerath Swiss Federal Veterinary Office Centre for proper housing of ruminants and pigs CH-8356 Taenikon - Switzerland Heike.Westerath@fat.admin.ch FAX: ++41 52 365 11 90 Phone: ++41 52 368 31 31 Phone direct: ++41 52 368 33 43 --Boundary_(ID_Sa/GXiQQKX2sUNPLTDbMEA) Content-type: application/msword; NAME="graduate assistantship.DOC" Content-transfer-encoding: BASE64 Content-disposition: attachment; Size=40960; Modification-date="Wed, 29 May 2002 18:41:40 +0200"; filename="graduate assistantship.DOC" 0M8R4KGxGuEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPgADAP7/CQAGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAAAA FQAAAAAAAAAAEAAAHwAAAAEAAAD+////AAAAABQAAAD///////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 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AQCIGAAAxQIAAKkBAAAAACnsZWYp7GVmELRlZgMAAAAAAJcAAABiAwAAAQABAAAA BACDEAcAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAQAAAAEAAAAAAAAAIQMAAACEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAApQbAB7QAtACAABIwAAAQABkAZAAAABkAAAAnBAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAIAAAAAAP//EgAAAAAAAAAEAEEAbgA6AF8AAAAAAAAADABNAGEA cgBnAHIAZQB0ACAASwBlAGMAawAXAEgAZQBpAGsAZQAgAFMAYwBoAHUAbAB6AGUA IABXAGUAcwB0AGUAcgBhAHQAaAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA== --Boundary_(ID_Sa/GXiQQKX2sUNPLTDbMEA)-- From: IN%"joseph.barber@zoo.ox.ac.uk" 29-MAY-2002 10:50:42.38 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Animal Behaviour/natural history CD-ROMs Dear All, This is a slightly unusual request, and one that may be just outside the scope of this listserv, and so apologies if this is the case. I am looking for some CD-ROM resources that provide good and accurate information about the natural history and behaviour of animals..., all animals. I was wondering whether anyone on this list had any recommendations of what to buy, or what not to buy. I have had a look on Amazon.com to see what was on offer, and I have listed the ones I found below. Please let me know if you have any comments on these, or suggestions of others that I might be able to find. The CD-ROM titles I found were: 1) Birds: Cranes through Passerines (Jewel Case) by Fogware Publishing; CD-ROM 2) Mammals: Echidna through Whales (Jewel Case) by Fogware Publishing; CD-ROM 3) Wonderful Language of Nature by Fogware Publishing; CD-ROM 4) A World of Animals 3 CD-ROM Set (Jewel Case) by Topics Entertainment; CD-ROM 5) Animal Kingdom by Fogware Publishing; CD-ROM 6) Amazing Animals by DK Multimedia; CD-ROM If anyone ahs any suggestions for CD-ROM style resources on other aspects of animal behaviour, psychology, cognition, welfare, etc..., then please do let me know. Thanks in advance for your help,, Joseph __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Yahoo! - Official partner of 2002 FIFA World Cup http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com From: IN%"elywolf@purdue.edu" "Mark Woodcock" 29-MAY-2002 11:55:59.53 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Looking for references Hi, I am trying to find references to any papers regarding stimulating poultry to ingestive behaviors and attracting them to feeders. I know people have attempted using lights, marbles and sounds to stimulate chicks, but I haven't been successful in finding anything in the online library listings. Any hints would be appreciated. Also, if anyone comes across references to "starve-out", that would be of great help. Sincerely, Mark Woodcock From: IN%"lu.do@hetnet.nl" 29-MAY-2002 18:04:55.06 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Measuring Behavior 2002: conference update Measuring Behavior 2002 4th International Conference on Methods and Techniques in Behavioral Research 27-30 August 2002, Amsterdam, The Nethetlands Latest news: - The conference website now shows a list of more than 160 accepted oral papers, posters and demonstrations. The list continues to grow! - Also on the website: abstracts of all papers by invited speakers. - The call for tutorials has attracted more than 10 short courses about specific techniques, methods and tools for behavioral research. Full details are on the website. - Details about special symposia, scientific tours, SIGs and exhibitors have also been updated. - The early registration deadline is only two days away. Take advantage of the reduced fee and register before 1 June! We hope to meet many of you in Amsterdam! Conference Secretariat: P.O. Box 268, 6700 AG Wageningen, The Netherlands Phone: +31-317-497677, Fax: +31-317-424496, E-mail: mb2002@noldus.nl, Web: http://www.noldus.com/events/mb2002 From: IN%"j.talling@csl.gov.uk" "Janet Talling" 30-MAY-2002 04:44:26.20 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "applied-ethology" CC: Subj: welfare assessment of reptiles Hello everyone, I am looking for references and information on welfare assessment of reptiles. So far I have come up with very little. Several papers report increases in corticosteroids in response to handling in the wild, but other measures do not seem to have been used. Does anyone know of any books/ references that deal with this issue? or some references that i have missed? Or people who work in this area? Any information would be much appreciated. Cheers Janet -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Dr Janet Talling Phone: +44 (0)1904 462208 Animal Welfare Team GTN: 5129 Central Science Laboratory Fax: +44 (0)1904 462111 Sand Hutton Email: j.talling@csl.gov.uk York YO41 1LZ Web: http://www.csl.gov.uk ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Disclaimer The information contained in this message may include privileged, proprietary or confidential information. Please treat it with the same respect that you would expect for your own information. If you have received it in error, we apologise, and ask that you contact the CSL sender immediately and erase it from your computer. Thank you for your co-operation. Further information on confidentiality of our communications, can be found at http://www.csl.gov.uk/email.htm From: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "Chris Sherwin" 30-MAY-2002 04:55:30.12 To: IN%"j.talling@csl.gov.uk" "Janet Talling" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "applied-ethology" Subj: RE: welfare assessment of reptiles Janet, Have you seen - "Health and Welfare of Captive Reptiles" Eds C. Warwick, F.L. Frye and J.B. Murphy. Chapman and Hall. (1995). ISBN 0 412 55080 6 Hope this might help. Chris On Thu, 30 May 2002 11:44:06 +0100 Janet Talling wrote: > Hello everyone, > > I am looking for references and information on welfare assessment of > reptiles. So far I have come up with very little. Several papers > report increases in corticosteroids in response to handling in the wild, > but other measures do not seem to have been used. > > Does anyone know of any books/ references that deal with this issue? or > some references that i have missed? Or people who work in this area? > Any information would be much appreciated. > > > > Cheers > > Janet > > > -- > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > Dr Janet Talling Phone: +44 (0)1904 462208 > Animal Welfare Team GTN: 5129 > Central Science Laboratory Fax: +44 (0)1904 462111 > Sand Hutton Email: j.talling@csl.gov.uk > York YO41 1LZ Web: http://www.csl.gov.uk > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > Disclaimer > The information contained in this message may include privileged, > proprietary or confidential information. Please treat it with the same > respect that you would expect for your own information. If you have > received it in error, we apologise, and ask that you contact the CSL > sender immediately and erase it from your computer. Thank you for your > co-operation. > > Further information on confidentiality of our communications, can be > found at http://www.csl.gov.uk/email.htm > ............................................................. Dr C.M. Sherwin UFAW Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Centre for Behavioural Biology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, U.K. Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk From: IN%"Andreas.Briese@tiho-hannover.de" "Andreas Briese" 30-MAY-2002 05:15:08.72 To: IN%"j.talling@csl.gov.uk" "Janet Talling" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: welfare assessment of reptiles Hello Janet, Don't know if this is helpful, but a german (minimum) recommendation on reptile husbandry had been released few years ago by the responsible ministry. Involved scientists were formost comming from zoological gardens and repti= le vet medicine disciplines. It provides a list of literature. It is available online (type pdf; language german) at http://www.verbraucherministerium.de/tierschutz/reptilien/reptilien-inhalt= .pdf Greetings andreas > Hello everyone, > > I am looking for references and information on welfare assessment of > reptiles. So far I have come up with very little. Several papers > report increases in corticosteroids in response to handling in the wild, > but other measures do not seem to have been used. > > Does anyone know of any books/ references that deal with this issue? or > some references that i have missed? Or people who work in this area? > Any information would be much appreciated. > > > > Cheers > > Janet > > > -- > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > Dr Janet Talling Phone: +44 (0)1904 462208 > Animal Welfare Team GTN: 5129 > Central Science Laboratory Fax: +44 (0)1904 462111 > Sand Hutton Email: j.talling@csl.gov.uk > York YO41 1LZ Web: http://www.csl.gov.uk > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > Disclaimer > The information contained in this message may include privileged, > proprietary or confidential information. Please treat it with the same > respect that you would expect for your own information. If you have > received it in error, we apologise, and ask that you contact the CSL > sender immediately and erase it from your computer. Thank you for your > co-operation. > > Further information on confidentiality of our communications, can be > found at http://www.csl.gov.uk/email.htm +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Dr. med. vet. Andreas Briese Tier=E4rztliche Hochschule Hannover Institut f=FCr Tierhygiene, Tierschutz und Nutztierethologie B=FCnteweg 17 p | School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover D- 30559 Hannover | Institute of Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Beha= viour of Farm Animals Tel.: (+49) 511 953-8837 Fax.: (+49) 511 953-8588 E-Mail: andreas_briese@animcare-sci.de (PLEASE use this one if sending attachments= !) andreas.briese@tiho-hannover.de andreas.briese@ml.niedersachsen.de +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ From: IN%"C.M.E.Ryan@exeter.ac.uk" "Catriona Ryan" 30-MAY-2002 07:23:24.66 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: IN%"animal-behaviour@mailbase.ac.uk" Subj: batty bats? Hello all, Are there any bat behaviour experts out there who could answer this query? For the last week or so, while walking my dogs at night, I have been watching a relatively large and highly localised group of bats. For obvious reasons, it is difficult to identify the species or get an exact estimate of numbers, but they are always in the same place, at the back of a row of terraced houses near a large beech tree. I have never seen them more than about 25 metres from the tree. I first noticed them because they frequently fly very low, often only missing me by inches (indeed I have occasionally felt the wind from their wings on my cheek). From the glimpses I have of them when they are silhouetted against the sky, the flight appears to involve much swooping (sometimes almost like a peregrine stooping) followed by an equally abrupt ascent. When I first saw this, I assumed that they must have been taking advantage of an insect glut, but now I am not so sure, for a number of reasons. The weather has been cold, wet and frequently windy - not exactly ideal conditions for an insect population explosion. Second, this is not the first time I have witnessed this phenomenon - the last time was at about the same time two years ago, in the same spot. Every night, for about three weeks, the air seemed full of bats - then they all disappeared as suddenly as they had come. I have not seen them again until now, although from a food perspective, the best of the summer was still to come. I am therefore left wondering whether this was some sort of courtship ritual - but as I know nothing about bats' love-lives, I am hoping someone out there can enlighten me! Catriona PS: I live in an urban area, albeit in a relatively leafy suburb. The bats are easiest to see on cloudy nights, when the street lights reflecting off the clouds provides a relatively light background. The beech tree stands on the edge of a relatively large open space containing apple and pear trees - it was once an orchard, but is now more urbanised. Its top boundary is formed by a big modern block of retirement flats, while the opposite edge to the beech tree fronts a side street with semi-detached and terraced houses and gardens on the other side of the road. I have only seen the bats in the immediate vicinity of the beech-tree (but there are lots of hedgehogs in the orchard!). Catriona Ryan University of Exeter School of Psychology Washington Singer Laboratories Exeter EX4 4QG United Kingdom Tel: +44 1392 264620 (day) +44 1392 670274 (eves) Email: c.m.e.ryan@exeter.ac.uk From: IN%"elywolf@purdue.edu" "elywolf" 30-MAY-2002 14:09:10.39 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology Mailing List" CC: Subj: RE: Looking for references Hi again, I want to thanks all those who have replied to me so far concerning the references to attracting chicks to feeders. I think I may have asked the question in a poor way. I am working on wrapping up my lit review, and have completed research using sounds to attract chicks to feeders. I know there have been many techniques used with light, colors, video displays etc. However, its just finding some of techniques referenced in papers, particularly with visual stimuli such as light and marbles etc. The closest I have found occured in an intro psych book, but still didn't reference the source. Very frustrating :) Anyway, thanks again for the help so far. Sincerely, Mark Woodcock From: IN%"Ute.Knierim@tiho-hannover.de" "Ute Knierim" 31-MAY-2002 01:56:46.99 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Effect of blue light on broilers Dear all, it is quite a while ago that I posed a question about the effect of blue light on broilers. I have not yet thanked the people who sent me answers, but want to do so now, and I want to briefly summarise the information I got: Neville Prescott and Gillian Perkins "looked at the effect of blue light on the fear responses of broilers and there was some evidence that blue light did calm the birds more than red or 'white' light and also that the effect was not just an effect of light level (because in practice the imposition of a blue light treatment - say during catching also results in a reduction in light level)." (to be published in the future). Neville moreover gave a very interesting hint: "there is some evidence that spatial acuity in humans is poor under blue light because blue cones only make up something like 5% of the cone cells in the fovea (i'd need to check the proportion), and spatial acuity is directly linked to receptor cell density. I don't know what the distribution and proportion of the cone cells in the chicken's retina is, although we showed that they do have relatively good spectral sensitivity in the blue region - but this is not the same as acuity." However, he believes "that there may be an effect of colour per se independent of spatial acuity or brightness". Also Carien Vandenberg (and Y. Yuan, T. Widowski) speculated on their poster at the ISAE congress 2001 in Davis that green light alters (impairs) the broiler's perception of their environment. References KAROUSA, M.M. (1996): Effect of different light colours on some behaviours and growth performance in Japanese Quail. Assiut Vet. Med. J. 35, 105-114 LEVENICK, C.K. (1977): A study of the effect of environmental lighting on growth, reproduction and behaviour in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Dissertation Abstracts International B 38, 1482-1483 Manser, C.E. 1996. Effects of lighting on the welfare of domestic poultry: a review. Animal Welfare, 5, 341-360. PRAYITNO, D.S., PHILLIPS, C.J.C. und STOKES, D.K. (1997): The effects of color and intensity of light on behavior and leg disorders in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 76, 1674-1681 Prescott, N.B., Wathes, C.M. (1999): Spectral sensitivity of the domestic fowl (Gallus g. domesticus). British Poultry Science 40: 3, 332-339 Best wishes Ute ************************************************************ Dr. Ute Knierim Institut fuer Tierhygiene, Tierschutz und Nutztierethologie Tieraerztliche Hochschule Hannover Institute of Animal Hygiene, Welfare and Behaviour of Farm Animals School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Buenteweg 17 p D-30559 Hannover Tel +49 (0)511 953 8449 Fax +49 (0)511 953 8588 Ute.Knierim@tiho-hannover.de ************************************************************