From: IN%"rbogle@sonic.net" "Rick Bogle" 15-OCT-2004 16:01:42.75 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Broiler chicken welfare question Claiming that concerns with live animal markets amount to "a virulent form of racism" presupposes that such markets would not be of concern if they were being run some racial group other than Asians. This is total nonsense. The same people speaking out about live animal markets generally oppose rodeo, dog racing, animal experimentation, and any other practice that appears to cause animals much distress. The claim that opposition to live animal markets is "a virulent form of racism" is an ad hominem fallacy usually reserved for right wing talk radio. Such stereotyping does not belong on a list of this sort. To my knowledge, live animal markets are quite robust in San Francisco. If they have been closed recently, it had nothing to do with racism. Rick Bogle Madison, WI > -----Original Message----- > From: margory cohen [mailto:margory@rcn.com] > Sent: Friday, October 15, 2004 3:26 PM > To: applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > Subject: Re: Broiler chicken welfare question > > > E. Wayne Johnson: > > > > > In China, chickens are delivered to the market alive and are killed and > dressed on the spot after selection by the purchaser or the > seller will bind > it for you and you can take it home alive if you so prefer. They are not > squeamish about it and prefer a fresh product that is good to eat. > > > > margory cohen: > > Thank you for taking the time to write in so balanced an observation. > I live in San Francisco, CA, where as in Vancouver, BC I'm told, is one of > the largest Chinese populations and 'Chinatowns' and consequently Chinese > markets outside of Mainland China. > Some years ago there was a terrible to-do here about the > live-animal markets > and don't you know? they were if I recollect properly ultimately banned: > no more live chickens sold here. > On the pretext of kindness, a virulent form of racism was given municipal > approval. > It's a little scary, me thinks. > -margory cohen > San Francisco > > From: IN%"ewj@uiuc.edu" "E. Wayne Johnson" 15-OCT-2004 21:05:48.78 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Broiler chicken welfare question The statement "right wing talk radio" seems somewhat of a stereotypic in itself. Live animal markets are dirty and smelly. One would surmise that few Cantonese and non-Cantonese Chinese favored closing the who market whereas most of those who wanted the live markets closed down would not be Asians. Whether you call it cultural or racial is just a matter of words. I was in S.F.'s Chinatown recently and saw no live market. At 05:01 PM 10/15/2004, Rick Bogle wrote: >Claiming that concerns with live animal markets amount to "a virulent form >of racism" presupposes that such markets would not be of concern if they >were being run some racial group other than Asians. > >This is total nonsense. The same people speaking out about live animal >markets generally oppose rodeo, dog racing, animal experimentation, and any >other practice that appears to cause animals much distress. > >The claim that opposition to live animal markets is "a virulent form of >racism" is an ad hominem fallacy usually reserved for right wing talk radio. >Such stereotyping does not belong on a list of this sort. > >To my knowledge, live animal markets are quite robust in San Francisco. If >they have been closed recently, it had nothing to do with racism. > >Rick Bogle >Madison, WI > > > -----Original Message----- > > From: margory cohen [mailto:margory@rcn.com] > > Sent: Friday, October 15, 2004 3:26 PM > > To: applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > > Subject: Re: Broiler chicken welfare question > > > > > > E. Wayne Johnson: > > > > > > > > In China, chickens are delivered to the market alive and are killed and > > dressed on the spot after selection by the purchaser or the > > seller will bind > > it for you and you can take it home alive if you so prefer. They are not > > squeamish about it and prefer a fresh product that is good to eat. > > > > > > > margory cohen: > > > > Thank you for taking the time to write in so balanced an observation. > > I live in San Francisco, CA, where as in Vancouver, BC I'm told, is one of > > the largest Chinese populations and 'Chinatowns' and consequently Chinese > > markets outside of Mainland China. > > Some years ago there was a terrible to-do here about the > > live-animal markets > > and don't you know? they were if I recollect properly ultimately banned: > > no more live chickens sold here. > > On the pretext of kindness, a virulent form of racism was given municipal > > approval. > > It's a little scary, me thinks. > > -margory cohen > > San Francisco > > > > From: IN%"margory@rcn.com" "margory cohen" 16-OCT-2004 06:29:51.49 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in San Francisco E. Wayne Johnson: > > I was in S.F.'s Chinatown recently and saw no live market. > margory cohen: Once again, my thanks to you for balanced discourse. (What I wrote was actually a reference to that which was mentioned in the argument at the time this issue was so hot here; something that appeared in court papers as well as discussion about the matter, and I appreciate it is still possible to discuss the differences.) What you'll see now in San Francisco are -- coyotes! Last year or so there was comment on the list about imported geese in the SF Zoo who were swimming counter the norm and how this continued for some time. Recently, in San Jose and Los Gatos, 2 towns to the South of San Francisco, there have been coyote sightings. Well, now there are 3 in San Francisco itself -- supposedly these came from the West by crossing the Golden Gate Bridge from Marin and 2 have taken up in the Presidio and another is in a part of town called Bernal Heights. Bernal Heights features a small mountain and the Presidio is an old Army base now part of the National Park Service and borders a beach area called Crissy Field -- an old military air strip along the beach also part of the Park Service -- both hotly contested areas for off-lead dog walking and both bordering residential areas with the usual concerns -- wee children and small cats and dogs (and adults). I heard about one coyote when I got to the beach early one morning before light. www.sfgate.com or www.nbc11.com may have stories. I will do my best NOT to have a story -- because I walk sighthounds and have no intention of slipping my young hounds for a while at Crissy with coyotes not too far from a major roadway. The Park Service here tends to forget this is main urban area and NOT wilderness. San Francisco is NOT the wilderness. I hope these guys are caught swiftly and soon and returned to a safer environment -- for everybody. And now back to my bunker. -margory cohen San Francisco From: IN%"ceann-icrc@lycos.com" "ceann lambert" 16-OCT-2004 07:35:14.96 To: IN%"margory@rcn.com" "margory cohen", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in SanFrancisco The coyotes were there long before there was a San Francisco. As their habitat becomes more and more destroyed by people tearing down the wilderness to build their homes and shopping malls, they are more easily seen. Some humans are so selfish and uncaring about wildlife. CeAnn ----- Original Message ----- From: margory cohen To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Subject: Re: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in SanFrancisco Date: Sat, 16 Oct 2004 05:30:44 -0700 > > E. Wayne Johnson: > > > > I was in S.F.'s Chinatown recently and saw no live market. > > > > margory cohen: > > Once again, my thanks to you for balanced discourse. (What I wrote was > actually a reference to that which was mentioned in the argument at the time > this issue was so hot here; something that appeared in court papers as well > as discussion about the matter, and I appreciate it is still possible to > discuss the differences.) > > What you'll see now in San Francisco are -- > coyotes! > > Last year or so there was comment on the list about imported geese in the SF > Zoo who were swimming counter the norm and how this continued for some time. > > Recently, in San Jose and Los Gatos, 2 towns to the South of San Francisco, > there have been coyote sightings. Well, now there are 3 in San Francisco > itself -- supposedly these came from the West by crossing the Golden Gate > Bridge from Marin and 2 have taken up in the Presidio and another is in a > part of town called Bernal Heights. Bernal Heights features a small > mountain and the Presidio is an old Army base now part of the National Park > Service and borders a beach area called Crissy Field -- an old military air > strip along the beach also part of the Park Service -- both hotly contested > areas for off-lead dog walking and both bordering residential areas with the > usual concerns -- wee children and small cats and dogs (and adults). > > I heard about one coyote when I got to the beach early one morning before > light. > > www.sfgate.com or www.nbc11.com may have stories. > > I will do my best NOT to have a story -- because I walk sighthounds and have > no intention of slipping my young hounds for a while at Crissy with coyotes > not too far from a major roadway. > > The Park Service here tends to forget this is main urban area and NOT > wilderness. San Francisco is NOT the wilderness. > > I hope these guys are caught swiftly and soon and returned to a safer > environment -- for everybody. > And now back to my bunker. > -margory cohen > San Francisco > > > CeAnn Lambert Indiana Coyote Rescue Center www.wolfpark.org/icrc From: IN%"ewj@uiuc.edu" "E. Wayne Johnson" 16-OCT-2004 09:14:01.76 To: IN%"ceann-icrc@lycos.com" "ceann lambert", IN%"margory@rcn.com" "margory cohen", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in SanFrancisco Coyotes are basically vermin, the canid equivalent of Rats, when they encroach on your turf. Coyotes seem to be rather adaptable habitat-wise, which is perhaps why they become such a nuisance. You can't simply co-exist with them in a shared space although it sounds nice and it might be ok if it were true that we could. Coyotes seek to dominate the scene. They will destroy property and hurt your children and your pets if they are not controlled. Coyotes, just like any other vermin, need to be dealt with swiftly and effectively with force and determination. I would suspect that when you see coyotes out in the open in the daytime, you are seeing the "tip of the iceberg" and a much larger population is lurking unseen behind the scenes. It indeed is 'selfish and uncaring' about wildlife at times for us to protect home and family . At times, it really is Us or Them, whether everybody likes it or not. We must temper our emotional responses and compassion for wildlife with responsibility. At 08:35 AM 10/16/2004, ceann lambert wrote: >The coyotes were there long before there was a San Francisco. As their >habitat becomes more and more destroyed by people tearing down the >wilderness to build their homes and shopping malls, they are more easily seen. >Some humans are so selfish and uncaring about wildlife. >CeAnn > >----- Original Message ----- >From: margory cohen >To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca >Subject: Re: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in >SanFrancisco >Date: Sat, 16 Oct 2004 05:30:44 -0700 > > > > > E. Wayne Johnson: > > > > > > I was in S.F.'s Chinatown recently and saw no live market. > > > > > > > margory cohen: > > > > Once again, my thanks to you for balanced discourse. (What I wrote was > > actually a reference to that which was mentioned in the argument at the > time > > this issue was so hot here; something that appeared in court papers as well > > as discussion about the matter, and I appreciate it is still possible to > > discuss the differences.) > > > > What you'll see now in San Francisco are -- > > coyotes! > > > > Last year or so there was comment on the list about imported geese in > the SF > > Zoo who were swimming counter the norm and how this continued for some > time. > > > > Recently, in San Jose and Los Gatos, 2 towns to the South of San Francisco, > > there have been coyote sightings. Well, now there are 3 in San Francisco > > itself -- supposedly these came from the West by crossing the Golden Gate > > Bridge from Marin and 2 have taken up in the Presidio and another is in a > > part of town called Bernal Heights. Bernal Heights features a small > > mountain and the Presidio is an old Army base now part of the National Park > > Service and borders a beach area called Crissy Field -- an old military air > > strip along the beach also part of the Park Service -- both hotly contested > > areas for off-lead dog walking and both bordering residential areas > with the > > usual concerns -- wee children and small cats and dogs (and adults). > > > > I heard about one coyote when I got to the beach early one morning before > > light. > > > > www.sfgate.com or www.nbc11.com may have stories. > > > > I will do my best NOT to have a story -- because I walk sighthounds and > have > > no intention of slipping my young hounds for a while at Crissy with coyotes > > not too far from a major roadway. > > > > The Park Service here tends to forget this is main urban area and NOT > > wilderness. San Francisco is NOT the wilderness. > > > > I hope these guys are caught swiftly and soon and returned to a safer > > environment -- for everybody. > > And now back to my bunker. > > -margory cohen > > San Francisco > > > > > > > > > >CeAnn Lambert >Indiana Coyote Rescue Center >www.wolfpark.org/icrc From: IN%"rbogle@sonic.net" "Rick Bogle" 16-OCT-2004 09:33:56.39 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in SanFrancisco I lived for 20 years in the Strawberry Mountains in easten Oregon. Coyotes were very common and gathered frequently in a near-by hollow to yip and yap in the early evenings. We listened to them from our porch and enjoyed their choruses. I've heard them yipping on all sides of me during the day while hiking along old logging roads. We saw them on the roads occasionally during the day when driving. We had chickens who were occasionally lost to goshawks and owls. We never lost one to a coyote. The chickens were housed at night. We had cats and dogs who had full access to the surrounding countryside. The coyotes never bothered them. We never considered the coyotes vermin. Rick Bogle Madison, WI > -----Original Message----- > From: E. Wayne Johnson [mailto:ewj@uiuc.edu] > Sent: Saturday, October 16, 2004 8:34 AM > To: ceann lambert; margory cohen; applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > Subject: Re: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in > SanFrancisco > > > Coyotes are basically vermin, the canid equivalent of Rats, > when they encroach on your turf. Coyotes seem to be rather > adaptable habitat-wise, which is perhaps why they become such > a nuisance. You can't simply co-exist with them in a shared space > although it sounds nice and it might be ok if it were true that we could. > > Coyotes seek to dominate the scene. > They will destroy property and hurt your children > and your pets if they are not controlled. > Coyotes, just like any other vermin, > need to be dealt with swiftly and effectively with > force and determination. > > I would suspect that when you see coyotes out in the open in the > daytime, you > are seeing the "tip of the iceberg" and a much larger population > is lurking > unseen behind the scenes. > > It indeed is 'selfish and uncaring' about wildlife at times > for us to protect home and family . > At times, it really is Us or Them, whether everybody likes it or not. > We must temper our emotional responses and compassion for wildlife > with responsibility. > > > At 08:35 AM 10/16/2004, ceann lambert wrote: > >The coyotes were there long before there was a San Francisco. As their > >habitat becomes more and more destroyed by people tearing down the > >wilderness to build their homes and shopping malls, they are > more easily seen. > >Some humans are so selfish and uncaring about wildlife. > >CeAnn > > > >----- Original Message ----- > >From: margory cohen > >To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca > >Subject: Re: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in > >SanFrancisco > >Date: Sat, 16 Oct 2004 05:30:44 -0700 > > > > > > > > E. Wayne Johnson: > > > > > > > > I was in S.F.'s Chinatown recently and saw no live market. > > > > > > > > > > margory cohen: > > > > > > Once again, my thanks to you for balanced discourse. (What I > wrote was > > > actually a reference to that which was mentioned in the > argument at the > > time > > > this issue was so hot here; something that appeared in court > papers as well > > > as discussion about the matter, and I appreciate it is still > possible to > > > discuss the differences.) > > > > > > What you'll see now in San Francisco are -- > > > coyotes! > > > > > > Last year or so there was comment on the list about imported geese in > > the SF > > > Zoo who were swimming counter the norm and how this continued > for some > > time. > > > > > > Recently, in San Jose and Los Gatos, 2 towns to the South of > San Francisco, > > > there have been coyote sightings. Well, now there are 3 in > San Francisco > > > itself -- supposedly these came from the West by crossing the > Golden Gate > > > Bridge from Marin and 2 have taken up in the Presidio and > another is in a > > > part of town called Bernal Heights. Bernal Heights features a small > > > mountain and the Presidio is an old Army base now part of the > National Park > > > Service and borders a beach area called Crissy Field -- an > old military air > > > strip along the beach also part of the Park Service -- both > hotly contested > > > areas for off-lead dog walking and both bordering residential areas > > with the > > > usual concerns -- wee children and small cats and dogs (and adults). > > > > > > I heard about one coyote when I got to the beach early one > morning before > > > light. > > > > > > www.sfgate.com or www.nbc11.com may have stories. > > > > > > I will do my best NOT to have a story -- because I walk > sighthounds and > > have > > > no intention of slipping my young hounds for a while at > Crissy with coyotes > > > not too far from a major roadway. > > > > > > The Park Service here tends to forget this is main urban area and NOT > > > wilderness. San Francisco is NOT the wilderness. > > > > > > I hope these guys are caught swiftly and soon and returned to a safer > > > environment -- for everybody. > > > And now back to my bunker. > > > -margory cohen > > > San Francisco > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >CeAnn Lambert > >Indiana Coyote Rescue Center > >www.wolfpark.org/icrc > From: IN%"cindysharkbait@yahoo.com" "cindy schulze" 16-OCT-2004 10:58:16.67 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca", IN%"ewj@uiuc.edu" "E. Wayne Johnson" CC: Subj: RE: other critters in SanFrancisco I am extremely disgusted to find such potent specieism on an ethology list. Konrad must be rolling in his grave. All sentient creatures are equal and have the same right to live unmolested. It is we humans who have encroached on their habitat, just as we eradicated the Native Americans. These allegations made against coyotes are totally unfounded and biased. This is not scientific practice. A scientist makes UNBIASED observations. In this post, coyotes are depicted as spawn of satan. How can one be a reputable ethologist while spouting such speciest rhetoric? I am an avid follower of Lorenz, who had experience observing such a plethora of animals it is astounding. Konrad had the utmost respect for all the critters he observed. He had a deep respect for "vermin", he spent much time studying rats, who have a social organization highly similar to humans. I am equally disturbed by the use of the term "vermin". Rats and mice and other rodents are fascinating creatures. Marc Bekoff has shown us how complex the cognitive functions of non-human species are. These vermin have thoughts, partners, families and the desire to live just as humans do. What gives humans the right to appoint ourselves gods? This was the attitude of the Greeks. I suggest some educational reading is in order. Peter Singer "Animal Liberation" is an excellent start. Marc Beckoff and Jane Goodall. Charles Darwin, Konrad Lorenz and Heinni Hediger are the cornerstones of ethology. Specieism has no place in ethology. It is an insult to scientists such as Darwin and Lorenz who spent their lives extolling the virtues of non-humans. "E. Wayne Johnson" wrote:Coyotes are basically vermin, the canid equivalent of Rats, when they encroach on your turf. Coyotes seem to be rather adaptable habitat-wise, which is perhaps why they become such a nuisance. You can't simply co-exist with them in a shared space although it sounds nice and it might be ok if it were true that we could. Coyotes seek to dominate the scene. They will destroy property and hurt your children and your pets if they are not controlled. Coyotes, just like any other vermin, need to be dealt with swiftly and effectively with force and determination. I would suspect that when you see coyotes out in the open in the daytime, you are seeing the "tip of the iceberg" and a much larger population is lurking unseen behind the scenes. It indeed is 'selfish and uncaring' about wildlife at times for us to protect home and family . At times, it really is Us or Them, whether everybody likes it or not. We must temper our emotional responses and compassion for wildlife with responsibility. At 08:35 AM 10/16/2004, ceann lambert wrote: >The coyotes were there long before there was a San Francisco. As their >habitat becomes more and more destroyed by people tearing down the >wilderness to build their homes and shopping malls, they are more easily seen. >Some humans are so selfish and uncaring about wildlife. >CeAnn > >----- Original Message ----- >From: margory cohen >To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca >Subject: Re: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in >SanFrancisco >Date: Sat, 16 Oct 2004 05:30:44 -0700 > > > > > E. Wayne Johnson: > > > > > > I was in S.F.'s Chinatown recently and saw no live market. > > > > > > > margory cohen: > > > > Once again, my thanks to you for balanced discourse. (What I wrote was > > actually a reference to that which was mentioned in the argument at the > time > > this issue was so hot here; something that appeared in court papers as well > > as discussion about the matter, and I appreciate it is still possible to > > discuss the differences.) > > > > What you'll see now in San Francisco are -- > > coyotes! > > > > Last year or so there was comment on the list about imported geese in > the SF > > Zoo who were swimming counter the norm and how this continued for some > time. > > > > Recently, in San Jose and Los Gatos, 2 towns to the South of San Francisco, > > there have been coyote sightings. Well, now there are 3 in San Francisco > > itself -- supposedly these came from the West by crossing the Golden Gate > > Bridge from Marin and 2 have taken up in the Presidio and another is in a > > part of town called Bernal Heights. Bernal Heights features a small > > mountain and the Presidio is an old Army base now part of the National Park > > Service and borders a beach area called Crissy Field -- an old military air > > strip along the beach also part of the Park Service -- both hotly contested > > areas for off-lead dog walking and both bordering residential areas > with the > > usual concerns -- wee children and small cats and dogs (and adults). > > > > I heard about one coyote when I got to the beach early one morning before > > light. > > > > www.sfgate.com or www.nbc11.com may have stories. > > > > I will do my best NOT to have a story -- because I walk sighthounds and > have > > no intention of slipping my young hounds for a while at Crissy with coyotes > > not too far from a major roadway. > > > > The Park Service here tends to forget this is main urban area and NOT > > wilderness. San Francisco is NOT the wilderness. > > > > I hope these guys are caught swiftly and soon and returned to a safer > > environment -- for everybody. > > And now back to my bunker. > > -margory cohen > > San Francisco > > > > > > > > > >CeAnn Lambert >Indiana Coyote Rescue Center >www.wolfpark.org/icrc Cindy SchulzeClick on the "Feed an Animal in Need" button at http://www.theanimalrescuesite.com/ and give food to an animal living in a shelter or sanctuary -- at no cost to you. __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around http://mail.yahoo.com From: IN%"info@kerwoodwolf.com" "Kerwood Wolf Education Centre Inc." 16-OCT-2004 11:06:47.09 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: other critters in SanFrancisco I'm guessing that Little Red Riding Hood was one of your favorite bedtime stories. Will your next post be an equally ridiculous one about the "Big Bad Wolf????" Vivian Singer-Ferris Vivian Singer-Ferris Executive Director Kerwood Wolf Education Centre Inc. info@kerwoodwolf.com www.kerwoodwolf.com Tel: (519) 247-1118 Fax: (519) 247-9876 "E. Wayne Johnson" wrote: Coyotes seek to dominate the scene. They will destroy property and hurt your children and your pets if they are not controlled. Coyotes, just like any other vermin, need to be dealt with swiftly and effectively with force and determination. From: IN%"ceannicrc@yahoo.com" "Cecilia Lambert" 16-OCT-2004 15:05:41.24 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Other critters in SF I have worked with captive coyotes for over seventeen years. I hand rear coyote pups in my house with my dogs, cats and for ten years, even a crippled fox. I do not see them as vermin. They have a very complex social system and male and female both take care of the pups. I have developed a very healthy respect for the coyote. No matter what man in their ignorance has done to drive them to extinction, they have failed. They are an adaptable, little animal that continues to delight me and to teach me many useful things to help me make it through my life. CeAnn ===== CeAnn Lambert Indiana Coyote Rescue Center www.WolfPark.org/ICRC _______________________________ Do you Yahoo!? Declare Yourself - Register online to vote today! http://vote.yahoo.com From: IN%"ewj@uiuc.edu" "E. Wayne Johnson" 16-OCT-2004 17:12:24.60 To: IN%"rbogle@sonic.net" "Rick Bogle", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in SanFrancisco At 10:33 AM 10/16/2004, Rick Bogle wrote: >We never considered the coyotes vermin. From the County of ElDorado (California) website: Coyotes can cause substantial damage. In rural areas they oftentimes kill sheep, calves, and poultry. In some parts of the state they cause damage to drip irrigation systems by biting holes in the pipe. In other areas they cause considerable damage to watermelons, citrus fruits, and avocados. Aircraft safety is often jeopardized when coyotes take up residence on or near runways. Coyotes have also been known to prey on various endangered/threatened species, including the San Joaquin kit fox and the California least tern. In urban and suburban areas, coyotes commonly take domestic house cats, small dogs, poultry, and other domestic animals. Coyotes have been known to attack humans, and in one case, a three-year-old girl was killed by a coyote in southern California. From: IN%"info@kerwoodwolf.com" "Kerwood Wolf Education Centre Inc." 16-OCT-2004 17:43:10.34 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in SanFrancisco My responses are below your statements. Vivian Singer-Ferris Executive Director Kerwood Wolf Education Centre Inc. info@kerwoodwolf.com www.kerwoodwolf.com Tel: (519) 247-1118 Fax: (519) 247-9876 ----- Original Message ----- From: "E. Wayne Johnson" > Coyotes can cause substantial damage. In rural areas they oftentimes kill sheep, calves, and poultry. Substantial? Oftentimes? Sound like exaggerations to me. While it is true that coyotes do sometimes (not nearly as much as people think) prey on sheep, calves and poultry it is important to remember that this is not the "norm." Instead of just anihilating the predators, whose territories and land have been encroached upon, I believe farmers should take the time to house livestock properly, both in the fields and in the barns. Besides, farmers DO have insurance so an occasional coyote predation most certainly will not drive them into bankruptcy. Our wolf center is surrounded by farms and farmlands. Around here, and I believe in most of Ontario, coyote predation is actually quite rare. Feral and domestic dog predation is not. > In some parts of the state they cause damage to drip irrigation systems by biting holes in the pipe. In other areas they cause considerable damage to watermelons, citrus fruits, and avocados. Such damage is rare and minimal and occurs only because civilization has encroached upon coyote territory. As for the fruits, I repeat... farmers have insurance. > Aircraft safety is often jeopardized when coyotes take up residence on or near runways. Where the heck do you live? "Often jeopardized???" I regularly travel two airports in my area, one of them a major airport, and I have yet to hear about even one coyote "incident." Airports have problems occasionally with wildlife, yes, but most often with dogs and various species of birds. And in case you didn't know, airports employ people to take care of just this sort of thing -- usually to run the birds and animals off without killing them. > Coyotes have also been known to prey on various endangered/threatened species, including the San Joaquin kit fox and the California least tern. Coyotes, unlike man, kill only to eat and survive. Most species, including the San Joaquin kit fox and the California least tern, are endangered in the first place NOT because of the coyote but because of MAN. > In urban and suburban areas, coyotes commonly take domestic house cats, small dogs, poultry, and other domestic animals. Coyotes have been known to attack humans, and in one case, a three-year-old girl was killed by a coyote in southern California. "Commonly take?" Here we go again... Coyotes prefer to stay as far away from civilization as possible but yes, where we've encroached on their land to an unbearable extent they do adapt quite well and live even within suburbs and city parks. BUT, my question to you is: why are domestic house cats, small dogs, poultry and other domestic animals left unattended in the first place? I have not heard about the 3-year-old child killed by a coyote but I'll take your word for it -- DITTO response... why was a 3-year-old left unattended?????? I seriously doubt a "big bad coyote" gobbled her up with her doting mother by her side. From: IN%"ceannicrc@yahoo.com" "Cecilia Lambert" 16-OCT-2004 19:11:35.46 To: IN%"info@kerwoodwolf.com" "Kerwood Wolf Education Centre Inc.", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in SanFrancisco Thank you, Vivian. Those statements made me so angry that I ended up eating about 1000 calories more than I should have, today. As usual you and Cindy are the voice of reason for the coyotes. CeAnn --- "Kerwood Wolf Education Centre Inc." wrote: > My responses are below your statements. > > Vivian Singer-Ferris > Executive Director > Kerwood Wolf Education Centre Inc. > info@kerwoodwolf.com > www.kerwoodwolf.com > Tel: (519) 247-1118 > Fax: (519) 247-9876 > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "E. Wayne Johnson" > > > Coyotes can cause substantial damage. In rural > areas they oftentimes kill > sheep, calves, and poultry. > > Substantial? Oftentimes? Sound like exaggerations to > me. While it is true > that coyotes do sometimes (not nearly as much as > people think) prey on > sheep, calves and poultry it is important to > remember that this is not the > "norm." Instead of just anihilating the predators, > whose territories and > land have been encroached upon, I believe farmers > should take the time to > house livestock properly, both in the fields and in > the barns. Besides, > farmers DO have insurance so an occasional coyote > predation most certainly > will not drive them into bankruptcy. Our wolf center > is surrounded by farms > and farmlands. Around here, and I believe in most of > Ontario, coyote > predation is actually quite rare. Feral and domestic > dog predation is not. > > > > In some parts of the state they cause damage to > drip irrigation systems by > biting holes in the pipe. In other areas they cause > considerable damage to > watermelons, citrus fruits, and avocados. > > Such damage is rare and minimal and occurs only > because civilization has > encroached upon coyote territory. As for the fruits, > I repeat... farmers > have insurance. > > > > Aircraft safety is often jeopardized when coyotes > take up residence on or > near runways. > > Where the heck do you live? "Often jeopardized???" I > regularly travel two > airports in my area, one of them a major airport, > and I have yet to hear > about even one coyote "incident." Airports have > problems occasionally with > wildlife, yes, but most often with dogs and various > species of birds. And in > case you didn't know, airports employ people to take > care of just this sort > of thing -- usually to run the birds and animals off > without killing them. > > > > > Coyotes have also been known to prey on various > endangered/threatened > species, including the San Joaquin kit fox and the > California least tern. > > Coyotes, unlike man, kill only to eat and survive. > Most species, including > the San Joaquin kit fox and the California least > tern, are endangered in the > first place NOT because of the coyote but because of > MAN. > > > > > In urban and suburban areas, coyotes commonly take > domestic house cats, > small dogs, poultry, and other domestic animals. > Coyotes have been known to > attack humans, and in one case, a three-year-old > girl was killed by a coyote > in southern California. > > "Commonly take?" Here we go again... Coyotes prefer > to stay as far away from > civilization as possible but yes, where we've > encroached on their land to an > unbearable extent they do adapt quite well and live > even within suburbs and > city parks. BUT, my question to you is: why are > domestic house cats, small > dogs, poultry and other domestic animals left > unattended in the first place? > I have not heard about the 3-year-old child killed > by a coyote but I'll take > your word for it -- DITTO response... why was a > 3-year-old left > unattended?????? I seriously doubt a "big bad > coyote" gobbled her up with > her doting mother by her side. > > > > ===== CeAnn Lambert Indiana Coyote Rescue Center www.WolfPark.org/ICRC __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? Yahoo! Mail Address AutoComplete - You start. We finish. http://promotions.yahoo.com/new_mail From: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins" 16-OCT-2004 19:28:41.02 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: other critters in SanFrancisco Can an animal that is native to an area which has been invaded by close human settlement really be called 'vermin'?? Surely it becomes an 'endangered native animal'. In Australia introduced animals are considered 'vermin' -- rats (norvegicus and rattus), foxes, rabbits, sparrows, starlings, waterbuffalo, horses, camels, cats and dogs. While we mightn't like dingos, bandicoots, possums (who are noisy in the roofs and tend to wee on the ceilings), tasmanina devils (if we live in Tasmania), black and brown snakes, funnel web spiders, etc, they are considered a 'nuisance' rather than vermin. Farmers don't like kangaroos or wallabies either -- they are also a real nuisance. I also suspect that 'vermin' are correctly animals that have found a niche in areas of dense human habitation so that their population increases with in human presence. In Australia I believe, Rattur norvegicus has not spread beyond the cities and major towns. They do not do well away from humans. Therefore truly 'vermin'. Jenny Haskins Coffs Harbour, Australia "E. Wayne Johnson" wrote: Coyotes are basically vermin, the canid equivalent of Rats, when they encroach on your turf. From: IN%"clare@amerion.com" "Clare Lewandowski" 16-OCT-2004 19:45:47.21 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: how about some facts on coyotes? I admire coyotes. We have quite a few around us and enjoy watching them hunt rodents and want them to keep down the numbers of pocket gophers, ground squirrels, field mice and pack rats around the garden. There's been more emotion and anecdotes than facts so far. Humans are moving into coyote territory but coyotes are also expanding into new territories where humans were established first. At a visit to Wolf Haven, where they had a few coyotes, the tour guide said a researcher found that in semi rural areas, a major food source for coyotes was dog food. Garbage was another. Wily coyote was stealing food from dogs fed outside. I do not have references to back this up. The facility didn't seem the type to make up fables. These links took about 3 minutes to do web search for. How about more time on data search and less on opinions and drama. http://tchester.org/sgm/lists/coyote_attacks.html confirmed attacks on humans following links on expansion into new territory in north America. http://www.gov.nl.ca/env/wildlife/wildlife_r_m/coyote.htm http://www.ctwoodlands.org/ctwoodlands/spring'99/coyote.html http://www.cfr.msstate.edu/predator/coyote.html http://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/coyote.asp I found the irrigation pipe story interesting as orchardists near us have reported the same problem. Some have resorted to livestock guardian dogs to stop it. The ranchers we've talked to have said that coyote kills of healthy calves are rare--more problems with stray dogs. However, lamb kills are a big problem. Livestock guardian dogs, donkeys and llamas are very effective if the individual dogs, donkeys and llamas have the right guardian traits. As far as insurance goes, a lot of the ranchers around here and orchardists also are running on very slim profit margins. Insurance is often not affordable. However there are effective ways to live together. To say that coyotes are not a problem isn't factual. In addition to livestock losses and irrigation pipe damage and as was recently mentioned vegetable crops. They can spread diseases and parasites among domestic dogs merely by passing through the dogs' home territory. The same with skunks and raccoons. They can also be a benefit to local ecosystems. In moderate numbers they keep down rodent populations reducing risks of hanta virus and plague and rodent damage to crops and buildings. The introduction of peregrine falcons to cities to help not only with expanding the falcon numbers but to control pigeon populations shows a similar benefit. If avian flu spreads to species like pigeons, pigeon droppings might be a significant human health hazard. Encouraging hawks and owls to nest in cities might take on a high priority. And hawks and owls near a free range poultry facility are a problem. I don't know how these businesses deal with it. We've found ways to co-exist with predators. A weed is a useful plant growing in the wrong area, an animal pest is a useful animal also in the wrong area. I can't think of a use for spider mites at the moment and detest the little beasts in my garden. Hmm, let me amend that, they are meals for predatory insects. I detest them but admire their toughness. We don't mind coyotes near our property along with other large and small predators. Rarely cougar and bear have been seen in the area. A few more bobcats and skunks. Weasels also. Hawks and owls show interest in our poultry at times. Livestock guardian dogs keep them away from our sheep which are brought into a fenced area at night. To protect our poultry the most effective methods have been to get guinea fowl--they sound the alarm and the poultry head for cover. Also, at night the guineas alert us to owls, we've spanked the birds with rubber shot specially loaded into a 20 gauge shotgun shell with a low powder charge. We've only lost 4 birds in 10 years to raptors. We had a weasel trying for some free range chickens that liked to roost in some trees. We lost one chicken and left the carcass out with a mouse trap on its head. The weasel returned and tripped the trap, there was light snow and we saw marks of paw prints, a big gap and tracks leading away. No more raptor or weasel problems but we might need to repeat as the current residents die and new ones need to learn to leave ours alone. The reintroduction of grizzly bears has led to problems with bears and humans. Again livestock guardian dogs and other breeds like Karelian bear dogs seem to be a workable solution. There has been some work done in the Rocky mountains harassing bears with such dogs. Here is a link to a European study. http://www.adbsys.no/nphk/1994_Pasvik_Forside.asp?Language=ENGLISH Again, I admire coyotes and just about all species. I hope that this list can turn towards examining the methods to co-exist with useful species who sometimes intrude into the wrong areas. We're going to try trap crops and predatory insects like ladybugs next gardening season for our nemesis the spider mite. Who knows, maybe these mites have a protein useful for curing the common cold and will be a valuable commodity that we will start to breed. So what other methods are there to co-exist with coyotes and other animals that can be a problem at times but useful in others? Clare From: IN%"wheep@slingshot.co.nz" "Andy Beck" 16-OCT-2004 20:11:39.30 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in SanFrancisco Houston Press - January 29th 2004 Coyotes exist in every county in Texas, says Tinker Boyd, curator of small mammals, carnivores and sea lions at the Houston Zoo. Davis and his neighbors have been worried that the coyotes might go after a child, but Boyd says that would be extremely rare. She says there has been only one documented human death by coyote, and that occurred more than 20 years ago in California. Boyd says a family had been regularly feeding the coyote (she is adamant that this should never be done) and they were late in supplying its supper one night. The family's toddler went to pet the coyote -- and it killed the child. Mostly, coyotes eat mice and rats and sometimes grasshoppers. When people leave pet food outside, or bird feeders, mice are drawn to it. And hungry coyotes follow the scent. Sometimes they'll eat a cat or dog. "It would have to be a very small dog," Boyd says. __________________________________________________________________ According to a review on predation by Kate Graham of Stirling Uni (Scotland) and Andrew Beckerman Sheffield Uni (Uk) the losses of livestock are nowhere near the claims made - typically predation accounting for no more than 3% of losses - and although the study focuses on the larger predators (Snow Leopard, Lion, Jaguar, Wolverine, Lynx, Leopard, Painted Dog, Wolf) it is reasonable to suppose the picture might be very similar. (New Scientist 24th September 2004) Domestic dog attacks on livestock, domestic cats and both children and adults are, however, much more common. And while coyotes may kill an animal to eat, domestic dogs commonly kill or mutilate literally dozens of sheep in single attacks without eating any. Of course far more children are killed by other human beings than by any animal - should we consider domestic dogs and adult humans as vermin also? Is that not in fact this type of attitude that has allowed the Janjaweed to burn and persecute - or the state of Israel to destroy the flimsy homes of Palestinians in refugee camps in Gaza? My contention is that wherever the 'speciesist/racist/sexist' attitude thrives, harm logically and surely, follows. To deny the essential kinship of all living creatures by the creation of either arbitrary or interest-driven exceptions is a dangerous philosophy - and arguably one that we can ill afford to promote. An example from memory is that the treatment of the prairie dog as 'vermin' lead to serious soil erosion problems - where before their tunnels had allowed drainage. Is there any absolute certainty that eradication of the Coyote would not also have future negative consequences? Long live wildlife conservation - (and locks on dustbins/trashcans?) Regards Andy Beck White Horse Equine Ethology Project 433 Wharepunga Rd RD3 Kaikohe Northland 0400 Aotearoa - New Zealand http://www.equine-behavior.com http://www.equine-ethology.ac.nz From: IN%"info@kerwoodwolf.com" "Kerwood Wolf Education Centre Inc." 16-OCT-2004 20:46:47.74 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in SanFrancisco Well excuse me for not having too much time on my hands and misconstruing who actually wrote the words. I stand by my comments however. And who would you say is actually on a high horse here??? If you cannot refute anything I've said logically and factually then I suggest you avoid commenting altogether, especially when your "wisdom" amounts to no more than a childish personal attack. Vivian ----- Original Message ----- From: "Stanley Curtis" To: "Kerwood Wolf Education Centre Inc." Sent: Saturday, October 16, 2004 10:06 PM Subject: Re: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in SanFrancisco Vivian- Suggest you get down off your high horse- The words to which you take exception were not Dr. Johnson's words- Instead, Dr. Johnson simply posted a passage on the coyote extracted from the website to which he made proper attribution, for heaven's sake!- Suggest that, after dismounting that 18-hands warhorse of yours, you pop a Valium, slurp a hot toddy, and -- as the saying goes -- have a good day- -Stanley Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: "Kerwood Wolf Education Centre Inc." To: Sent: Saturday, October 16, 2004 6:43 PM Subject: Re: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in SanFrancisco > My responses are below your statements. > > Vivian Singer-Ferris > Executive Director > Kerwood Wolf Education Centre Inc. > info@kerwoodwolf.com > www.kerwoodwolf.com > Tel: (519) 247-1118 > Fax: (519) 247-9876 > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "E. Wayne Johnson" > > > Coyotes can cause substantial damage. In rural areas they oftentimes kill > sheep, calves, and poultry. > > Substantial? Oftentimes? Sound like exaggerations to me. While it is true > that coyotes do sometimes (not nearly as much as people think) prey on > sheep, calves and poultry it is important to remember that this is not the > "norm." Instead of just anihilating the predators, whose territories and > land have been encroached upon, I believe farmers should take the time to > house livestock properly, both in the fields and in the barns. Besides, > farmers DO have insurance so an occasional coyote predation most certainly > will not drive them into bankruptcy. Our wolf center is surrounded by farms > and farmlands. Around here, and I believe in most of Ontario, coyote > predation is actually quite rare. Feral and domestic dog predation is not. > > > > In some parts of the state they cause damage to drip irrigation systems by > biting holes in the pipe. In other areas they cause considerable damage to > watermelons, citrus fruits, and avocados. > > Such damage is rare and minimal and occurs only because civilization has > encroached upon coyote territory. As for the fruits, I repeat... farmers > have insurance. > > > > Aircraft safety is often jeopardized when coyotes take up residence on or > near runways. > > Where the heck do you live? "Often jeopardized???" I regularly travel two > airports in my area, one of them a major airport, and I have yet to hear > about even one coyote "incident." Airports have problems occasionally with > wildlife, yes, but most often with dogs and various species of birds. And in > case you didn't know, airports employ people to take care of just this sort > of thing -- usually to run the birds and animals off without killing them. > > > > > Coyotes have also been known to prey on various endangered/threatened > species, including the San Joaquin kit fox and the California least tern. > > Coyotes, unlike man, kill only to eat and survive. Most species, including > the San Joaquin kit fox and the California least tern, are endangered in the > first place NOT because of the coyote but because of MAN. > > > > > In urban and suburban areas, coyotes commonly take domestic house cats, > small dogs, poultry, and other domestic animals. Coyotes have been known to > attack humans, and in one case, a three-year-old girl was killed by a coyote > in southern California. > > "Commonly take?" Here we go again... Coyotes prefer to stay as far away from > civilization as possible but yes, where we've encroached on their land to an > unbearable extent they do adapt quite well and live even within suburbs and > city parks. BUT, my question to you is: why are domestic house cats, small > dogs, poultry and other domestic animals left unattended in the first place? > I have not heard about the 3-year-old child killed by a coyote but I'll take > your word for it -- DITTO response... why was a 3-year-old left > unattended?????? I seriously doubt a "big bad coyote" gobbled her up with > her doting mother by her side. > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- From: IN%"k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz" "John R. Lane" 17-OCT-2004 02:18:24.33 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology List" CC: Subj: RE: other critters in SanFrancisco > While we mightn't like dingos, ..................... Farmers don't like kangaroos or wallabies either -- Well Said Jenny, While I know nothing about coyotes when reading these I thought by Gum doesn't this sound just like emotional claptrap that used to be said about the dingo and how wrong this was. Regards John L. From: IN%"k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz" "John R. Lane" 17-OCT-2004 02:27:22.94 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology List" CC: Subj: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in SanFrancisco Domestic dog attacks on livestock, domestic cats and both children and adults are, however, much more common. And while coyotes may kill an animal to eat, domestic dogs commonly kill or mutilate literally dozens of sheep in single attacks without eating any. Hi Andy, Once again this puts it so well Andy and the parrellels to the dingo situation are again so obvious. I only hope for the coyotes' sake that the attitude portrayed by the writer is not a prevelant one in the native habitat of these creatures or I fear the coyete's fate will be similar to that of the dingo till recently. Regards John L. From: IN%"pdezabu1@dancris.com" "pduezabou" 17-OCT-2004 06:25:48.87 To: IN%"ewj@uiuc.edu" "E. Wayne Johnson", IN%"ceann-icrc@lycos.com" "ceann lambert", IN%"margory@rcn.com" "margory cohen", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Vermin One quick note on 'vermin': check state codes. This may be a specific set of species defined by legislation. A quick check of my own codes (Montana USA) shows that we no longer have vermin in this state :-) Coyotes are now grouped with weasels, skunks, and civet cats as 'predatory'. These definitions are significant for determining what landowners, livestock producers, or government agents (e.g., game wardens) may or may not do to critters. I have personally witnessed the results of coyote, bear, and mountain lion predation on sheep. The only clean kills were made by big cats. Bear? Count severed legs and divide by 4 to determine losses. It ain't pretty. Coyote? Triage: Decide which sheep need to be killed immediately and which ones can be successfully sutured. Many wounded, few eaten. They look somewhat like the little boy on www.varmintal.com/attac.htm I could go on, but--for now--won't. From: IN%"pdezabu1@dancris.com" "pduezabou" 17-OCT-2004 06:29:36.73 To: IN%"ewj@uiuc.edu" "E. Wayne Johnson", IN%"ceann-icrc@lycos.com" "ceann lambert", IN%"margory@rcn.com" "margory cohen", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Sorry no signature Sorry! My post regarding vermin slipped away before I claimed it. Margaret A. (Peggy) Shunick (Duezabou) BA, BA, MS (Tufts Center for Animals & Public Policy), ABD (collecting data is soooo much fun....) From: IN%"info@kerwoodwolf.com" "Kerwood Wolf Education Centre Inc." 17-OCT-2004 07:30:28.74 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in SanFrancisco Tireless tricksters, protean predators, coyotes adapt to wasteful human extermination ploys by Marc Bekoff Reprinted from The Daily Camera, November 18, 2001 Colorado's Wildlife Commission has created a new opportunity for big game hunters to kill coyotes while they're hunting any big game species, without the small game license that's usually required. It's not surprising that the Colorado Mule Deer Association supports this move, because it believes that reducing coyote numbers will reduce predation on deer, the result of which will be more deer for hunters to slaughter. Once again, coyotes face additional exploitation by humans. "Old man coyote" is an amazing being. Loved or hated and feared by many, coyotes have defied virtually all attempts to control their cunning ways. Boulder's own William Bright, in his superb collection of stories, "A Coyote Reader," notes: "Coyote is the trickster par excellence for the largest number of American Indian cultures." Native peoples have portrayed coyotes as sly tricksters, thieves, gluttons, outlaws, and spoilers, because of their uncanny ability to survive and reproduce successfully in a wide variety of habitats (including Boulder and other cities) and under harsh conditions. They not only survive their encounters with other non-human predators (though they're losing out to wolves in Yellowstone National Park and are being forced to leave), but also with humans who attempt to control them using incredibly brutal methods, and who also hold well-organized community hunts in which the person who kills the most coyotes wins a trophy. Often these mass killings are considered to be wholesome family outings. The federal Wildlife Services program (formerly called Animal Damage Control) slaughters tens of thousands of coyotes each year (about 86,000 in 1999, 10 percent more than in the previous year despite claims that the program is switching to non-lethal techniques) because coyotes supposedly are rampant predators on livestock. Livestock protection programs cost taxpayers about $10-11 million annually. In Colorado more than 90 percent of WS money ($1.1 million) is spent on lethal control of native wildlife. Federal extermination efforts have been conducted since 1885, and during the past 50 years about 3.5 million coyotes have been killed. Killing methods trapping (28 percent), poisoning (21 percent), shooting from airplanes (33 percent), and snaring and other procedures (18 percent) are extremely inhumane and indiscriminate and other predators, domestic dogs, and endangered species also fall victim. In Colorado, during the 1999-2000 harvest season, about 26,000 coyotes were killed by private hunters. Aerial gunners killed almost 31,000 coyotes in 1999 (along with 17 ravens, 180 red foxes and 390 bobcats). According to the Boulder-based conservation organization Sinapu, there have been 18 crashes involving planes used in aerial gunning since 1989, resulting in seven deaths and 21 injuries. The cost of aerial gunning to taxpayers ranges from $180 to $800 per animal. This comes to about $5.7 million spent on aerial gunning annually. Often tens of thousands of dollars are squandered to capture a single coyote who might be responsible for a few hundred dollars of livestock damage, or not blamable at all. A study done at Utah State University that involved gunning down coyotes from helicopters showed this horrific practice to be ineffective. In another study done at Utah State, coyotes, some of whom were seriously injured, were kept in leghold traps for long periods of time to determine the effects of tranquilizers to keep them calm when they were in pain. Wanton killing doesn't work, because little attention is paid to the versatile behavior of these adaptable predators. And disease and unsanitary conditions frequently cause more livestock death than do coyotes or other predators. Only rarely is the "problem" coyote caught or killed, and when coyotes are killed, others take their place. There's even evidence that in areas where coyotes are killed, birth rates and litter size increase, the result of which is the maintenance or increase in coyote numbers. I've studied coyotes for more than 25 years, and parallelling research performed by my colleagues, have discovered that talking about "the" coyote is misleading. The moment one begins making rampant generalizations, he or she is proven wrong. For example, in some areas coyotes live alone, in other locations they live with mates, while in others they live in groups that resemble wolf packs. In these packs there are "aunts" and "uncles" who help to raise youngsters. And coyotes are sometimes territorial and sometimes not. In a nutshell, coyotes are the quintessential opportunists, who defy profiling as individuals. Coyotes are also a very important part of the ecological web in various communities because they help to regulate species at different trophic levels. Kevin Crooks and Michael Soule studied the complex interrelationships among coyotes, other predators such as domestic cats, opossum, and raccoons, and scrub birds including California quail, greater roadrunners, and cactus wrens living near San Diego. Crooks and Soule found that scrub bird diversity was higher in areas where coyotes were either present or more abundant. Domestic cats, opossum and raccoons avoided areas where coyotes were most active (coyotes often kill domestic cats where they co-habit). This research is an excellent example of the importance of long-term projects that investigate complex webs of nature that aren't obvious at first glance. Unlike wild predators, domestic cats are recreational hunters; they continue to kill birds even when bird populations are low. Crooks and Soule found that 84 percent of outdoor cats brought back kills to their homes. Cat owners reported that each outdoor cat who hunted returned on average 24 rodents, 15 birds and 17 lizards to the residence each year, a large number of victims. The level of bird predation was unsustainable, and least 75 local extinctions have occurred in these areas over the past century. An extraordinary amount of time, energy and money has gone into coyote control. But it hasn't worked; if it had, coyotes would be controlled and the controllers could move on to other more economically worthwhile activities. I expect that if any of us were as unsuccessful and wasteful in our jobs as WS animal controllers have been in theirs, we'd be looking for employment. Let's appreciate coyotes for the amazing beings they are. They offer valuable lessons in survival. Though coyotes try our patience, they're a model animal for learning about adaptability and success by nonhuman individuals striving to make it in a human-dominated world. Coyotes, like Proteus the Greek, who could change his form at will and avoid capture, are truly "protean predators." They're a success story, perhaps hapless victims of their own success. Coyotes: love them and leave them be. Marc Bekoff teaches in EPO Biology at CU-Boulder. His is editor of Coyotes: Biology, behavior, and management and author of Minding animals: Awareness, emotions, and heart and The ten trusts: What we must do to care for the animals we love (with Jane Goodall). Homepage: http://literati.net/Bekoff Marc Bekoff and Jane Goodall (EETA): www.ethologicalethics.org http://www.kerwoodwolf.com/BEKOFFCOYOTE.htm From: IN%"info@kerwoodwolf.com" "Kerwood Wolf Education Centre Inc." 17-OCT-2004 07:38:02.90 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Broiler chicken welfare question = and other critters in SanFrancisco http://tchester.org/sgm/lists/coyote_attacks.html Coyote Attacks On People in the U.S. and Canada Coyote attacks on people are extremely rare. There have been a small = number of attacks on people in the U.S. and Canada, with most of the = attacks involving small children under 5 years of age. Since 3 million = children are bitten by dogs every year, your small child is millions of = times more likely to get hurt by the family pet than by a coyote.=20 Coyotes, also referred to as prairie wolves or wild dogs, are native = to much of the West but have gradually spread throughout the U.S. and = Canada, replacing exterminated wolf populations. They first showed up in = New England in the 1930s and 1940s. (The Coyote)=20 A typical coyote attack to a sheep or goat is to bite the throat just = behind the jaw and below the ear, causing death from suffocation and = shock.=20 Coyotes have justifiably a huge fear of humans. Usually coyote attacks = on people occur when a coyote has become comfortable around people, = often as a result of people feeding them. (Living With California = Coyotes (pdf); National Wildlife Federation)=20 In the rare event that a coyote attacks you or someone near you, yell = at the coyote to make it back off. Don't run away since a coyote can = outrun you (unless you can run faster than 30 mph!). (Los Altos Town = Crier 7/24/96; Coyote Fact Sheet)=20 Here are some overall statistics:=20 a.. Officials with the California Department of Fish and Game = estimate that roughly one person gets bitten by a coyote per year in = California. The last human to be killed by a coyote was a child in the = Los Angeles area around 1980. (SDUT 1/3/95, B1; 5/16/00, B3)=20 For comparison, over 300 people have been killed by domestic dogs in = the U.S. between 1979 and the late 1990s. (Humane Society of the U.S., = reported in Tracking and the Art of Seeing, Paul Rezendes, second = edition, 1999, p. 194)=20 b.. From 1993 to 1997 there were seven coyote attacks on humans in = Arizona, with over half in 1997. (SDUT 12/17/97, A3)=20 c.. "The best estimates assert that, in recorded history, there have = been 20 to 30 coyote attacks on humans that resulted in injuries." = (Tracking and the Art of Seeing, Paul Rezendes, second edition, 1999, p. = 194)=20 Paul's summary is much lower than the total number derived from the = previous estimates; perhaps the definition of injuries is different for = his estimate. At one person per year in California, one would estimate = ~10 attacks per year in the U.S., giving 500 attacks in the last 50 = years alone.=20 Here are the attacks I know about, which is undoubtedly not a complete = list:=20 a.. 1993. A coyote bit a Fallbrook, California boy as he slept on = the deck of his home. (SDUT 1/3/95, B1)=20 b.. 7/20/95. Fifteen-month-old Erica Galvin of Reno, Nev., suffered = seven puncture wounds to her right thigh when a coyote sneaked up on her = about 4 p.m. Thursday near the merry-go-round and tennis courts at = Griffith Park in Los Angeles. The coyote was scared away by her mother. = (SDUT 7/24/95, A3)=20 c.. 6/13/96. A 3-year-old Palo Alto boy was attacked by a 2-year-old = male coyote at the Windy Hills Open Space Preserve in Portola Valley, = near Los Altos, CA. As the family was packing up the car after a picnic, = the coyote used his teeth to grab the boy by the hand and drag him = toward nearby bushes. The boy was playing with a Frisbee which was also = bit by the coyote. The boy's 15-year-old brother scared away the coyote. = The coyote was later trapped, and DNA testing (from the Frisbee) was = attempted to make the id certain.=20 This was the first attack in the 25 year history of this Preserve. = (Los Altos Town Crier 7/24/96)=20 d.. 10/96? (< 4/11/97). A 40-year-old woman jogger in Benkelman, = Nebraska, was bitten on the leg when a coyote attacked her as she jogged = around an athletic track. (Animal Damage Control Program of the USDA)=20 e.. 2/17/97. Lauren Bridges, a 40 pound, 4-year-old girl, was = attacked by a 40 pound female coyote when she left her vacation rental = on Saddle Road in South Lake Tahoe, CA. The coyote knocked her to the = ground and began biting her face, the only part not covered by ski = clothes. Her father heard her screams and pulled the coyote off his = daughter as it continued ripping at her face with its teeth. Lauren = required 22 stitches for 16 wounds to the girl's face, neck and scalp, = out of a total of over 30 puncture wounds. One of the puncture wounds = came within a centimeter of her jugular vein. The father was not bitten, = and the coyote was killed moments later by a police officer. (Tahoe = World region 2/24/97, 2/19/97 and 3/5/97)=20 In the previous month at South Lake Tahoe, Supervisor John Upton = reported that a man was bitten by a coyote, other skiers were chased by = coyotes, and children walking to school were followed by coyotes. = Apparently, people had been feeding coyotes in the area, accustoming the = coyotes to people. (Placerville Mountain Democrat 2/24/97)=20 f.. 4/97. Coyotes attacked and bit two Scottsdale, Arizona children = in separate attacks within a week. Neither child was seriously hurt. = (SDUT 12/17/97, A3)=20 g.. 12/10-11/97. On 12/10/97, a coyote attacked a 2-year-old boy in = Tucson's Wildlife Ridge Park, but did not break his skin. The next day, = in the same park, a 4-year-old boy was bitten and scratched and a = 22-month-old toddler was bitten around her right eye and required seven = stitches for the deep puncture wounds. (SDUT 12/17/97, A3)=20 h.. 7/29/98. There has been only one coyote attack on a human = reported in Massachusetts in the past 50 years, on 3-year-old Daniel = Neal of Sandwich while he was playing on his swing set. His mother = forced the female coyote off Daniel, but the coyote hung around. Police = responding to her call killed the coyote.=20 Daniel suffered puncture wounds and abrasions to the head, shoulders = and back, but is OK. The same coyote had earlier chased a person on a = bike and a jogger as well as chewing on a sleeping bag with a child = inside.=20 The first active coyote den on Cape Cod was found in 1985.=20 In comparison, there are thousands of dog bites annually in = Massachusetts. (Cape Cod Times 7/30/98; Environmental News Network, = 8/5/98; Lexington Minuteman, 3/15/00)=20 i.. 1999. Seven people were bitten by coyotes between March and = August in the Lake Tahoe area, including one tourist who was bitten in = the thigh while walking in the Caesars Tahoe parking lot over Memorial = Day weekend. Airplane flights at the South Lake Tahoe runway have been = cancelled or delayed due to coyotes on the airport runway, who have even = chased planes as they took off! In May, 1999, the airport was told by = the FAA to find a solution to the problem. Animal control killed 19 of = the boldest coyotes in the casino area. (SDUT 8/20/99, A28)=20 j.. 5/13/00. A 9-year-old boy was bitten in the buttocks by a = possible coyote in a residential neighborhood in La Mesa, San Diego = County, California. It was not 100% certain that the animal was a = coyote. (SDUT 5/16/00, B3)=20 k.. 5/19/00. A 3-year-old boy was bitten on his side outside his = Amaya Drive apartment complex at 7 pm in La Mesa, San Diego County. A = responding police officer hit the coyote with a shotgun blast, but the = coyote was not found in the next day. The boy was treated at Grossmont = Hospital for four puncture wounds in his right side. (SDUT 5/21/00, B3)=20 l.. 10/02/01. Allison Newell, an 8-year-old girl and Luis Enrique = Villalobos, a 7-year-old boy, were bitten by a coyote at 12:15 pm during = the lunch hour at Truman Benedict Elementary School in San Clemente, = California. The coyote bit the backpack of a third child. The coyote = came into the lunch area and attacked Allison from behind. Fourth-grade = teacher Mitch Colapinto threw water bottles and rocks at the coyote, = which then ran through the playground and lunged at Luis. Both students = suffered scratches and minor bite wounds, the girl on the back of her = neck and the boy on his back and arm. They were treated at San Clemente = Hospital and released. The treatment included beginning a series of = rabies shots.=20 The school is surrounded by hillsides where homes are being built, = destroying the natural habitat of the coyotes. Three coyotes were killed = on a nearby hillside later in the day by wildlife specialists from the = U.S. Department of Agriculture.=20 There have been a handful of other recent incidents in Northridge = and Irvine. (LAT 10/3/01, B3, OCR 10/3/01)=20 Abbreviations:=20 LAT Los Angeles Times=20 OCR Orange County Register=20 SDUT is the San Diego Union Tribune=20 -------------------------------------------------------------------------= ------- Go to: a.. Current Bug, Snake and Varmint Reports in the San Gabriel = Mountains=20 b.. Field Guide to the SGM: Natural History: Animals=20 -------------------------------------------------------------------------= ------- Copyright =A9 2000-2001 by Tom Chester. Permission is freely granted to reproduce any or all of this page as = long as credit is given to me at this source: http://tchester.org/sgm/lists/coyote_attacks.html Comments and feedback: Tom Chester Updated 23 October 2001.=20 From: IN%"ewj@uiuc.edu" "E. Wayne Johnson" 17-OCT-2004 14:13:20.43 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: more on the coyote problem Bacteria in a biofilm exhibit some characteristics of sentience. They are apparently aware of their environment and respond and adapt to changes in it, they do communicate with one another, they do indeed possess a sort of memory, as well as a form of social organization, and they obviously have a very strong desire to protect themselves and survive. We don't consider that this bacteria have any "moral rights" such that we should not brush our teeth to reduce their numbers and destroy the sustaining features of their habitat when they become offensive to us. * Coyote-catcher at work in West Monroe 10/14/2004, 3:49 p.m. CT The Associated Press WEST MONROE, La. (AP) =AD Pet-killing coyotes are still a problem in West=20 Monroe, but federal and local officials are trying to do something about it. U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal Control trapper Steven Hughes=20 reported his fifth catch in seven days Wednesday. So far, he's caught three= =20 yearlings, a non-lactating female that weighed 24 pounds, and a large male= =20 weighing 34 pounds. "I'm thinking the three yearlings are probably from the same litter, so=20 there's an adult female that I've got to come up with, it looks like,"=20 Hughes said. "I'm still seeing some tracks." West Monroe is paying Hughes'= =20 expenses for catching the coyotes that are presumed responsible for the=20 disappearance of 20 dogs and cats along Black Bayou canal, which runs=20 through the city. Todd and Kandy Little lost two poodles and a cat. The two teacup poodles=20 were in the couple's fenced backyard. Kandy Little said both were heard=20 screaming on different nights, about 8:10 p.m. One was taken in August last= =20 year and the other three months ago. The Littles had bought three poodles,= =20 one for each of their children. Todd Little said their cat was apparently killed in the garage where the=20 couple found a puddle of blood. "That means (the coyotes) were apparently walking up and down the street in= =20 front of our houses," Todd Little said. He said the coyotes squeezed through the wooden fence in their backyard to= =20 get to the two poodles. "We don't let our dogs or cats out after dark anymore," Kandy Little said. Wednesday's catch brought to 13 the number of coyote's trapped in the area= =20 since last November. Private trapper John Becker caught six in November and December. "We let our guard down after that, because we thought the problem was=20 solved," Kandy Little said. The problem apparently is not limited to West Monroe. Mayor Dave Norris=20 said he mentioned the coyotes during an address to a group of about about=20 30 northeastern Louisiana police chiefs meeting at the city's Convention=20 Center on Wednesday. "I asked them if they were having any problems with coyotes, and I think=20 about half raised their hands," Norris said. From: IN%"wheep@slingshot.co.nz" "Andy Beck" 17-OCT-2004 14:42:41.44 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Vermin >Coyote? Triage: Decide which sheep need to be killed immediately and which ones can be successfully sutured. Many wounded, few eaten.< This sounds exactly like the results of domestic dog attack on sheep. Regards Andy Beck White Horse Equine Ethology Project 433 Wharepunga Rd RD3 Kaikohe Northland 0400 Aotearoa - New Zealand http://www.equine-behavior.com http://www.equine-ethology.ac.nz -----Original Message----- From: pduezabou [mailto:pdezabu1@dancris.com] Sent: Monday, 18 October 2004 1:44 a.m. To: E. Wayne Johnson; ceann lambert; margory cohen; applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Subject: Re: Vermin One quick note on 'vermin': check state codes. This may be a specific set of species defined by legislation. A quick check of my own codes (Montana USA) shows that we no longer have vermin in this state :-) Coyotes are now grouped with weasels, skunks, and civet cats as 'predatory'. These definitions are significant for determining what landowners, livestock producers, or government agents (e.g., game wardens) may or may not do to critters. I have personally witnessed the results of coyote, bear, and mountain lion predation on sheep. The only clean kills were made by big cats. Bear? Count severed legs and divide by 4 to determine losses. It ain't pretty. Coyote? Triage: Decide which sheep need to be killed immediately and which ones can be successfully sutured. Many wounded, few eaten. They look somewhat like the little boy on www.varmintal.com/attac.htm I could go on, but--for now--won't. From: IN%"pdezabu1@dancris.com" "pduezabou" 17-OCT-2004 15:20:42.66 To: IN%"wheep@slingshot.co.nz" "Andy Beck", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Vermin It does indeed sound like the work of domestic dogs, but I was the first responder (not counting my barking dogs) in one instance and saw the culprits (in my neighbor's well fenced pasture). This is also the characteristic pattern described in a USDA pamphlet on predator identification from carcass evidence. Margaret A. (Peggy) Shunick (Duezabou) BA, BA, MS (Tufts Center for Animals & Public Policy), ABD ----- Original Message ----- From: "Andy Beck" To: Sent: Sunday, October 17, 2004 2:42 PM Subject: RE: Vermin > >Coyote? > Triage: Decide which sheep need to be killed immediately and which ones can > be successfully sutured. Many wounded, few eaten.< > > This sounds exactly like the results of domestic dog attack on sheep. > > > Regards > Andy Beck > White Horse Equine Ethology Project > 433 Wharepunga Rd > RD3 Kaikohe > Northland 0400 > Aotearoa - New Zealand > http://www.equine-behavior.com > http://www.equine-ethology.ac.nz > > > > > -----Original Message----- > From: pduezabou [mailto:pdezabu1@dancris.com] > Sent: Monday, 18 October 2004 1:44 a.m. > To: E. Wayne Johnson; ceann lambert; margory cohen; > applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca > Subject: Re: Vermin > > One quick note on 'vermin': check state codes. This may be a specific set of > species defined by legislation. A quick check of my own codes (Montana USA) > shows that we no longer have vermin in this state :-) > > Coyotes are now grouped with weasels, skunks, and civet cats as 'predatory'. > These definitions are significant for determining what landowners, livestock > producers, or government agents (e.g., game wardens) may or may not do to > critters. > > I have personally witnessed the results of coyote, bear, and mountain lion > predation on sheep. The only clean kills were made by big cats. Bear? Count > severed legs and divide by 4 to determine losses. It ain't pretty. Coyote? > Triage: Decide which sheep need to be killed immediately and which ones can > be successfully sutured. Many wounded, few eaten. They look somewhat like > the little boy on > www.varmintal.com/attac.htm > > I could go on, but--for now--won't. > > > > > > From: IN%"wheep@slingshot.co.nz" "Andy Beck" 17-OCT-2004 15:43:47.91 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Vermin Hi Peggy - In light of your last posting it would seem likely that the panicked milling about of confined sheep triggers the same attack frenzy - whether in domestic dogs or the coyote. It would be interesting to contrast this with an attack carried out on open rangeland - in which it may well be the case that one straggler would be picked off from the escaping flock. One might think that the use of electric fencing could offer a low cost method of protection - although it is certainly not in use much here - where there is a particularly serious local problem with badly managed domestic dogs. Regards Andy Beck White Horse Equine Ethology Project 433 Wharepunga Rd RD3 Kaikohe Northland 0400 Aotearoa - New Zealand http://www.equine-behavior.com http://www.equine-ethology.ac.nz -----Original Message----- From: pduezabou [mailto:pdezabu1@dancris.com] Sent: Monday, 18 October 2004 10:39 a.m. To: Andy Beck; applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Subject: Re: Vermin It does indeed sound like the work of domestic dogs, but I was the first responder (not counting my barking dogs) in one instance and saw the culprits (in my neighbor's well fenced pasture). This is also the characteristic pattern described in a USDA pamphlet on predator identification from carcass evidence. Margaret A. (Peggy) Shunick (Duezabou) BA, BA, MS (Tufts Center for Animals & Public Policy), ABD ----- Original Message ----- From: "Andy Beck" To: Sent: Sunday, October 17, 2004 2:42 PM Subject: RE: Vermin > >Coyote? > Triage: Decide which sheep need to be killed immediately and which ones can > be successfully sutured. Many wounded, few eaten.< > > This sounds exactly like the results of domestic dog attack on sheep. > > > Regards > Andy Beck > White Horse Equine Ethology Project > 433 Wharepunga Rd > RD3 Kaikohe > Northland 0400 > Aotearoa - New Zealand > http://www.equine-behavior.com > http://www.equine-ethology.ac.nz > > > > > -----Original Message----- > From: pduezabou [mailto:pdezabu1@dancris.com] > Sent: Monday, 18 October 2004 1:44 a.m. > To: E. Wayne Johnson; ceann lambert; margory cohen; > applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca > Subject: Re: Vermin > > One quick note on 'vermin': check state codes. This may be a specific set of > species defined by legislation. A quick check of my own codes (Montana USA) > shows that we no longer have vermin in this state :-) > > Coyotes are now grouped with weasels, skunks, and civet cats as 'predatory'. > These definitions are significant for determining what landowners, livestock > producers, or government agents (e.g., game wardens) may or may not do to > critters. > > I have personally witnessed the results of coyote, bear, and mountain lion > predation on sheep. The only clean kills were made by big cats. Bear? Count > severed legs and divide by 4 to determine losses. It ain't pretty. Coyote? > Triage: Decide which sheep need to be killed immediately and which ones can > be successfully sutured. Many wounded, few eaten. They look somewhat like > the little boy on > www.varmintal.com/attac.htm > > I could go on, but--for now--won't. > > > > > > From: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "Chris Sherwin" 18-OCT-2004 06:42:40.69 To: IN%"ewj@uiuc.edu" "E. Wayne Johnson" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: bacteria Dear All, I'm unsure who actually wrote the message below, but I am intrigued. Would= the=20 person who submitted this please indicate the evidence for bacteria being s= entient i.e. capable of having feelings. Thanks in advance Chris On Sun, 17 Oct 2004 15:08:33 -0500 "E. Wayne Johnson" wrote: > Bacteria in a biofilm exhibit some characteristics of sentience. > They are apparently aware of their environment and respond and adapt to > changes in it, they do communicate with one another, > they do indeed possess a sort of memory, as well as a form > of social organization, and they obviously have a very strong > desire to protect themselves and survive. >=20 > We don't consider that this bacteria have any "moral rights" > such that we should not brush our teeth to reduce their > numbers and destroy the sustaining features of their > habitat when they become offensive to us. >=20 > * > Coyote-catcher at work in West Monroe > 10/14/2004, 3:49 p.m. CT > The Associated Press >=20 > WEST MONROE, La. (AP) =AD Pet-killing coyotes are still a problem in West= =20 > Monroe, but federal and local officials are trying to do something about = it. >=20 > U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal Control trapper Steven Hughes=20 > reported his fifth catch in seven days Wednesday. So far, he's caught thr= ee=20 > yearlings, a non-lactating female that weighed 24 pounds, and a large mal= e=20 > weighing 34 pounds. > "I'm thinking the three yearlings are probably from the same litter, so= =20 > there's an adult female that I've got to come up with, it looks like,"=20 > Hughes said. "I'm still seeing some tracks." West Monroe is paying Hughe= s'=20 > expenses for catching the coyotes that are presumed responsible for the= =20 > disappearance of 20 dogs and cats along Black Bayou canal, which runs=20 > through the city. >=20 > Todd and Kandy Little lost two poodles and a cat. The two teacup poodles= =20 > were in the couple's fenced backyard. Kandy Little said both were heard= =20 > screaming on different nights, about 8:10 p.m. One was taken in August la= st=20 > year and the other three months ago. The Littles had bought three poodle= s,=20 > one for each of their children. > Todd Little said their cat was apparently killed in the garage where the= =20 > couple found a puddle of blood. > "That means (the coyotes) were apparently walking up and down the street = in=20 > front of our houses," Todd Little said. > He said the coyotes squeezed through the wooden fence in their backyard t= o=20 > get to the two poodles. > "We don't let our dogs or cats out after dark anymore," Kandy Little said= . >=20 > Wednesday's catch brought to 13 the number of coyote's trapped in the are= a=20 > since last November. >=20 > Private trapper John Becker caught six in November and December. > "We let our guard down after that, because we thought the problem was=20 > solved," Kandy Little said. >=20 > The problem apparently is not limited to West Monroe. Mayor Dave Norris= =20 > said he mentioned the coyotes during an address to a group of about about=20 > 30 northeastern Louisiana police chiefs meeting at the city's Convention= =20 > Center on Wednesday. > "I asked them if they were having any problems with coyotes, and I think= =20 > about half raised their hands," Norris said. >=20 ............................................................. Dr C.M. Sherwin UFAW Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Centre for Behavioural Biology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, U.K. Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 =20 Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk From: IN%"D.Lee@mcri.ac.uk" "Diane Lee" 18-OCT-2004 07:54:13.40 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: more on the coyote problem "Bacteria in a biofilm exhibit some characteristics of sentience." Perhaps I have misunderstood the meaning of 'sentience'. I have no dictionary to hand, but I always took it to mean emotional feeling as opposed to sensory/proprioception. Since bacteria contain no CNS or state of consciousness, I'd have taken them to exhibit the latter. I work with various bacterial strains on a daily basis and have yet to see one get all upset when I transform one with a plasmid ;o) Conversely I DO see evidence of physiological responses, which is not to be confused with sentience or the ability to express emotions. Also, your coyotes (I'm in the UK) seem to be treated in much the same way as our Red Fox i.e. either loved or hated. Here in the UK, many anecdotes of attacks on babies exist, when in fact there was only one such 'attack' documented so far this century. Actually, by all accounts the baby was unharmed and the fox had simply got into the pushchair. Curiosity? Need for warmth? Maybe. Viscious assault? Doubt it. Regardless, the behaviours we see by such wild animals are simply a response to the habitat put into place by man. In the UK you will hear many complaints of urban foxes boldly roaming the streets in the early mornings and spreading rubbish around as it awaits the bin-men. The complainants don't seem to get it that the rubbish was put there by man, thus providing a nice easy meal for Foxy. What self-respecting creature is going to go chasing rabbits when there's a decent looking kebab just lying there?!? So before we go accusing whichever species of being 'vermin' perhaps we should look at how they came to be perceived as such in the first place? Diane -----Original Message----- From: E. Wayne Johnson [mailto:ewj@uiuc.edu] Sent: 17 October 2004 21:09 To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Subject: more on the coyote problem Bacteria in a biofilm exhibit some characteristics of sentience. They are apparently aware of their environment and respond and adapt to changes in it, they do communicate with one another, they do indeed possess a sort of memory, as well as a form of social organization, and they obviously have a very strong desire to protect themselves and survive. We don't consider that this bacteria have any "moral rights" such that we should not brush our teeth to reduce their numbers and destroy the sustaining features of their habitat when they become offensive to us. * Coyote-catcher at work in West Monroe 10/14/2004, 3:49 p.m. CT The Associated Press WEST MONROE, La. (AP) Pet-killing coyotes are still a problem in West Monroe, but federal and local officials are trying to do something about it. U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal Control trapper Steven Hughes reported his fifth catch in seven days Wednesday. So far, he's caught three yearlings, a non-lactating female that weighed 24 pounds, and a large male weighing 34 pounds. "I'm thinking the three yearlings are probably from the same litter, so there's an adult female that I've got to come up with, it looks like," Hughes said. "I'm still seeing some tracks." West Monroe is paying Hughes' expenses for catching the coyotes that are presumed responsible for the disappearance of 20 dogs and cats along Black Bayou canal, which runs through the city. Todd and Kandy Little lost two poodles and a cat. The two teacup poodles were in the couple's fenced backyard. Kandy Little said both were heard screaming on different nights, about 8:10 p.m. One was taken in August last year and the other three months ago. The Littles had bought three poodles, one for each of their children. Todd Little said their cat was apparently killed in the garage where the couple found a puddle of blood. "That means (the coyotes) were apparently walking up and down the street in front of our houses," Todd Little said. He said the coyotes squeezed through the wooden fence in their backyard to get to the two poodles. "We don't let our dogs or cats out after dark anymore," Kandy Little said. Wednesday's catch brought to 13 the number of coyote's trapped in the area since last November. Private trapper John Becker caught six in November and December. "We let our guard down after that, because we thought the problem was solved," Kandy Little said. The problem apparently is not limited to West Monroe. Mayor Dave Norris said he mentioned the coyotes during an address to a group of about about 30 northeastern Louisiana police chiefs meeting at the city's Convention Center on Wednesday. "I asked them if they were having any problems with coyotes, and I think about half raised their hands," Norris said. From: IN%"simon@gadbois.org" "Simon Gadbois" 18-OCT-2004 08:03:03.34 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "list ethology Applied" CC: Subj: Vermin Hi, When a species is successful, highly adaptable, takes over new habitats, expands its range and "invades" our communal space we call them "vermin". I wonder what they would call us? Simon Gadbois --- Simon Gadbois, Ph.D. Psychology / Neuroscience Dalhousie University Ethology, behavioural endocrinology & ecotoxicology. Behaviour of wolves, coyotes, red foxes, and Fundulus spp. http://www.gadbois.org/ --- From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 18-OCT-2004 08:22:21.87 To: IN%"D.Lee@mcri.ac.uk" "Diane Lee", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: more on the coyote problem Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) declares that "sentient" means "responsive to or conscious of sense impressions" or "aware" or "finely sensitive in perception or feeling"- -Stanley Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: "Diane Lee" To: Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 8:53 AM Subject: RE: more on the coyote problem > > "Bacteria in a biofilm exhibit some characteristics of sentience." > > Perhaps I have misunderstood the meaning of 'sentience'. I have no > dictionary to hand, but I always took it to mean emotional feeling as > opposed to sensory/proprioception. Since bacteria contain no CNS or state of > consciousness, I'd have taken them to exhibit the latter. I work with > various bacterial strains on a daily basis and have yet to see one get all > upset when I transform one with a plasmid ;o) Conversely I DO see evidence > of physiological responses, which is not to be confused with sentience or > the ability to express emotions. > > Also, your coyotes (I'm in the UK) seem to be treated in much the same way > as our Red Fox i.e. either loved or hated. Here in the UK, many anecdotes of > attacks on babies exist, when in fact there was only one such 'attack' > documented so far this century. Actually, by all accounts the baby was > unharmed and the fox had simply got into the pushchair. Curiosity? Need for > warmth? Maybe. Viscious assault? Doubt it. Regardless, the behaviours we see > by such wild animals are simply a response to the habitat put into place by > man. In the UK you will hear many complaints of urban foxes boldly roaming > the streets in the early mornings and spreading rubbish around as it awaits > the bin-men. The complainants don't seem to get it that the rubbish was put > there by man, thus providing a nice easy meal for Foxy. What self-respecting > creature is going to go chasing rabbits when there's a decent looking kebab > just lying there?!? > > So before we go accusing whichever species of being 'vermin' perhaps we > should look at how they came to be perceived as such in the first place? > > Diane > > -----Original Message----- > From: E. Wayne Johnson [mailto:ewj@uiuc.edu] > Sent: 17 October 2004 21:09 > To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca > Subject: more on the coyote problem > > > Bacteria in a biofilm exhibit some characteristics of sentience. > They are apparently aware of their environment and respond and adapt to > changes in it, they do communicate with one another, > they do indeed possess a sort of memory, as well as a form > of social organization, and they obviously have a very strong > desire to protect themselves and survive. > > We don't consider that this bacteria have any "moral rights" > such that we should not brush our teeth to reduce their > numbers and destroy the sustaining features of their > habitat when they become offensive to us. > > * > Coyote-catcher at work in West Monroe > 10/14/2004, 3:49 p.m. CT > The Associated Press > > WEST MONROE, La. (AP) Pet-killing coyotes are still a problem in West > Monroe, but federal and local officials are trying to do something about it. > > U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal Control trapper Steven Hughes > reported his fifth catch in seven days Wednesday. So far, he's caught three > yearlings, a non-lactating female that weighed 24 pounds, and a large male > weighing 34 pounds. > "I'm thinking the three yearlings are probably from the same litter, so > there's an adult female that I've got to come up with, it looks like," > Hughes said. "I'm still seeing some tracks." West Monroe is paying Hughes' > expenses for catching the coyotes that are presumed responsible for the > disappearance of 20 dogs and cats along Black Bayou canal, which runs > through the city. > > Todd and Kandy Little lost two poodles and a cat. The two teacup poodles > were in the couple's fenced backyard. Kandy Little said both were heard > screaming on different nights, about 8:10 p.m. One was taken in August last > year and the other three months ago. The Littles had bought three poodles, > one for each of their children. > Todd Little said their cat was apparently killed in the garage where the > couple found a puddle of blood. > "That means (the coyotes) were apparently walking up and down the street in > front of our houses," Todd Little said. > He said the coyotes squeezed through the wooden fence in their backyard to > get to the two poodles. > "We don't let our dogs or cats out after dark anymore," Kandy Little said. > > Wednesday's catch brought to 13 the number of coyote's trapped in the area > since last November. > > Private trapper John Becker caught six in November and December. > "We let our guard down after that, because we thought the problem was > solved," Kandy Little said. > > The problem apparently is not limited to West Monroe. Mayor Dave Norris > said he mentioned the coyotes during an address to a group of about about > 30 northeastern Louisiana police chiefs meeting at the city's Convention > Center on Wednesday. > "I asked them if they were having any problems with coyotes, and I think > about half raised their hands," Norris said. > ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- From: IN%"ewj@uiuc.edu" "E. Wayne Johnson" 18-OCT-2004 08:56:00.61 To: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "Chris Sherwin" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: bacteria No doubt "sentient" may be subject to some special definition. I am=20 sticking to that definition provided by the dictionary. (Thank you Dr. Curtis.) Bacterial Conjugation http://www.molgen.mpg.de/~ag_lanka/bacterial_conjugation.html Biofilm Basics - Intro and links http://www.erc.montana.edu/CBEssentials-SW/bf-basics-99/bbasics-01.htm Bacteria may be simple, but they are still complex enough that no as of yet "built one in their garage from stuff you can buy at the hardware store or the hobby shop", so to speak. (Sure we can reprogram the cells of E. coli to produce new products, but we can, with somewhat more difficulty, likewise re-program human cells, as viruses do 24/7/ad=20 nauseam.) Some, for sure many, perhaps most, maybe all, of the characteristics=20 ascribed to "sentient" beings that makes them "sentient" are those characteristics that are common to all living forms. A one-celled organism is 'omnipotent in its conceit' and has no more need=20 of a CNS than a hermit or a solitary island dweller has need of a central government or a=20 board of directors. If you have been looking among the Biologic Stuff (Materia Biologica) for=20 what makes man Fundamentally Different from the "animals", why should you be surprised if you have failed to find it? I am fully convinced that the difference lies outside of the fleshly "box", just as the proof or refutation of Principia Mathematica lies outside of the mathematical "box". (Godel's Uncertainty) I further offer, (with no apologies, as I can find no other answer): When I look at the night sky and see the work of your fingers; the moon and the stars you have set in place, what are mortals that you should think of us, mere humans that you should care for us? For you made us only a little lower than God, and you crowned us with glory and honor. You put us in charge of everything you made, giving us authority over all things the sheep and the cattle and all the wild animals, the birds in the sky, the fish in the sea, and everything that swims the ocean currents. O LORD, our Lord, the majesty of your name fills the earth! Psalm 8.4-9 (NLT) * None of which means that any cruelty or unmercifulness toward animals that under our keep is justified whether it be deliberate or ignorant. At 07:35 AM 10/18/2004, Chris Sherwin wrote: >Dear All, > >I'm unsure who actually wrote the message below, but I am=20 >intrigued. Would the >person who submitted this please indicate the evidence for bacteria being= =20 >sentient >i.e. capable of having feelings. > >Thanks in advance > >Chris > > >On Sun, 17 Oct 2004 15:08:33 -0500 "E. Wayne Johnson" wrote: > > > Bacteria in a biofilm exhibit some characteristics of sentience. > > They are apparently aware of their environment and respond and adapt to > > changes in it, they do communicate with one another, > > they do indeed possess a sort of memory, as well as a form > > of social organization, and they obviously have a very strong > > desire to protect themselves and survive. > > > > We don't consider that this bacteria have any "moral rights" > > such that we should not brush our teeth to reduce their > > numbers and destroy the sustaining features of their > > habitat when they become offensive to us. > > > > * > > Coyote-catcher at work in West Monroe > > 10/14/2004, 3:49 p.m. CT > > The Associated Press > > > > WEST MONROE, La. (AP) =AD Pet-killing coyotes are still a problem in= West > > Monroe, but federal and local officials are trying to do something=20 > about it. > > > > U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal Control trapper Steven Hughes > > reported his fifth catch in seven days Wednesday. So far, he's caught=20 > three > > yearlings, a non-lactating female that weighed 24 pounds, and a large= male > > weighing 34 pounds. > > "I'm thinking the three yearlings are probably from the same litter, so > > there's an adult female that I've got to come up with, it looks like," > > Hughes said. "I'm still seeing some tracks." West Monroe is paying=20 > Hughes' > > expenses for catching the coyotes that are presumed responsible for the > > disappearance of 20 dogs and cats along Black Bayou canal, which runs > > through the city. > > > > Todd and Kandy Little lost two poodles and a cat. The two teacup= poodles > > were in the couple's fenced backyard. Kandy Little said both were heard > > screaming on different nights, about 8:10 p.m. One was taken in August= =20 > last > > year and the other three months ago. The Littles had bought three=20 > poodles, > > one for each of their children. > > Todd Little said their cat was apparently killed in the garage where the > > couple found a puddle of blood. > > "That means (the coyotes) were apparently walking up and down the=20 > street in > > front of our houses," Todd Little said. > > He said the coyotes squeezed through the wooden fence in their backyard= to > > get to the two poodles. > > "We don't let our dogs or cats out after dark anymore," Kandy Little= said. > > > > Wednesday's catch brought to 13 the number of coyote's trapped in the= area > > since last November. > > > > Private trapper John Becker caught six in November and December. > > "We let our guard down after that, because we thought the problem was > > solved," Kandy Little said. > > > > The problem apparently is not limited to West Monroe. Mayor Dave Norris > > said he mentioned the coyotes during an address to a group of about= about > > 30 northeastern Louisiana police chiefs meeting at the city's Convention > > Center on Wednesday. > > "I asked them if they were having any problems with coyotes, and I think > > about half raised their hands," Norris said. > > > >............................................................. >Dr C.M. Sherwin >UFAW Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) >Centre for Behavioural Biology, >Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, >University of Bristol, >Langford House, >Langford, >BS40 5DU, U.K. > > >Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 >Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 >email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk From: IN%"D.Lee@mcri.ac.uk" "Diane Lee" 18-OCT-2004 09:20:09.36 To: CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: bacteria " A one-celled organism is 'omnipotent in its conceit' and has no more need of a CNS than a hermit or a solitary island dweller has need of a central government or a board of directors" I don't think anyone has argued this at all (I assume this bit related to my post). My post was to illustrate that higher organisms containing a CNS, in particular a 'brain' are generally accepted to have a consciousness and in some cases, emotions. Therefore I find it difficult to compare bacteria with coyotes! Going further down this route of discussion I think is getting off topic and doesn't do either coyotes OR humans any good. I concur that the dictionary according to 'me' was a little inaccurate :o) From: IN%"ewj@uiuc.edu" "E. Wayne Johnson" 18-OCT-2004 09:20:35.01 To: IN%"D.Lee@mcri.ac.uk" "Diane Lee", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: more on the coyote problem If sensitivity and emotional intelligence were to become the measure of "sentience", I am not sure that us Male Humans would always pass muster. :) At 08:53 AM 10/18/2004, Diane Lee wrote: >"Bacteria in a biofilm exhibit some characteristics of sentience." > >Perhaps I have misunderstood the meaning of 'sentience'. I have no >dictionary to hand, but I always took it to mean emotional feeling as >opposed to sensory/proprioception. Since bacteria contain no CNS or state of >consciousness, I'd have taken them to exhibit the latter. I work with >various bacterial strains on a daily basis and have yet to see one get all >upset when I transform one with a plasmid ;o) Conversely I DO see evidence >of physiological responses, which is not to be confused with sentience or >the ability to express emotions. > >Also, your coyotes (I'm in the UK) seem to be treated in much the same way >as our Red Fox i.e. either loved or hated. Here in the UK, many anecdotes of >attacks on babies exist, when in fact there was only one such 'attack' >documented so far this century. Actually, by all accounts the baby was >unharmed and the fox had simply got into the pushchair. Curiosity? Need for >warmth? Maybe. Viscious assault? Doubt it. Regardless, the behaviours we see >by such wild animals are simply a response to the habitat put into place by >man. In the UK you will hear many complaints of urban foxes boldly roaming >the streets in the early mornings and spreading rubbish around as it awaits >the bin-men. The complainants don't seem to get it that the rubbish was put >there by man, thus providing a nice easy meal for Foxy. What self-respecting >creature is going to go chasing rabbits when there's a decent looking kebab >just lying there?!? > >So before we go accusing whichever species of being 'vermin' perhaps we >should look at how they came to be perceived as such in the first place? > >Diane > >-----Original Message----- >From: E. Wayne Johnson [mailto:ewj@uiuc.edu] >Sent: 17 October 2004 21:09 >To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca >Subject: more on the coyote problem > > >Bacteria in a biofilm exhibit some characteristics of sentience. >They are apparently aware of their environment and respond and adapt to >changes in it, they do communicate with one another, >they do indeed possess a sort of memory, as well as a form >of social organization, and they obviously have a very strong >desire to protect themselves and survive. > >We don't consider that this bacteria have any "moral rights" >such that we should not brush our teeth to reduce their >numbers and destroy the sustaining features of their >habitat when they become offensive to us. > >* >Coyote-catcher at work in West Monroe >10/14/2004, 3:49 p.m. CT >The Associated Press > >WEST MONROE, La. (AP) Pet-killing coyotes are still a problem in West >Monroe, but federal and local officials are trying to do something about it. > >U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal Control trapper Steven Hughes >reported his fifth catch in seven days Wednesday. So far, he's caught three >yearlings, a non-lactating female that weighed 24 pounds, and a large male >weighing 34 pounds. >"I'm thinking the three yearlings are probably from the same litter, so >there's an adult female that I've got to come up with, it looks like," >Hughes said. "I'm still seeing some tracks." West Monroe is paying Hughes' >expenses for catching the coyotes that are presumed responsible for the >disappearance of 20 dogs and cats along Black Bayou canal, which runs >through the city. > >Todd and Kandy Little lost two poodles and a cat. The two teacup poodles >were in the couple's fenced backyard. Kandy Little said both were heard >screaming on different nights, about 8:10 p.m. One was taken in August last >year and the other three months ago. The Littles had bought three poodles, >one for each of their children. >Todd Little said their cat was apparently killed in the garage where the >couple found a puddle of blood. >"That means (the coyotes) were apparently walking up and down the street in >front of our houses," Todd Little said. >He said the coyotes squeezed through the wooden fence in their backyard to >get to the two poodles. >"We don't let our dogs or cats out after dark anymore," Kandy Little said. > >Wednesday's catch brought to 13 the number of coyote's trapped in the area >since last November. > >Private trapper John Becker caught six in November and December. >"We let our guard down after that, because we thought the problem was >solved," Kandy Little said. > >The problem apparently is not limited to West Monroe. Mayor Dave Norris >said he mentioned the coyotes during an address to a group of about about >30 northeastern Louisiana police chiefs meeting at the city's Convention >Center on Wednesday. >"I asked them if they were having any problems with coyotes, and I think >about half raised their hands," Norris said. From: IN%"jkoler@ccountry.com" "Janice Koler-Matznick" 18-OCT-2004 11:13:56.15 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology List" CC: Subj: RE: how about some facts on coyotes? I was living near LA in So Calif in the mid 80's when a child in a suburb in the hills was reported killed by a coyote. I believe it was about a 2/3 yr. old girl, grabbed off the sidewalk in front of her house. A few weeks later I was at a conference on So Cal ecology and met a local professor (the name and his affiliation escape me now, but I will dig them out if someone needs them) who had studied urban coyotes for years. I asked him about this incident and he, although he did not have the facts of this case, he told me he had responded, as the local coyote "expert," several times to reported coyote attacks on humans and so far had not been able to confirm any were coyotes and not stray/feral dogs. He actually thought some of the reports were of attacks by a family dog (did not want to report this as dog would be taken away) and in some he suspected child abuse was being covered up. Once a report of coyote attack is in the local news, this 'excuse' could be used by others. Most of these suburban attack reports are from John Q Public, and you would be amazed at the lack of ability to ID canids that many people show. I suggested, in an attempt to weed out the most obvious misidentifications, making up a photo line-up of canids, including wolves, coyotes (various coat conditions), gray Siberian huskies/ silver Malamutes (and their mixes), and mixed breeds with upright ears, to show to those reporting wolf/coyote attacks. If they can't point to the coyotes, then their ID should be discounted. As an example of the lack of eye for canids, I can offer our most recent contact by someone who thought she had a singing dog mix. She said the dog looked very like the pictures she had seen (singers, for those not faimilar with them, are cousins of the Australian dingo and look like them except smaller and have shorter legs). She thought it must be at least half singer. When she posted the pictures of her dog, rescued from the pound, it was an obvious Pit mix, with folded ears and smooth coat and not even a singer color (they are all shades of red/golden brown). I believe many livestock attacks reported as coyote were actually by dogs, especially those on larger cattle (in wolf areas these are reported as wolf kills whether or not there is any solid evidence of the perpetrator). The government and Defenders of Wildlife pay livestock owners for losses to natural predators, but not for those killed by dogs. Many more are just assumed to be by coyotes. About 25 years ago a grad student at the local college followed up on all reports of coyote/livestock attacks in our area of So Ore. He determined something like 90% had been done by dogs. The rural dog owners he approached adamantly denied thier dog could possibly by a culprit, as it "always" stays at home. Of course, they leave the dogs out at night, unsupervised, to guard against predators, 2 and 4 legged . Also, especially with sheep and calves, sometimes the animals died of other causes and were just eaten by predators. These are routinely claimed as predator kills, for the reason stated above. It would be interesting to do a study comparing livestock management practices such as quality of feed, eliminating breeding specimens that have weak or deformed offspring, amount of human/livestock dog supervision, health care, etc., to the number of claimed predator kills. I do know that ranchers that have their ewes lamb in sheds have much less loss to birthing problems, weak lambs and predators. This is standard in many countries/areas, but in the USA west sheep are often left unsupervised in the fields for lambing. Coyotes gather to eat after-births, and of course any lambs they can manage to get away from the overly-domesticated ewes that have no natural instincts to respond aggressively to predators. A 100 pound ewe with thick winter coat rearing up, stomping and charging is a formidable opponent for a 20 - 30 pound coyote, which like all predators, avoids possible injury unless it is starving. I have seen in a documentary a squirrel holding off a coyote because it sat up and chattered and acted aggressive. Locally, there are a handful of hobby sheep owners who claim the most coyote attacks, and get the government to trap and in the past, to poison the coyotes in the area. Their problem could easily be solved by shedding the sheep at night. A couple decades ago a Klamath Falls, OR, naturalist, rancher and writer, Dayton O. Hyde, wrote an article about living with coyotes on his large (a few hundred acres) spread. His sheep were free-range and he said he did have a few lambs lost to coyotes per year. However, when he added up how many ground squirrles and rabbits and such that the coyotes consumed per year, and the livestock feed that was made available due to this extermination service, he figured he owed the coyotes several dollars at year's end. Jan Koler-Matznick From: IN%"ceannicrc@yahoo.com" "Cecilia Lambert" 18-OCT-2004 16:17:48.36 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Wildlife Management I think that Hope Ryden said it very well when she wrote "God's Dog" in the 1970's. Here is an excerpt. Wildlife Management "Any animal that cannot be exploited, or any animal that threatens to compete with man's unmitigated exploitation of some other animal, is not tolerated in America. Powerful forces----hunting clubs, entrepreneurs who profit from the hunting trade, gun lobbies, individuals whose self-image rests on "getting a deer," and entrenched bureaucrats whose job depend on how well they protect these vested interests----control wildlife management. And wildlife management in twentieth-century America has but one objective, the manipulation of Nature for the purpose of elevating target populations." ===== CeAnn Lambert Indiana Coyote Rescue Center www.WolfPark.org/ICRC _______________________________ Do you Yahoo!? Declare Yourself - Register online to vote today! http://vote.yahoo.com From: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins" 18-OCT-2004 17:24:33.67 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem > Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) declares that > "sentient" means "responsive to or conscious of sense impressions" or > "aware" or "finely sensitive in perception or feeling"- > -Stanley Curtis Yes, the Oxford has a similar definition. Not very satisfactory, is it! I didn't bother to go on and look up the definitions of 'conscious', 'aware' or 'feeling'. But 'responsive' is not a good criterion. After all many plants are highly responsive to many stimuli. Does this make them 'sentient' as we understand it? Droplets in emulsions are 'responsive' to some stimuli too -- does this mean oil droplets are sentient? Or to look at it another way -- many cells in our own bodies are responsive to stimuli, yet we may remain blissfully unaware of their responding. Our skin claas produce more melanin when exposed to ultraviolet light, yet until our skin is burned we are not directly aware or this response. Sure we can look at our skin, but so can we look at others' skin. Our pancreas produces insulin at whatever rate the stimuli it receive cause it to, but until we feint from hypoglycaemia (or get the shakes or a raging appetite or whatever) we are totally unaware of this happening. Does this make these cells 'sentient' in their own right??? And while I am here, may I remind people that not all of us on this list are Christians. The Christian scriptures have no more place in a scientific discussion than the scriptures of any other religion or conviction. Jenny Haskins Coffs Harbour, Australia PS Sorry Stanley -- I keep getting fooled by this list, expecting the 'reply' to go to the list as a whole instead of just the sender :-( From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 18-OCT-2004 19:28:40.46 To: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem Jenny Haskins and others- Of course, I know what it is you and all the rest of us are getting at- I am not commenting on that per se- I am not arguing with it- I am not minimizing it- I am not criticizing it- My point simply is that, if we are going to discuss a matter at an intellectual level, we should be precise in our use of words- Otherwise, the discussion quickly turns to mush, and not a very good grade of mush at that- In any discussion of any matter, words often are abused or misused by people of a certain ilk who have, in one way or another, intentionally or unintentionally (it matters not which), let those words evolve into having some special meaning when used in specific contexts -- meanings that may be shaded or slanted so they no longer conform to their etymological foundations or even generally agreed-upon common usage (as reflected by their "dictionary definitions")- In thinking about and discussing an animal's state of being -- both of which I have done a lot of for over forty years -- I think "sentience" and "pain" are two such words- As they are often being used, they have regressed in their meaning to being jargon or (even more unfortunately) buzz words- The words "sentience" and "pain" certainly have a place in discussions of animal state of being- Ian Duncan has said something along the lines of "animal welfare has all to do with how an anmal feels"- But, as conscious emotions, feelings, perceptions, and sensations, including pain, are subjective phenomena -- and lest we fall into the logical pitfall of anthropomorphism -- we individual humans should be awfully careful as to how we use them with respect to any other human's, let alone any animal's, state of being- I hope not to offend anyone of whatever philosophical or religious persuasion by closing with a reference to a country preacher -- one of the sort I regularly listened to as a child growing up in rural northern Indiana- Anyway, I am reminded of the story about one certain country preacher who had penciled a note to himself in the margin of his sermon sheet: "Weak point- Preach loud-"- That story is germane to this particular discussion of animal state of being, I think, because we probably ought at this point in time to be preaching less loudly, and devoting our energies and time instead to stengthening those weak points- I strongly suspect we can learn and know more about an animal's conscious feelings- But arguing on the bases of weak points -- such as on the questionable abuse and misuse of crucial terms such as "sentience" and "pain" and "feelings" -- most likely will, it seems to me, get us not a even bit closer to that understanding of animal nature we all crave; that understanding which -- once we have it -- we can and I suppose we shall put to good use in our viewing and our treatment of our nonhuman-animal fellows- -Stanley Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: Jenny Haskins To: Ethology Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 6:36 PM Subject: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem > Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) declares that > "sentient" means "responsive to or conscious of sense impressions" or > "aware" or "finely sensitive in perception or feeling"- > -Stanley Curtis Yes, the Oxford has a similar definition. Not very satisfactory, is it! I didn't bother to go on and look up the definitions of 'conscious', 'aware' or 'feeling'. But 'responsive' is not a good criterion. After all many plants are highly responsive to many stimuli. Does this make them 'sentient' as we understand it? Droplets in emulsions are 'responsive' to some stimuli too -- does this mean oil droplets are sentient? Or to look at it another way -- many cells in our own bodies are responsive to stimuli, yet we may remain blissfully unaware of their responding. Our skin claas produce more melanin when exposed to ultraviolet light, yet until our skin is burned we are not directly aware or this response. Sure we can look at our skin, but so can we look at others' skin. Our pancreas produces insulin at whatever rate the stimuli it receive cause it to, but until we feint from hypoglycaemia (or get the shakes or a raging appetite or whatever) we are totally unaware of this happening. Does this make these cells 'sentient' in their own right??? And while I am here, may I remind people that not all of us on this list are Christians. The Christian scriptures have no more place in a scientific discussion than the scriptures of any other religion or conviction. Jenny Haskins Coffs Harbour, Australia PS Sorry Stanley -- I keep getting fooled by this list, expecting the 'reply' to go to the list as a whole instead of just the sender :-( From: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins" 18-OCT-2004 22:15:18.76 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: Sentient; You are so right. All the problems with the use of the term 'punishment' and confusion between the 'Behaviourism' meaning and common usage, being a case in point. There is a lot of confusion and wooly-thinking because of this discrepancy. However 'sentience' and 'sentient' are not words you come across much in common usage. The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology (2001) which in this case I would think more authoritve than Websters or even the Oxford, is (in part) sentient: (3) capable of awareness of or conscious recognition of the perception of detail; in short, intelligence. This last meaning which goes much further than the other two, is now the dominant one. Jenny Haskins Coffs Harbour, Australia My point simply is that, if we are going to discuss a matter at an intellectual level, we should be precise in our use of words- Otherwise, the discussion quickly turns to mush, and not a very good grade of mush at that- -Stanley Curtis From: IN%"Carol.Petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol" 18-OCT-2004 22:37:30.29 To: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis", IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem Hi Stan As you are probably aware, I'm an advocate of animal welfare being all about feelings and emotions (a la Ian Duncan). I disagree with you that talking of such things may lead to anthropomorphism. Yes, these are subjective states, but this does not stop us being able to measure them objectively - we are able to determine preferences through choice tests (and yes, I am aware of the limitations of these tests), strengths of preferences and avoidances eg through operant conditioning. Such measures tell us whether these subjective feelings are positive or negative for the animal and the strength of those feelings - and I'm certain that you are aware of all the research that's been done on this - and I don't mean to tell you how to suck eggs!! Best wishes Carol Carol Petherick Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au -----Original Message----- From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] Sent: Tuesday, 19 October 2004 11:28 AM To: Jenny Haskins; Ethology Subject: Re: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem Jenny Haskins and others- Of course, I know what it is you and all the rest of us are getting at- I am not commenting on that per se- I am not arguing with it- I am not minimizing it- I am not criticizing it- My point simply is that, if we are going to discuss a matter at an intellectual level, we should be precise in our use of words- Otherwise, the discussion quickly turns to mush, and not a very good grade of mush at that- In any discussion of any matter, words often are abused or misused by people of a certain ilk who have, in one way or another, intentionally or unintentionally (it matters not which), let those words evolve into having some special meaning when used in specific contexts -- meanings that may be shaded or slanted so they no longer conform to their etymological foundations or even generally agreed-upon common usage (as reflected by their "dictionary definitions")- In thinking about and discussing an animal's state of being -- both of which I have done a lot of for over forty years -- I think "sentience" and "pain" are two such words- As they are often being used, they have regressed in their meaning to being jargon or (even more unfortunately) buzz words- The words "sentience" and "pain" certainly have a place in discussions of animal state of being- Ian Duncan has said something along the lines of "animal welfare has all to do with how an anmal feels"- But, as conscious emotions, feelings, perceptions, and sensations, including pain, are subjective phenomena -- and lest we fall into the logical pitfall of anthropomorphism -- we individual humans should be awfully careful as to how we use them with respect to any other human's, let alone any animal's, state of being- I hope not to offend anyone of whatever philosophical or religious persuasion by closing with a reference to a country preacher -- one of the sort I regularly listened to as a child growing up in rural northern Indiana- Anyway, I am reminded of the story about one certain country preacher who had penciled a note to himself in the margin of his sermon sheet: "Weak point- Preach loud-"- That story is germane to this particular discussion of animal state of being, I think, because we probably ought at this point in time to be preaching less loudly, and devoting our energies and time instead to stengthening those weak points- I strongly suspect we can learn and know more about an animal's conscious feelings- But arguing on the bases of weak points -- such as on the questionable abuse and misuse of crucial terms such as "sentience" and "pain" and "feelings" -- most likely will, it seems to me, get us not a even bit closer to that understanding of animal nature we all crave; that understanding which -- once we have it -- we can and I suppose we shall put to good use in our viewing and our treatment of our nonhuman-animal fellows- -Stanley Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: Jenny Haskins To: Ethology Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 6:36 PM Subject: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem > Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) declares that > "sentient" means "responsive to or conscious of sense impressions" or > "aware" or "finely sensitive in perception or feeling"- > -Stanley Curtis Yes, the Oxford has a similar definition. Not very satisfactory, is it! I didn't bother to go on and look up the definitions of 'conscious', 'aware' or 'feeling'. But 'responsive' is not a good criterion. After all many plants are highly responsive to many stimuli. Does this make them 'sentient' as we understand it? Droplets in emulsions are 'responsive' to some stimuli too -- does this mean oil droplets are sentient? Or to look at it another way -- many cells in our own bodies are responsive to stimuli, yet we may remain blissfully unaware of their responding. Our skin claas produce more melanin when exposed to ultraviolet light, yet until our skin is burned we are not directly aware or this response. Sure we can look at our skin, but so can we look at others' skin. Our pancreas produces insulin at whatever rate the stimuli it receive cause it to, but until we feint from hypoglycaemia (or get the shakes or a raging appetite or whatever) we are totally unaware of this happening. Does this make these cells 'sentient' in their own right??? And while I am here, may I remind people that not all of us on this list are Christians. The Christian scriptures have no more place in a scientific discussion than the scriptures of any other religion or conviction. Jenny Haskins Coffs Harbour, Australia PS Sorry Stanley -- I keep getting fooled by this list, expecting the 'reply' to go to the list as a whole instead of just the sender :-( _____ Block Spam Emails - Click here! ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and delete it from your computer system network. From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 18-OCT-2004 23:09:17.11 To: IN%"Carol.Petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol", IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem Carol- I agree with all you say- My concern has to do with the glib application of these terms describing subjective states in the absence of the objective scientific evidence of which you write- This is not to say that the conclusions drawn in specific cases will not eventually, ultimately be proved correct; they well may be- It is, instead, to say that, unless and until they are, indeed, proved correct, I think we as scientists ought to be careful and ought not casually use the terms in ways that may leave the impression (with those who are not cognizant of the nuances to which we are referring) that these things -- coming, after all, from the mouths and pens of scientists -- are in fact based on scientific evidence already at hand- Best wishes- -Stan ----- Original Message ----- From: Petherick, Carol To: Stanley Curtis ; Jenny Haskins ; Ethology Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 11:37 PM Subject: RE: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem Hi Stan As you are probably aware, I'm an advocate of animal welfare being all about feelings and emotions (a la Ian Duncan). I disagree with you that talking of such things may lead to anthropomorphism. Yes, these are subjective states, but this does not stop us being able to measure them objectively - we are able to determine preferences through choice tests (and yes, I am aware of the limitations of these tests), strengths of preferences and avoidances eg through operant conditioning. Such measures tell us whether these subjective feelings are positive or negative for the animal and the strength of those feelings - and I'm certain that you are aware of all the research that's been done on this - and I don't mean to tell you how to suck eggs!! Best wishes Carol Carol Petherick Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au -----Original Message----- From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] Sent: Tuesday, 19 October 2004 11:28 AM To: Jenny Haskins; Ethology Subject: Re: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem Jenny Haskins and others- Of course, I know what it is you and all the rest of us are getting at- I am not commenting on that per se- I am not arguing with it- I am not minimizing it- I am not criticizing it- My point simply is that, if we are going to discuss a matter at an intellectual level, we should be precise in our use of words- Otherwise, the discussion quickly turns to mush, and not a very good grade of mush at that- In any discussion of any matter, words often are abused or misused by people of a certain ilk who have, in one way or another, intentionally or unintentionally (it matters not which), let those words evolve into having some special meaning when used in specific contexts -- meanings that may be shaded or slanted so they no longer conform to their etymological foundations or even generally agreed-upon common usage (as reflected by their "dictionary definitions")- In thinking about and discussing an animal's state of being -- both of which I have done a lot of for over forty years -- I think "sentience" and "pain" are two such words- As they are often being used, they have regressed in their meaning to being jargon or (even more unfortunately) buzz words- The words "sentience" and "pain" certainly have a place in discussions of animal state of being- Ian Duncan has said something along the lines of "animal welfare has all to do with how an anmal feels"- But, as conscious emotions, feelings, perceptions, and sensations, including pain, are subjective phenomena -- and lest we fall into the logical pitfall of anthropomorphism -- we individual humans should be awfully careful as to how we use them with respect to any other human's, let alone any animal's, state of being- I hope not to offend anyone of whatever philosophical or religious persuasion by closing with a reference to a country preacher -- one of the sort I regularly listened to as a child growing up in rural northern Indiana- Anyway, I am reminded of the story about one certain country preacher who had penciled a note to himself in the margin of his sermon sheet: "Weak point- Preach loud-"- That story is germane to this particular discussion of animal state of being, I think, because we probably ought at this point in time to be preaching less loudly, and devoting our energies and time instead to stengthening those weak points- I strongly suspect we can learn and know more about an animal's conscious feelings- But arguing on the bases of weak points -- such as on the questionable abuse and misuse of crucial terms such as "sentience" and "pain" and "feelings" -- most likely will, it seems to me, get us not a even bit closer to that understanding of animal nature we all crave; that understanding which -- once we have it -- we can and I suppose we shall put to good use in our viewing and our treatment of our nonhuman-animal fellows- -Stanley Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: Jenny Haskins To: Ethology Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 6:36 PM Subject: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem > Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) declares that > "sentient" means "responsive to or conscious of sense impressions" or > "aware" or "finely sensitive in perception or feeling"- > -Stanley Curtis Yes, the Oxford has a similar definition. Not very satisfactory, is it! I didn't bother to go on and look up the definitions of 'conscious', 'aware' or 'feeling'. But 'responsive' is not a good criterion. After all many plants are highly responsive to many stimuli. Does this make them 'sentient' as we understand it? Droplets in emulsions are 'responsive' to some stimuli too -- does this mean oil droplets are sentient? Or to look at it another way -- many cells in our own bodies are responsive to stimuli, yet we may remain blissfully unaware of their responding. Our skin claas produce more melanin when exposed to ultraviolet light, yet until our skin is burned we are not directly aware or this response. Sure we can look at our skin, but so can we look at others' skin. Our pancreas produces insulin at whatever rate the stimuli it receive cause it to, but until we feint from hypoglycaemia (or get the shakes or a raging appetite or whatever) we are totally unaware of this happening. Does this make these cells 'sentient' in their own right??? And while I am here, may I remind people that not all of us on this list are Christians. The Christian scriptures have no more place in a scientific discussion than the scriptures of any other religion or conviction. Jenny Haskins Coffs Harbour, Australia PS Sorry Stanley -- I keep getting fooled by this list, expecting the 'reply' to go to the list as a whole instead of just the sender :-( ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and delete it from your computer system network. From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 18-OCT-2004 23:39:10.41 To: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: Sentient; Jenny Haskins and others- Your point is well-taken- However, it seems to me that the fact that the jargon (not necessarily a pejorative term) of psychology (as reflected by the need apparently perceived by some for a Penguin Dictionary of Psychology in the first place) imparts a special meaning to the words "sentience" and "sentient" makes it all the more important that we scientists exercise caution when bandying about terms such as those two or such as "feelings", "emotions", "pain", and the like- Unless and until we have scientific evidence at hand that objectively quantifies in regard to some particular jargon term the nature of the conscious experience a nonhuman animal has in this situation or that, we should not apply that term when discussing that animal's nature- In most cases with regard to animal cognition, we do not have that much-needed information- This is not to say that, ultimately, we shall not have the objective evidence at hand that confirms our hunches- But until that time I think we should be awfully careful in this area, especially, for example, when it comes to setting regulations- The animals deserve the best we have to offer- And that, methinks, will be a true understanding of their nature- I hope I live to see the day when we do have that understanding- Until then, I am afraid we are more or less shooting in the dark- And, in the meantime, we should be humble; none of us should dare think that he or she has some special insight into what obviously is a complex natural phenomenon- To quote Henry Beston in The Outermost House (which friend and colleague Ray Stricklin introduced to me many moons ago) on our fellow creatures: "They are not brethren, they are not underlings; they are other nations, caught with ourselves in the net of life and time, fellow prisoners of the splendour and travail of the earth." -Stanley Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: Jenny Haskins To: Ethology Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 11:26 PM Subject: Re: Sentient; You are so right. All the problems with the use of the term 'punishment' and confusion between the 'Behaviourism' meaning and common usage, being a case in point. There is a lot of confusion and wooly-thinking because of this discrepancy. However 'sentience' and 'sentient' are not words you come across much in common usage. The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology (2001) which in this case I would think more authoritve than Websters or even the Oxford, is (in part) sentient: (3) capable of awareness of or conscious recognition of the perception of detail; in short, intelligence. This last meaning which goes much further than the other two, is now the dominant one. Jenny Haskins Coffs Harbour, Australia My point simply is that, if we are going to discuss a matter at an intellectual level, we should be precise in our use of words- Otherwise, the discussion quickly turns to mush, and not a very good grade of mush at that- -Stanley Curtis From: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "Chris Sherwin" 19-OCT-2004 03:38:27.78 To: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" Subj: RE: Sentient; Stanley and others, An interesting and thought-provoking discussion - thank you! I'm wondering whether we don't already have some of the 'objective quantification' you suggest that we need regarding animals experiencing subjective states. Each year, many millions of laboratory animals are used as models of human depression, anxiety, drug abuse, etc. We use tests such as the elevated plus maze to quantify the amount of 'anxiety' the animal is experiencing. We then administer a drug and quantify the effects on behaviour. We then use arguement-by-analogy (which ultimately is our ONLY tool in this debate) to make the leap of faith that the drug will have a similar effect on the subjective state in humans. My question is this - if we do not believe that these animals are capable of experiencing these subjective states (or an analogous experience), then why do we continue to use them as models for human emotions? Kind regards, Chris On Tue, 19 Oct 2004 00:38:56 -0500 Stanley Curtis wrote: > > Jenny Haskins and others- > > Your point is well-taken- > > However, it seems to me that the fact that the jargon (not necessarily a > pejorative term) of psychology (as reflected by the need apparently perceived by > some for a Penguin Dictionary of Psychology in the first place) imparts a special > meaning to the words "sentience" and "sentient" makes it all the more important > that we scientists exercise caution when bandying about terms such as those two or > such as "feelings", "emotions", "pain", and the like- Unless and until we have > scientific evidence at hand that objectively quantifies in regard to some > particular jargon term the nature of the conscious experience a nonhuman animal has > in this situation or that, we should not apply that term when discussing that > animal's nature- In most cases with regard to animal cognition, we do not have > that much-needed information- > > This is not to say that, ultimately, we shall not have the objective evidence at > hand that confirms our hunches- But until that time I think we should be awfully > careful in this area, especially, for example, when it comes to setting > regulations- > > The animals deserve the best we have to offer- And that, methinks, will be a > true understanding of their nature- I hope I live to see the day when we do have > that understanding- Until then, I am afraid we are more or less shooting in the > dark- And, in the meantime, we should be humble; none of us should dare think that > he or she has some special insight into what obviously is a complex natural > phenomenon- > > To quote Henry Beston in The Outermost House (which friend and colleague Ray > Stricklin introduced to me many moons ago) on our fellow creatures: "They are not > brethren, they are not underlings; they are other nations, caught with ourselves in > the net of life and time, fellow prisoners of the splendour and travail of the > earth." > > -Stanley Curtis > > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: Jenny Haskins > To: Ethology > Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 11:26 PM > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > You are so right. All the problems with the use of the term 'punishment' and > confusion between the 'Behaviourism' meaning and common usage, being a case in > point. There is a lot of confusion and wooly-thinking because of this discrepancy. > > However 'sentience' and 'sentient' are not words you come across much in common > usage. > > The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology (2001) which in this case I would think > more authoritve than Websters or even the Oxford, > is (in part) > > sentient: (3) capable of awareness of or conscious recognition of the > perception of detail; in short, intelligence. This last meaning which goes much > further than the other two, is now the dominant one. > > Jenny Haskins > Coffs Harbour, Australia > > My point simply is that, if we are going to discuss a matter at an > intellectual level, we should be precise in our use of words- Otherwise, the > discussion quickly turns to mush, and not a very good grade of mush at that- > -Stanley Curtis > > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > ............................................................. Dr C.M. Sherwin UFAW Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Centre for Behavioural Biology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, U.K. Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk From: IN%"pdezabu1@dancris.com" "pduezabou" 19-OCT-2004 08:26:48.24 To: IN%"Carol.Petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol", IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis", IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem Hi all, 'Sentience' became key to discussion about (and research on) animal welfare following Peter Singer's argument for animals' moral considerability based on the major ethical paradigm called Utilitarianism. That is, the morally relevant characteristic which qualifies beings for special treatment by others is the capacity to experience 'pain and suffering'. Utilitarianism is a particular--secular and Western--theoretical model for ethics. It is not the only one. It is my understanding that all religions have a moral component--stated or unstated--and that animals have a place in the cosmology associated with that religion. This takes discussions of animal well being to a new level of intellectual discussion and, for me, it is not necessarily a step away from religious grounding. Margaret A. (Peggy) Shunick (Duezabou) BA, BA, MS (Tufts Center for Animals & Public Policy), ABD ----- Original Message ----- From: Petherick, Carol To: Stanley Curtis ; Jenny Haskins ; Ethology Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 10:37 PM Subject: RE: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem Hi Stan As you are probably aware, I'm an advocate of animal welfare being all about feelings and emotions (a la Ian Duncan). I disagree with you that talking of such things may lead to anthropomorphism. Yes, these are subjective states, but this does not stop us being able to measure them objectively - we are able to determine preferences through choice tests (and yes, I am aware of the limitations of these tests), strengths of preferences and avoidances eg through operant conditioning. Such measures tell us whether these subjective feelings are positive or negative for the animal and the strength of those feelings - and I'm certain that you are aware of all the research that's been done on this - and I don't mean to tell you how to suck eggs!! Best wishes Carol Carol Petherick Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au -----Original Message----- From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] Sent: Tuesday, 19 October 2004 11:28 AM To: Jenny Haskins; Ethology Subject: Re: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem Jenny Haskins and others- Of course, I know what it is you and all the rest of us are getting at- I am not commenting on that per se- I am not arguing with it- I am not minimizing it- I am not criticizing it- My point simply is that, if we are going to discuss a matter at an intellectual level, we should be precise in our use of words- Otherwise, the discussion quickly turns to mush, and not a very good grade of mush at that- In any discussion of any matter, words often are abused or misused by people of a certain ilk who have, in one way or another, intentionally or unintentionally (it matters not which), let those words evolve into having some special meaning when used in specific contexts -- meanings that may be shaded or slanted so they no longer conform to their etymological foundations or even generally agreed-upon common usage (as reflected by their "dictionary definitions")- In thinking about and discussing an animal's state of being -- both of which I have done a lot of for over forty years -- I think "sentience" and "pain" are two such words- As they are often being used, they have regressed in their meaning to being jargon or (even more unfortunately) buzz words- The words "sentience" and "pain" certainly have a place in discussions of animal state of being- Ian Duncan has said something along the lines of "animal welfare has all to do with how an anmal feels"- But, as conscious emotions, feelings, perceptions, and sensations, including pain, are subjective phenomena -- and lest we fall into the logical pitfall of anthropomorphism -- we individual humans should be awfully careful as to how we use them with respect to any other human's, let alone any animal's, state of being- I hope not to offend anyone of whatever philosophical or religious persuasion by closing with a reference to a country preacher -- one of the sort I regularly listened to as a child growing up in rural northern Indiana- Anyway, I am reminded of the story about one certain country preacher who had penciled a note to himself in the margin of his sermon sheet: "Weak point- Preach loud-"- That story is germane to this particular discussion of animal state of being, I think, because we probably ought at this point in time to be preaching less loudly, and devoting our energies and time instead to stengthening those weak points- I strongly suspect we can learn and know more about an animal's conscious feelings- But arguing on the bases of weak points -- such as on the questionable abuse and misuse of crucial terms such as "sentience" and "pain" and "feelings" -- most likely will, it seems to me, get us not a even bit closer to that understanding of animal nature we all crave; that understanding which -- once we have it -- we can and I suppose we shall put to good use in our viewing and our treatment of our nonhuman-animal fellows- -Stanley Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: Jenny Haskins To: Ethology Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 6:36 PM Subject: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem > Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) declares that > "sentient" means "responsive to or conscious of sense impressions" or > "aware" or "finely sensitive in perception or feeling"- > -Stanley Curtis Yes, the Oxford has a similar definition. Not very satisfactory, is it! I didn't bother to go on and look up the definitions of 'conscious', 'aware' or 'feeling'. But 'responsive' is not a good criterion. After all many plants are highly responsive to many stimuli. Does this make them 'sentient' as we understand it? Droplets in emulsions are 'responsive' to some stimuli too -- does this mean oil droplets are sentient? Or to look at it another way -- many cells in our own bodies are responsive to stimuli, yet we may remain blissfully unaware of their responding. Our skin claas produce more melanin when exposed to ultraviolet light, yet until our skin is burned we are not directly aware or this response. Sure we can look at our skin, but so can we look at others' skin. Our pancreas produces insulin at whatever rate the stimuli it receive cause it to, but until we feint from hypoglycaemia (or get the shakes or a raging appetite or whatever) we are totally unaware of this happening. Does this make these cells 'sentient' in their own right??? And while I am here, may I remind people that not all of us on this list are Christians. The Christian scriptures have no more place in a scientific discussion than the scriptures of any other religion or conviction. Jenny Haskins Coffs Harbour, Australia PS Sorry Stanley -- I keep getting fooled by this list, expecting the 'reply' to go to the list as a whole instead of just the sender :-( ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and delete it from your computer system network. From: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "Chris Sherwin" 19-OCT-2004 08:43:26.71 To: IN%"pdezabu1@dancris.com" "pduezabou" CC: IN%"Carol.Petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol", IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis", IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" Subj: RE: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem Dear Margaret, Whilst I agree that modern forms of utilitarianism definitely have a 'Western flavour', animals have been kept for hundreds of years throughout the world for sport (hunting, hunted, racing), farming, beasts-of-burden, entertainment, etc,. In all these systems, the value of the animal is influenced by its perceived utility to humans. This indicates that utilitarianism is ubiquitous rather than 'secular and western'. Even the ancient chinese kept crickets in small cages so they could tell the temperature from the rate of stridulations...a utilitarian thermometer! Regards, Chris On Tue, 19 Oct 2004 08:44:36 -0600 pduezabou wrote: > Hi all, > > 'Sentience' became key to discussion about (and research on) animal welfare > following Peter Singer's argument for animals' moral considerability based on the > major ethical paradigm called Utilitarianism. That is, the morally relevant > characteristic which qualifies beings for special treatment by others is the > capacity to experience 'pain and suffering'. > > Utilitarianism is a particular--secular and Western--theoretical model for ethics. > It is not the only one. It is my understanding that all religions have a moral > component--stated or unstated--and that animals have a place in the cosmology > associated with that religion. This takes discussions of animal well being to a new > level of intellectual discussion and, for me, it is not necessarily a step away > from religious grounding. > > Margaret A. (Peggy) Shunick (Duezabou) > BA, BA, MS (Tufts Center for Animals & Public Policy), ABD > > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: Petherick, Carol > To: Stanley Curtis ; Jenny Haskins ; Ethology > Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 10:37 PM > Subject: RE: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem > > > Hi Stan > > As you are probably aware, I'm an advocate of animal welfare being all about > feelings and emotions (a la Ian Duncan). I disagree with you that talking of such > things may lead to anthropomorphism. Yes, these are subjective states, but this > does not stop us being able to measure them objectively - we are able to determine > preferences through choice tests (and yes, I am aware of the limitations of these > tests), strengths of preferences and avoidances eg through operant conditioning. > Such measures tell us whether these subjective feelings are positive or negative > for the animal and the strength of those feelings - and I'm certain that you are > aware of all the research that's been done on this - and I don't mean to tell you > how to suck eggs!! > > > > Best wishes > > > > Carol > > > > Carol Petherick > > Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > > Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries > > > > Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 > > Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au > > > > -----Original Message----- > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > Sent: Tuesday, 19 October 2004 11:28 AM > To: Jenny Haskins; Ethology > Subject: Re: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem > > > > > > Jenny Haskins and others- > > > > Of course, I know what it is you and all the rest of us are getting at- I am not > commenting on that per se- I am not arguing with it- I am not minimizing it- I > am not criticizing it- My point simply is that, if we are going to discuss a > matter at an intellectual level, we should be precise in our use of words- > Otherwise, the discussion quickly turns to mush, and not a very good grade of mush > at that- > > > > In any discussion of any matter, words often are abused or misused by people of a > certain ilk who have, in one way or another, intentionally or unintentionally (it > matters not which), let those words evolve into having some special meaning when > used in specific contexts -- meanings that may be shaded or slanted so they no > longer conform to their etymological foundations or even generally agreed-upon > common usage (as reflected by their "dictionary definitions")- > > > > In thinking about and discussing an animal's state of being -- both of which I > have done a lot of for over forty years -- I think "sentience" and "pain" are two > such words- As they are often being used, they have regressed in their meaning to > being jargon or (even more unfortunately) buzz words- > > > > The words "sentience" and "pain" certainly have a place in discussions of animal > state of being- Ian Duncan has said something along the lines of "animal welfare > has all to do with how an anmal feels"- But, as conscious emotions, feelings, > perceptions, and sensations, including pain, are subjective phenomena -- and lest > we fall into the logical pitfall of anthropomorphism -- we individual humans should > be awfully careful as to how we use them with respect to any other human's, let > alone any animal's, state of being- > > > > I hope not to offend anyone of whatever philosophical or religious persuasion by > closing with a reference to a country preacher -- one of the sort I regularly > listened to as a child growing up in rural northern Indiana- Anyway, I am reminded > of the story about one certain country preacher who had penciled a note to himself > in the margin of his sermon sheet: "Weak point- Preach loud-"- > > > > That story is germane to this particular discussion of animal state of being, I > think, because we probably ought at this point in time to be preaching less loudly, > and devoting our energies and time instead to stengthening those weak points- I > strongly suspect we can learn and know more about an animal's conscious feelings- > But arguing on the bases of weak points -- such as on the questionable abuse and > misuse of crucial terms such as "sentience" and "pain" and "feelings" -- most > likely will, it seems to me, get us not a even bit closer to that understanding of > animal nature we all crave; that understanding which -- once we have it -- we can > and I suppose we shall put to good use in our viewing and our treatment of our > nonhuman-animal fellows- > > > > -Stanley Curtis > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > > > From: Jenny Haskins > > To: Ethology > > Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 6:36 PM > > Subject: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem > > > > > Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) declares that > > "sentient" means "responsive to or conscious of sense impressions" or > > "aware" or "finely sensitive in perception or feeling"- > > -Stanley Curtis > > Yes, the Oxford has a similar definition. > > Not very satisfactory, is it! I didn't bother to go on and look up the > definitions of 'conscious', 'aware' or 'feeling'. > > But 'responsive' is not a good criterion. After all many plants are highly > responsive to many stimuli. Does this make them 'sentient' as we understand > it? > > Droplets in emulsions are 'responsive' to some stimuli too -- does this mean > oil droplets are sentient? > > Or to look at it another way -- many cells in our own bodies are responsive > to stimuli, yet we may remain blissfully unaware of their responding. Our > skin claas produce more melanin when exposed to ultraviolet light, yet until > our skin is burned we are not directly aware or this response. Sure we can > look at our skin, but so can we look at others' skin. > > Our pancreas produces insulin at whatever rate the stimuli it receive cause > it to, but until we feint from hypoglycaemia (or get the shakes or a raging > appetite or whatever) we are totally unaware of this happening. Does this > make these cells 'sentient' in their own right??? > > And while I am here, may I remind people that not all of us on this list are > Christians. The Christian scriptures have no more place in a scientific > discussion than the scriptures of any other religion or conviction. > > > Jenny Haskins > Coffs Harbour, Australia > > > > PS Sorry Stanley -- I keep getting fooled by this list, expecting the 'reply' to > go to the list as a whole instead of just the sender :-( > > > > > ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ > > > > ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** > The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages > (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally > privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity > to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of > disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken > or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions > contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions > of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received > this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and > delete it from your computer system network. ............................................................. Dr C.M. Sherwin UFAW Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Centre for Behavioural Biology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, U.K. Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk From: IN%"pdezabu1@dancris.com" "pduezabou" 19-OCT-2004 08:49:37.26 To: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "Chris Sherwin" CC: IN%"Carol.Petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol", IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis", IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" Subj: RE: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem Thanks, Chris, for reminding me that there is a fine distinction between utility and Utilitarianism (capital U) which came out of the writings of John Stuart Mill. Peggy ----- Original Message ----- From: "Chris Sherwin" To: "pduezabou" Cc: "Petherick, Carol" ; "Stanley Curtis" ; "Jenny Haskins" ; "Ethology" Sent: Tuesday, October 19, 2004 8:41 AM Subject: Re: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem > Dear Margaret, > > Whilst I agree that modern forms of utilitarianism definitely have a 'Western > flavour', animals have been kept for hundreds of > years throughout the world for sport (hunting, hunted, racing), farming, > beasts-of-burden, entertainment, etc,. In all these systems, the value of > the animal is influenced by its perceived utility to humans. This indicates that > utilitarianism is ubiquitous rather than 'secular and western'. Even the ancient > chinese kept crickets in small cages so they could tell the temperature from the > rate of stridulations...a utilitarian thermometer! > > Regards, > > Chris > > > > > On Tue, 19 Oct 2004 08:44:36 -0600 pduezabou wrote: > > > Hi all, > > > > 'Sentience' became key to discussion about (and research on) animal welfare > > following Peter Singer's argument for animals' moral considerability based on the > > major ethical paradigm called Utilitarianism. That is, the morally relevant > > characteristic which qualifies beings for special treatment by others is the > > capacity to experience 'pain and suffering'. > > > > Utilitarianism is a particular--secular and Western--theoretical model for ethics. > > It is not the only one. It is my understanding that all religions have a moral > > component--stated or unstated--and that animals have a place in the cosmology > > associated with that religion. This takes discussions of animal well being to a new > > level of intellectual discussion and, for me, it is not necessarily a step away > > from religious grounding. > > > > Margaret A. (Peggy) Shunick (Duezabou) > > BA, BA, MS (Tufts Center for Animals & Public Policy), ABD > > > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > > From: Petherick, Carol > > To: Stanley Curtis ; Jenny Haskins ; Ethology > > Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 10:37 PM > > Subject: RE: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem > > > > > > Hi Stan > > > > As you are probably aware, I'm an advocate of animal welfare being all about > > feelings and emotions (a la Ian Duncan). I disagree with you that talking of such > > things may lead to anthropomorphism. Yes, these are subjective states, but this > > does not stop us being able to measure them objectively - we are able to determine > > preferences through choice tests (and yes, I am aware of the limitations of these > > tests), strengths of preferences and avoidances eg through operant conditioning. > > Such measures tell us whether these subjective feelings are positive or negative > > for the animal and the strength of those feelings - and I'm certain that you are > > aware of all the research that's been done on this - and I don't mean to tell you > > how to suck eggs!! > > > > > > > > Best wishes > > > > > > > > Carol > > > > > > > > Carol Petherick > > > > Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > > > > Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries > > > > > > > > Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 > > > > Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au > > > > > > > > -----Original Message----- > > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > > Sent: Tuesday, 19 October 2004 11:28 AM > > To: Jenny Haskins; Ethology > > Subject: Re: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem > > > > > > > > > > > > Jenny Haskins and others- > > > > > > > > Of course, I know what it is you and all the rest of us are getting at- I am not > > commenting on that per se- I am not arguing with it- I am not minimizing it- I > > am not criticizing it- My point simply is that, if we are going to discuss a > > matter at an intellectual level, we should be precise in our use of words- > > Otherwise, the discussion quickly turns to mush, and not a very good grade of mush > > at that- > > > > > > > > In any discussion of any matter, words often are abused or misused by people of a > > certain ilk who have, in one way or another, intentionally or unintentionally (it > > matters not which), let those words evolve into having some special meaning when > > used in specific contexts -- meanings that may be shaded or slanted so they no > > longer conform to their etymological foundations or even generally agreed-upon > > common usage (as reflected by their "dictionary definitions")- > > > > > > > > In thinking about and discussing an animal's state of being -- both of which I > > have done a lot of for over forty years -- I think "sentience" and "pain" are two > > such words- As they are often being used, they have regressed in their meaning to > > being jargon or (even more unfortunately) buzz words- > > > > > > > > The words "sentience" and "pain" certainly have a place in discussions of animal > > state of being- Ian Duncan has said something along the lines of "animal welfare > > has all to do with how an anmal feels"- But, as conscious emotions, feelings, > > perceptions, and sensations, including pain, are subjective phenomena -- and lest > > we fall into the logical pitfall of anthropomorphism -- we individual humans should > > be awfully careful as to how we use them with respect to any other human's, let > > alone any animal's, state of being- > > > > > > > > I hope not to offend anyone of whatever philosophical or religious persuasion by > > closing with a reference to a country preacher -- one of the sort I regularly > > listened to as a child growing up in rural northern Indiana- Anyway, I am reminded > > of the story about one certain country preacher who had penciled a note to himself > > in the margin of his sermon sheet: "Weak point- Preach loud-"- > > > > > > > > That story is germane to this particular discussion of animal state of being, I > > think, because we probably ought at this point in time to be preaching less loudly, > > and devoting our energies and time instead to stengthening those weak points- I > > strongly suspect we can learn and know more about an animal's conscious feelings- > > But arguing on the bases of weak points -- such as on the questionable abuse and > > misuse of crucial terms such as "sentience" and "pain" and "feelings" -- most > > likely will, it seems to me, get us not a even bit closer to that understanding of > > animal nature we all crave; that understanding which -- once we have it -- we can > > and I suppose we shall put to good use in our viewing and our treatment of our > > nonhuman-animal fellows- > > > > > > > > -Stanley Curtis > > > > > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > > > > > > From: Jenny Haskins > > > > To: Ethology > > > > Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 6:36 PM > > > > Subject: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem > > > > > > > > > Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) declares that > > > "sentient" means "responsive to or conscious of sense impressions" or > > > "aware" or "finely sensitive in perception or feeling"- > > > -Stanley Curtis > > > > Yes, the Oxford has a similar definition. > > > > Not very satisfactory, is it! I didn't bother to go on and look up the > > definitions of 'conscious', 'aware' or 'feeling'. > > > > But 'responsive' is not a good criterion. After all many plants are highly > > responsive to many stimuli. Does this make them 'sentient' as we understand > > it? > > > > Droplets in emulsions are 'responsive' to some stimuli too -- does this mean > > oil droplets are sentient? > > > > Or to look at it another way -- many cells in our own bodies are responsive > > to stimuli, yet we may remain blissfully unaware of their responding. Our > > skin claas produce more melanin when exposed to ultraviolet light, yet until > > our skin is burned we are not directly aware or this response. Sure we can > > look at our skin, but so can we look at others' skin. > > > > Our pancreas produces insulin at whatever rate the stimuli it receive cause > > it to, but until we feint from hypoglycaemia (or get the shakes or a raging > > appetite or whatever) we are totally unaware of this happening. Does this > > make these cells 'sentient' in their own right??? > > > > And while I am here, may I remind people that not all of us on this list are > > Christians. The Christian scriptures have no more place in a scientific > > discussion than the scriptures of any other religion or conviction. > > > > > > Jenny Haskins > > Coffs Harbour, Australia > > > > > > > > PS Sorry Stanley -- I keep getting fooled by this list, expecting the 'reply' to > > go to the list as a whole instead of just the sender :-( > > > > > > > > > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- > > > > > > > > ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** > > The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages > > (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally > > privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity > > to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of > > disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken > > or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions > > contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions > > of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received > > this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and > > delete it from your computer system network. > > ............................................................. > Dr C.M. Sherwin > UFAW Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > Centre for Behavioural Biology, > Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, > University of Bristol, > Langford House, > Langford, > BS40 5DU, U.K. > > > Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 > Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 > email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk > From: IN%"olsson@ibmc.up.pt" "Anna Olsson" 19-OCT-2004 09:06:57.86 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: utilitarianism -10-2004 at 9:07 pduezabou wrote: >Utilitarianism (capital U) which came out of the writings of >John Stuart Mill. Peggy Jeremy Bentham is presumably rotating in his grave...unless he thinks the benefit of giving credit to his disciple overrides the cost of him himself being deprived of this same credit ;-) Regards, Anna PS Bentham, British 18th century lawyer, published "Introduction to the Principles of Moral and Legislation" with which the foundation of utilitarianism was established - although the work "Utilitarianism" was indeed written by his pupil John Stuart Mill somewhat later. > > >----- Original Message ----- >From: "Chris Sherwin" >To: "pduezabou" >Cc: "Petherick, Carol" ; "Stanley Curtis" >; "Jenny Haskins" ; "Ethology" > >Sent: Tuesday, October 19, 2004 8:41 AM >Subject: Re: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem > > >> Dear Margaret, >> >> Whilst I agree that modern forms of utilitarianism definitely have a >'Western >> flavour', animals have been kept for hundreds of >> years throughout the world for sport (hunting, hunted, racing), farming, >> beasts-of-burden, entertainment, etc,. In all these systems, the value >of >> the animal is influenced by its perceived utility to humans. This >indicates that >> utilitarianism is ubiquitous rather than 'secular and western'. Even the >ancient >> chinese kept crickets in small cages so they could tell the temperature >from the >> rate of stridulations...a utilitarian thermometer! >> >> Regards, >> >> Chris >> >> >> >> >> On Tue, 19 Oct 2004 08:44:36 -0600 pduezabou >wrote: >> >> > Hi all, >> > >> > 'Sentience' became key to discussion about (and research on) animal >welfare >> > following Peter Singer's argument for animals' moral considerability >based on the >> > major ethical paradigm called Utilitarianism. That is, the morally >relevant >> > characteristic which qualifies beings for special treatment by others >is >the >> > capacity to experience 'pain and suffering'. >> > >> > Utilitarianism is a particular--secular and Western--theoretical model >for ethics. >> > It is not the only one. It is my understanding that all religions have >a >moral >> > component--stated or unstated--and that animals have a place in the >cosmology >> > associated with that religion. This takes discussions of animal well >being to a new >> > level of intellectual discussion and, for me, it is not necessarily a >step away >> > from religious grounding. >> > >> > Margaret A. (Peggy) Shunick (Duezabou) >> > BA, BA, MS (Tufts Center for Animals & Public Policy), ABD >> > >> > >> > ----- Original Message ----- >> > From: Petherick, Carol >> > To: Stanley Curtis ; Jenny Haskins ; Ethology >> > Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 10:37 PM >> > Subject: RE: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem >> > >> > >> > Hi Stan >> > >> > As you are probably aware, I'm an advocate of animal welfare being >all >about >> > feelings and emotions (a la Ian Duncan). I disagree with you that >talking of such >> > things may lead to anthropomorphism. Yes, these are subjective states, >but this >> > does not stop us being able to measure them objectively - we are able >to >determine >> > preferences through choice tests (and yes, I am aware of the >limitations >of these >> > tests), strengths of preferences and avoidances eg through operant >conditioning. >> > Such measures tell us whether these subjective feelings are positive or >negative >> > for the animal and the strength of those feelings - and I'm certain >that >you are >> > aware of all the research that's been done on this - and I don't mean >to >tell you >> > how to suck eggs!! >> > >> > >> > >> > Best wishes >> > >> > >> > >> > Carol >> > >> > >> > >> > Carol Petherick >> > >> > Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) >> > >> > Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries >> > >> > >> > >> > Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 >> > >> > Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au >> > >> > >> > >> > -----Original Message----- >> > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] >> > Sent: Tuesday, 19 October 2004 11:28 AM >> > To: Jenny Haskins; Ethology >> > Subject: Re: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem >> > >> > >> > >> > >> > >> > Jenny Haskins and others- >> > >> > >> > >> > Of course, I know what it is you and all the rest of us are getting >at- I am not >> > commenting on that per se- I am not arguing with it- I am not >minimizing it- I >> > am not criticizing it- My point simply is that, if we are going to >discuss a >> > matter at an intellectual level, we should be precise in our use of >words- >> > Otherwise, the discussion quickly turns to mush, and not a very good >grade of mush >> > at that- >> > >> > >> > >> > In any discussion of any matter, words often are abused or misused by >people of a >> > certain ilk who have, in one way or another, intentionally or >unintentionally (it >> > matters not which), let those words evolve into having some special >meaning when >> > used in specific contexts -- meanings that may be shaded or slanted so >they no >> > longer conform to their etymological foundations or even generally >agreed-upon >> > common usage (as reflected by their "dictionary definitions")- >> > >> > >> > >> > In thinking about and discussing an animal's state of being -- both >of >which I >> > have done a lot of for over forty years -- I think "sentience" and >"pain" are two >> > such words- As they are often being used, they have regressed in their >meaning to >> > being jargon or (even more unfortunately) buzz words- >> > >> > >> > >> > The words "sentience" and "pain" certainly have a place in >discussions >of animal >> > state of being- Ian Duncan has said something along the lines of >"animal welfare >> > has all to do with how an anmal feels"- But, as conscious emotions, >feelings, >> > perceptions, and sensations, including pain, are subjective phenomena >-- >and lest >> > we fall into the logical pitfall of anthropomorphism -- we individual >humans should >> > be awfully careful as to how we use them with respect to any other >human's, let >> > alone any animal's, state of being- >> > >> > >> > >> > I hope not to offend anyone of whatever philosophical or religious >persuasion by >> > closing with a reference to a country preacher -- one of the sort I >regularly >> > listened to as a child growing up in rural northern Indiana- Anyway, I >am reminded >> > of the story about one certain country preacher who had penciled a note >to himself >> > in the margin of his sermon sheet: "Weak point- Preach loud-"- >> > >> > >> > >> > That story is germane to this particular discussion of animal state >of >being, I >> > think, because we probably ought at this point in time to be preaching >less loudly, >> > and devoting our energies and time instead to stengthening those weak >points- I >> > strongly suspect we can learn and know more about an animal's conscious >feelings- >> > But arguing on the bases of weak points -- such as on the questionable >abuse and >> > misuse of crucial terms such as "sentience" and "pain" and "feelings" >-- >most >> > likely will, it seems to me, get us not a even bit closer to that >understanding of >> > animal nature we all crave; that understanding which -- once we have >it -- we can >> > and I suppose we shall put to good use in our viewing and our treatment >of our >> > nonhuman-animal fellows- >> > >> > >> > >> > -Stanley Curtis >> > >> > >> > >> > ----- Original Message ----- >> > >> > >> > From: Jenny Haskins >> > >> > To: Ethology >> > >> > Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 6:36 PM >> > >> > Subject: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem >> > >> > >> > >> > > Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) declares that >> > > "sentient" means "responsive to or conscious of sense impressions" >or >> > > "aware" or "finely sensitive in perception or feeling"- >> > > -Stanley Curtis >> > >> > Yes, the Oxford has a similar definition. >> > >> > Not very satisfactory, is it! I didn't bother to go on and look up >the >> > definitions of 'conscious', 'aware' or 'feeling'. >> > >> > But 'responsive' is not a good criterion. After all many plants are >highly >> > responsive to many stimuli. Does this make them 'sentient' as we >understand >> > it? >> > >> > Droplets in emulsions are 'responsive' to some stimuli too -- does >this mean >> > oil droplets are sentient? >> > >> > Or to look at it another way -- many cells in our own bodies are >responsive >> > to stimuli, yet we may remain blissfully unaware of their responding. >Our >> > skin claas produce more melanin when exposed to ultraviolet light, >yet >until >> > our skin is burned we are not directly aware or this response. Sure >we >can >> > look at our skin, but so can we look at others' skin. >> > >> > Our pancreas produces insulin at whatever rate the stimuli it receive >cause >> > it to, but until we feint from hypoglycaemia (or get the shakes or a >raging >> > appetite or whatever) we are totally unaware of this happening. Does >this >> > make these cells 'sentient' in their own right??? >> > >> > And while I am here, may I remind people that not all of us on this >list are >> > Christians. The Christian scriptures have no more place in a >scientific >> > discussion than the scriptures of any other religion or conviction. >> > >> > >> > Jenny Haskins >> > Coffs Harbour, Australia >> > >> > >> > >> > PS Sorry Stanley -- I keep getting fooled by this list, expecting the >'reply' to >> > go to the list as a whole instead of just the sender :-( >> > >> > >> > >> > >> >> >-------------------------------------------------------------------------- >---- >> > >> > >> > >> > ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** >> > The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages >> > (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally >> > privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity >> > to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of >> > disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken >> > or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions >> > contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions >> > of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received >> > this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and >> > delete it from your computer system network. >> >> ............................................................. >> Dr C.M. Sherwin >> UFAW Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) >> Centre for Behavioural Biology, >> Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, >> University of Bristol, >> Langford House, >> Langford, >> BS40 5DU, U.K. >> >> >> Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 >> Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 >> email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk >> Dr Anna Olsson Researcher Animal Behaviour and Welfare - Bioethics Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology - IBMC Rua Campo Alegre 823 4150-180 Porto Phone +351 22 607 4900 Fax +351 22 6099157 From: IN%"pdezabu1@dancris.com" "pduezabou" 19-OCT-2004 09:19:11.12 To: IN%"olsson@ibmc.up.pt" "Anna Olsson", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: utilitarianism Yep, Bentham's body would be rolling in his grave but for its being stuffed and housed at University of London. The ethical training dished out at University of Montana credits Mill with developing--taking to fuller maturity--Bentham's ideas; but my London educated advisor liked to tape up a photo of Bentham's remains when he lectured on Utilitarianism. Peggy ----- Original Message ----- From: "Anna Olsson" To: Sent: Tuesday, October 19, 2004 9:07 AM Subject: utilitarianism > > -10-2004 at 9:07 pduezabou wrote: > > >Utilitarianism (capital U) which came out of the writings of > >John Stuart Mill. Peggy > > Jeremy Bentham is presumably rotating in his grave...unless he thinks the benefit of giving credit to his disciple overrides the cost of him himself being deprived of this same credit ;-) > > Regards, > Anna > > PS Bentham, British 18th century lawyer, published "Introduction to the Principles of Moral and Legislation" with which the foundation of utilitarianism was established - although the work "Utilitarianism" was indeed written by his pupil John Stuart Mill somewhat later. > > > > > > >----- Original Message ----- > >From: "Chris Sherwin" > >To: "pduezabou" > >Cc: "Petherick, Carol" ; "Stanley Curtis" > >; "Jenny Haskins" ; "Ethology" > > > >Sent: Tuesday, October 19, 2004 8:41 AM > >Subject: Re: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem > > > > > >> Dear Margaret, > >> > >> Whilst I agree that modern forms of utilitarianism definitely have a > >'Western > >> flavour', animals have been kept for hundreds of > >> years throughout the world for sport (hunting, hunted, racing), farming, > >> beasts-of-burden, entertainment, etc,. In all these systems, the value > >of > >> the animal is influenced by its perceived utility to humans. This > >indicates that > >> utilitarianism is ubiquitous rather than 'secular and western'. Even the > >ancient > >> chinese kept crickets in small cages so they could tell the temperature > >from the > >> rate of stridulations...a utilitarian thermometer! > >> > >> Regards, > >> > >> Chris > >> > >> > >> > >> > >> On Tue, 19 Oct 2004 08:44:36 -0600 pduezabou > >wrote: > >> > >> > Hi all, > >> > > >> > 'Sentience' became key to discussion about (and research on) animal > >welfare > >> > following Peter Singer's argument for animals' moral considerability > >based on the > >> > major ethical paradigm called Utilitarianism. That is, the morally > >relevant > >> > characteristic which qualifies beings for special treatment by others > >is > >the > >> > capacity to experience 'pain and suffering'. > >> > > >> > Utilitarianism is a particular--secular and Western--theoretical model > >for ethics. > >> > It is not the only one. It is my understanding that all religions have > >a > >moral > >> > component--stated or unstated--and that animals have a place in the > >cosmology > >> > associated with that religion. This takes discussions of animal well > >being to a new > >> > level of intellectual discussion and, for me, it is not necessarily a > >step away > >> > from religious grounding. > >> > > >> > Margaret A. (Peggy) Shunick (Duezabou) > >> > BA, BA, MS (Tufts Center for Animals & Public Policy), ABD > >> > > >> > > >> > ----- Original Message ----- > >> > From: Petherick, Carol > >> > To: Stanley Curtis ; Jenny Haskins ; Ethology > >> > Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 10:37 PM > >> > Subject: RE: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem > >> > > >> > > >> > Hi Stan > >> > > >> > As you are probably aware, I'm an advocate of animal welfare being > >all > >about > >> > feelings and emotions (a la Ian Duncan). I disagree with you that > >talking of such > >> > things may lead to anthropomorphism. Yes, these are subjective states, > >but this > >> > does not stop us being able to measure them objectively - we are able > >to > >determine > >> > preferences through choice tests (and yes, I am aware of the > >limitations > >of these > >> > tests), strengths of preferences and avoidances eg through operant > >conditioning. > >> > Such measures tell us whether these subjective feelings are positive or > >negative > >> > for the animal and the strength of those feelings - and I'm certain > >that > >you are > >> > aware of all the research that's been done on this - and I don't mean > >to > >tell you > >> > how to suck eggs!! > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > Best wishes > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > Carol > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > Carol Petherick > >> > > >> > Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > >> > > >> > Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 > >> > > >> > Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > -----Original Message----- > >> > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > >> > Sent: Tuesday, 19 October 2004 11:28 AM > >> > To: Jenny Haskins; Ethology > >> > Subject: Re: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > Jenny Haskins and others- > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > Of course, I know what it is you and all the rest of us are getting > >at- I am not > >> > commenting on that per se- I am not arguing with it- I am not > >minimizing it- I > >> > am not criticizing it- My point simply is that, if we are going to > >discuss a > >> > matter at an intellectual level, we should be precise in our use of > >words- > >> > Otherwise, the discussion quickly turns to mush, and not a very good > >grade of mush > >> > at that- > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > In any discussion of any matter, words often are abused or misused by > >people of a > >> > certain ilk who have, in one way or another, intentionally or > >unintentionally (it > >> > matters not which), let those words evolve into having some special > >meaning when > >> > used in specific contexts -- meanings that may be shaded or slanted so > >they no > >> > longer conform to their etymological foundations or even generally > >agreed-upon > >> > common usage (as reflected by their "dictionary definitions")- > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > In thinking about and discussing an animal's state of being -- both > >of > >which I > >> > have done a lot of for over forty years -- I think "sentience" and > >"pain" are two > >> > such words- As they are often being used, they have regressed in their > >meaning to > >> > being jargon or (even more unfortunately) buzz words- > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > The words "sentience" and "pain" certainly have a place in > >discussions > >of animal > >> > state of being- Ian Duncan has said something along the lines of > >"animal welfare > >> > has all to do with how an anmal feels"- But, as conscious emotions, > >feelings, > >> > perceptions, and sensations, including pain, are subjective phenomena > >-- > >and lest > >> > we fall into the logical pitfall of anthropomorphism -- we individual > >humans should > >> > be awfully careful as to how we use them with respect to any other > >human's, let > >> > alone any animal's, state of being- > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > I hope not to offend anyone of whatever philosophical or religious > >persuasion by > >> > closing with a reference to a country preacher -- one of the sort I > >regularly > >> > listened to as a child growing up in rural northern Indiana- Anyway, I > >am reminded > >> > of the story about one certain country preacher who had penciled a note > >to himself > >> > in the margin of his sermon sheet: "Weak point- Preach loud-"- > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > That story is germane to this particular discussion of animal state > >of > >being, I > >> > think, because we probably ought at this point in time to be preaching > >less loudly, > >> > and devoting our energies and time instead to stengthening those weak > >points- I > >> > strongly suspect we can learn and know more about an animal's conscious > >feelings- > >> > But arguing on the bases of weak points -- such as on the questionable > >abuse and > >> > misuse of crucial terms such as "sentience" and "pain" and "feelings" > >-- > >most > >> > likely will, it seems to me, get us not a even bit closer to that > >understanding of > >> > animal nature we all crave; that understanding which -- once we have > >it -- we can > >> > and I suppose we shall put to good use in our viewing and our treatment > >of our > >> > nonhuman-animal fellows- > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > -Stanley Curtis > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > ----- Original Message ----- > >> > > >> > > >> > From: Jenny Haskins > >> > > >> > To: Ethology > >> > > >> > Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 6:36 PM > >> > > >> > Subject: Sentient; was more on the coyote problem > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > > Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) declares that > >> > > "sentient" means "responsive to or conscious of sense impressions" > >or > >> > > "aware" or "finely sensitive in perception or feeling"- > >> > > -Stanley Curtis > >> > > >> > Yes, the Oxford has a similar definition. > >> > > >> > Not very satisfactory, is it! I didn't bother to go on and look up > >the > >> > definitions of 'conscious', 'aware' or 'feeling'. > >> > > >> > But 'responsive' is not a good criterion. After all many plants are > >highly > >> > responsive to many stimuli. Does this make them 'sentient' as we > >understand > >> > it? > >> > > >> > Droplets in emulsions are 'responsive' to some stimuli too -- does > >this mean > >> > oil droplets are sentient? > >> > > >> > Or to look at it another way -- many cells in our own bodies are > >responsive > >> > to stimuli, yet we may remain blissfully unaware of their responding. > >Our > >> > skin claas produce more melanin when exposed to ultraviolet light, > >yet > >until > >> > our skin is burned we are not directly aware or this response. Sure > >we > >can > >> > look at our skin, but so can we look at others' skin. > >> > > >> > Our pancreas produces insulin at whatever rate the stimuli it receive > >cause > >> > it to, but until we feint from hypoglycaemia (or get the shakes or a > >raging > >> > appetite or whatever) we are totally unaware of this happening. Does > >this > >> > make these cells 'sentient' in their own right??? > >> > > >> > And while I am here, may I remind people that not all of us on this > >list are > >> > Christians. The Christian scriptures have no more place in a > >scientific > >> > discussion than the scriptures of any other religion or conviction. > >> > > >> > > >> > Jenny Haskins > >> > Coffs Harbour, Australia > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > PS Sorry Stanley -- I keep getting fooled by this list, expecting the > >'reply' to > >> > go to the list as a whole instead of just the sender :-( > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > >> > >-------------------------------------------------------------------------- > >---- > >> > > >> > > >> > > >> > ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** > >> > The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages > >> > (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally > >> > privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity > >> > to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of > >> > disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken > >> > or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions > >> > contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions > >> > of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received > >> > this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and > >> > delete it from your computer system network. > >> > >> ............................................................. > >> Dr C.M. Sherwin > >> UFAW Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > >> Centre for Behavioural Biology, > >> Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, > >> University of Bristol, > >> Langford House, > >> Langford, > >> BS40 5DU, U.K. > >> > >> > >> Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 > >> Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 > >> email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk > >> > > > Dr Anna Olsson > Researcher > Animal Behaviour and Welfare - Bioethics > > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology - IBMC > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > 4150-180 Porto > Phone +351 22 607 4900 > Fax +351 22 6099157 > From: IN%"clare@amerion.com" "Clare Lewandowski" 19-OCT-2004 10:23:04.79 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: wild canid diets again Sometime back I asked about vegetable matter in wild canid diets. Do the coyotes and other canids that frequently eat melons and raw corn have digestive enzymes that dogs and wolves do not? or can all canids digest carbohydrates? can some digest carbohydrates more completely? and do wolves ever use fruits or vegetables as a regular food source when it's available? regards Clare From: IN%"ewj@uiuc.edu" "E. Wayne Johnson" 19-OCT-2004 10:33:12.49 To: IN%"clare@amerion.com" "Clare Lewandowski", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: wild canid diets again This from the NRC "Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Revised 1985 ": Dogs require specific nutrients, not specific feedstuffs. This fact and the remarkable adaptability of the dog have led to the successful use of commercial diets that differ widely in their ingredient composition. ... ...Low in moisture content (usually about 10 to 12 percent), dry dog foods commonly contain whole or dehulled cereal grains (e.g., corn, wheat, oats, barley), cereal by-products (e.g., wheat middlings, wheat germ meal, corn gluten meal), soybean products (e.g., soybean meal, soy grits), animal products (e.g., meat meal, meat and bone meal, meat by-products, poultry by-products), milk products (e.g., dried skimmed milk, dried whey), fats and oils (e.g., animal fat), and mineral and vitamin supplements. Crude fat content usually ranges from 5.0 to 12.5 percent on a dry basis. The higher fat levels (and improved palatability) may be achieved by spraying a liquefied fat on the surface of pelleted or extruded products. Dry-type foods may be marketed as meals, pellets, biscuits, kibbles (broken biscuits), or expanded (extruded) products. Processing methods should include sufficient heat to partially dextrinize starch for improved digestibility. At 11:29 AM 10/19/2004, you wrote: >Sometime back I asked about vegetable matter in wild canid diets. Do the >coyotes and other canids that frequently eat melons and raw corn have >digestive enzymes that dogs and wolves do not? or can all canids digest >carbohydrates? can some digest carbohydrates more completely? and do >wolves ever use fruits or vegetables as a regular food source when it's >available? > >regards >Clare From: IN%"Michalchik@aol.com" 19-OCT-2004 11:50:36.97 To: IN%"olsson@ibmc.up.pt", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: utilitarianism In a message dated 10/19/2004 8:08:36 AM Pacific Standard Time, olsson@ibmc.up.pt writes: Jeremy Bentham is presumably rotating in his grave...unless he thinks the benefit of giving credit to his disciple overrides the cost of him himself being deprived of this same credit ;-) What is the utility of rotating in your grave? From: IN%"Carol.Petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol" 19-OCT-2004 16:05:19.38 To: IN%"Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk", IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" Subj: RE: Sentient; Chris A very pertinent point! I am horrified to say that I encounter vets here w= ho firmly believe that non-human animals do not experience feelings and emo= tions. I ask them why they use anaesthetics and analgesics when conducting= surgery on animals - or, at least, companion animals; an awful lot of surg= ical procedures are conducted on livestock with anaesthetics or analgesics!= I guess that brings us to your other point about the value of animals and= their perceived utility. In the case of livestock one may expect them to = be valued more highly than companion animals; people make a living from the= m. However, the value of livestock tends to be more in their numbers; indi= vidually they are 'worth' little (both $-wise and their production). For c= ompanion animals, their value is measured very differently - not necessaril= y in $ terms, but all those other aspects we value about them. I think tha= t old paper on "The Moral Status of Mice" by Herzog really sums it up well = (HA Herzog (1988) American Psychologist 43: 473-474 - for those who've not = read it). Regards=20 Carol Carol Petherick Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au -----Original Message----- From: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk [mailto:Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk]=20 Sent: Tuesday, 19 October 2004 7:25 PM To: Stanley Curtis Cc: Ethology Subject: Re: Sentient; Stanley and others, An interesting and thought-provoking discussion - thank you! I'm wondering whether we don't already have some of the 'objective quantifi= cation'=20 you suggest that we need regarding animals experiencing subjective states. = Each=20 year, many millions of laboratory animals are used as models of human depre= ssion,=20 anxiety, drug abuse, etc. We use tests such as the elevated plus maze to qu= antify=20 the amount of 'anxiety' the animal is experiencing. We then administer a d= rug=20 and quantify the effects on behaviour. We then use arguement-by-analogy (w= hich=20 ultimately is our ONLY tool in this debate) to make the leap of faith that = the drug will have a similar effect on the subjective state in humans. My question= is this - if we do not believe that these animals are capable of experiencing these= =20 subjective states (or an analogous experience), then why do we continue to = use them as models for human emotions? Kind regards, Chris On Tue, 19 Oct 2004 00:38:56 -0500 Stanley Curtis wrote= : >=20 > Jenny Haskins and others- >=20 > Your point is well-taken- >=20 > However, it seems to me that the fact that the jargon (not necessarily = a=20 > pejorative term) of psychology (as reflected by the need apparently perce= ived by=20 > some for a Penguin Dictionary of Psychology in the first place) imparts a= special=20 > meaning to the words "sentience" and "sentient" makes it all the more imp= ortant=20 > that we scientists exercise caution when bandying about terms such as tho= se two or=20 > such as "feelings", "emotions", "pain", and the like- Unless and until w= e have=20 > scientific evidence at hand that objectively quantifies in regard to some= =20 > particular jargon term the nature of the conscious experience a nonhuman = animal has > in this situation or that, we should not apply that term when discussing = that=20 > animal's nature- In most cases with regard to animal cognition, we do no= t have=20 > that much-needed information- >=20 > This is not to say that, ultimately, we shall not have the objective ev= idence at=20 > hand that confirms our hunches- But until that time I think we should be= awfully=20 > careful in this area, especially, for example, when it comes to setting > regulations- >=20 > The animals deserve the best we have to offer- And that, methinks, wil= l be a=20 > true understanding of their nature- I hope I live to see the day when we= do have=20 > that understanding- Until then, I am afraid we are more or less shooting= in the=20 > dark- And, in the meantime, we should be humble; none of us should dare = think that > he or she has some special insight into what obviously is a complex natur= al=20 > phenomenon- >=20 > To quote Henry Beston in The Outermost House (which friend and colleagu= e Ray=20 > Stricklin introduced to me many moons ago) on our fellow creatures: "The= y are not=20 > brethren, they are not underlings; they are other nations, caught with ou= rselves in > the net of life and time, fellow prisoners of the splendour and travail o= f the=20 > earth." >=20 > -Stanley Curtis >=20 >=20 > ----- Original Message -----=20 > From: Jenny Haskins=20 > To: Ethology=20 > Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 11:26 PM > Subject: Re: Sentient; >=20 >=20 > You are so right. All the problems with the use of the term 'punishm= ent' and=20 > confusion between the 'Behaviourism' meaning and common usage, being a c= ase in=20 > point. There is a lot of confusion and wooly-thinking because of this di= screpancy. >=20 > However 'sentience' and 'sentient' are not words you come across much= in common > usage. >=20 > The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology (2001) which in this case I wou= ld think=20 > more authoritve than Websters or even the Oxford, > is (in part) >=20 > sentient: (3) capable of awareness of or conscious recognition of the= =20 > perception of detail; in short, intelligence. This last meaning which go= es much=20 > further than the other two, is now the dominant one. >=20 > Jenny Haskins > Coffs Harbour, Australia >=20 > My point simply is that, if we are going to discuss a matter at an > intellectual level, we should be precise in our use of words- Otherwise,= the=20 > discussion quickly turns to mush, and not a very good grade of mush at th= at- > -Stanley Curtis >=20 >=20 > -------------------------------------------------------------------------= ------- > =20 =2E............................................................ Dr C.M. Sherwin UFAW Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Centre for Behavioural Biology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, U.K. Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 =20 Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk=20 ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages=20 (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally=20 privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity=20 to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of=20 disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken=20 or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions=20 contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions=20 of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received=20 this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and=20 delete it from your computer system network.=20 From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 19-OCT-2004 19:42:15.19 To: IN%"Carol.Petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol", IN%"Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" Subj: RE: Sentient; Carol, Chris, and others- Most of us probably can agree that, in many situations, an animal will have some conscious negative feeling when experiencing some certain stressor(s)- Moreover -- based on the human experience, at least -- each of us can (and many of seem to be eager to!) predict what that feeling by the animal in that situation might be (e. g., fear, anxiety, frustration, pain) -- indeed and simply: how that animal must feel (at least in the opinion of one human observer!)- Alas, because the feeling(s) by that animal is(are) subjective and highly individualized -- and more importantly because such feelings have been studied almost not at all and therefore are understood quantitatively practically not at all -- we do not yet know the extent to which any animal in any particular situation actually suffers- We can theorize what most probably they feel (as in: almost certainly)- But unless and until we do understand these things in terms of animal nature -- not as seen "through our eyes only" -- we will not be in a position to know where to draw lines in terms of designing appropriate accommodations for kept animals, and certainly in terms of regulating the care of the animals we keep- I think that neither leaps of faith nor analogies will suffice when it comes to setting down rules about how we should take care of animals- Although our fellow citizens' well-meant yearnings might be assuaged by hard and fast rules in these matters, our fellow creatures deserve better than those weak approaches- Of course, I come to these matters from a practical persepctive -- that of an animal scientist, animal husbandman, applied ecologist, applied ethologist- My focus is on the application of scientific knowledge to the sound care of the animals we keep for our various purposes- At the level at which I tend to think in terms of, then, theory plays a small role (for the moment, anyway)- What those of my ilk need to base caretaking decisions on is thorough knowledge, not some unsubstantiated hunch- That is because -- judging from history -- some (perhaps even many) unsubstantiated hunches usually turn out to be unsubstantiatable- To return to a previous theme in the discussion, we need to be careful how we apply words like "sentience", "pain", "frustration", "fear", and so on- Although those emotional states can be objectively defined (a la Duncan and Jones), in my opinion too often they are used with reference to states of being that have not been objectively analyzed- Again: I suspect that there are many of us who have little doubt that nonhuman animals do experience such negative conscious emotions- But to what extent do animals suffer in those states?- In other words, to say that an animal "most probably" or "almost certainly" will experience some pain in this or that situation may be justifiable- But in actuality that conclusion alone is not very useful with respect to a husbandman's deciding what to do about it- To the husbandmen, it is not enough to suspect that an animal is suffering- The husbandman needs to know not only whether an animal is indeed suffering, but -- more importantly -- the extent to which that animal suffers and why and what can be done to relieve it of that suffering- We need the theories, to be sure- But -- in the best interests of the animal's state of being -- I suggest that we should not base recommendations and regulations on theories- There is too much chance that we will botch the job by making a recommendation or regulation based on one or more of those unsubstantiatible theories, and we know that in doing so can lead to awful consequences with respect to animal state of being- We need to know more quantitatively how an animal feels in this or that environment- In these matters, guessing is not on- -Stan Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: "Petherick, Carol" To: ; "Stanley Curtis" Cc: "Ethology" Sent: Tuesday, October 19, 2004 5:04 PM Subject: RE: Sentient; Chris A very pertinent point! I am horrified to say that I encounter vets here who firmly believe that non-human animals do not experience feelings and emotions. I ask them why they use anaesthetics and analgesics when conducting surgery on animals - or, at least, companion animals; an awful lot of surgical procedures are conducted on livestock with anaesthetics or analgesics! I guess that brings us to your other point about the value of animals and their perceived utility. In the case of livestock one may expect them to be valued more highly than companion animals; people make a living from them. However, the value of livestock tends to be more in their numbers; individually they are 'worth' little (both $-wise and their production). For companion animals, their value is measured very differently - not necessarily in $ terms, but all those other aspects we value about them. I think that old paper on "The Moral Status of Mice" by Herzog really sums it up well (HA Herzog (1988) American Psychologist 43: 473-474 - for those who've not read it). Regards Carol Carol Petherick Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au -----Original Message----- From: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk [mailto:Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk] Sent: Tuesday, 19 October 2004 7:25 PM To: Stanley Curtis Cc: Ethology Subject: Re: Sentient; Stanley and others, An interesting and thought-provoking discussion - thank you! I'm wondering whether we don't already have some of the 'objective quantification' you suggest that we need regarding animals experiencing subjective states. Each year, many millions of laboratory animals are used as models of human depression, anxiety, drug abuse, etc. We use tests such as the elevated plus maze to quantify the amount of 'anxiety' the animal is experiencing. We then administer a drug and quantify the effects on behaviour. We then use arguement-by-analogy (which ultimately is our ONLY tool in this debate) to make the leap of faith that the drug will have a similar effect on the subjective state in humans. My question is this - if we do not believe that these animals are capable of experiencing these subjective states (or an analogous experience), then why do we continue to use them as models for human emotions? Kind regards, Chris On Tue, 19 Oct 2004 00:38:56 -0500 Stanley Curtis wrote: > > Jenny Haskins and others- > > Your point is well-taken- > > However, it seems to me that the fact that the jargon (not necessarily a > pejorative term) of psychology (as reflected by the need apparently perceived by > some for a Penguin Dictionary of Psychology in the first place) imparts a special > meaning to the words "sentience" and "sentient" makes it all the more important > that we scientists exercise caution when bandying about terms such as those two or > such as "feelings", "emotions", "pain", and the like- Unless and until we have > scientific evidence at hand that objectively quantifies in regard to some > particular jargon term the nature of the conscious experience a nonhuman animal has > in this situation or that, we should not apply that term when discussing that > animal's nature- In most cases with regard to animal cognition, we do not have > that much-needed information- > > This is not to say that, ultimately, we shall not have the objective evidence at > hand that confirms our hunches- But until that time I think we should be awfully > careful in this area, especially, for example, when it comes to setting > regulations- > > The animals deserve the best we have to offer- And that, methinks, will be a > true understanding of their nature- I hope I live to see the day when we do have > that understanding- Until then, I am afraid we are more or less shooting in the > dark- And, in the meantime, we should be humble; none of us should dare think that > he or she has some special insight into what obviously is a complex natural > phenomenon- > > To quote Henry Beston in The Outermost House (which friend and colleague Ray > Stricklin introduced to me many moons ago) on our fellow creatures: "They are not > brethren, they are not underlings; they are other nations, caught with ourselves in > the net of life and time, fellow prisoners of the splendour and travail of the > earth." > > -Stanley Curtis > > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: Jenny Haskins > To: Ethology > Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 11:26 PM > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > You are so right. All the problems with the use of the term 'punishment' and > confusion between the 'Behaviourism' meaning and common usage, being a case in > point. There is a lot of confusion and wooly-thinking because of this discrepancy. > > However 'sentience' and 'sentient' are not words you come across much in common > usage. > > The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology (2001) which in this case I would think > more authoritve than Websters or even the Oxford, > is (in part) > > sentient: (3) capable of awareness of or conscious recognition of the > perception of detail; in short, intelligence. This last meaning which goes much > further than the other two, is now the dominant one. > > Jenny Haskins > Coffs Harbour, Australia > > My point simply is that, if we are going to discuss a matter at an > intellectual level, we should be precise in our use of words- Otherwise, the > discussion quickly turns to mush, and not a very good grade of mush at that- > -Stanley Curtis > > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ > ............................................................. Dr C.M. Sherwin UFAW Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Centre for Behavioural Biology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, U.K. Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and delete it from your computer system network. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- From: IN%"olsson@ibmc.up.pt" "Anna Olsson" 20-OCT-2004 00:34:48.64 To: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Sentient; Dear Stanley and others, While I appreciate your critical view, I would be very interested in seeing what approach you suggest as an alternative to the present (combining the best available scientific evidence and argument from analogy with expert opinion including consideration of benefit of the doubt) in guidelines and policy-making for animal husbandry. I am fully aware of the shortcomings of present research. Animal welfare as a discipline of research is fairly recent, and not much of the research has been directed at providing the scientific evidence for animal subjective mental states that you ask for. This matter is further complicated by the fact that neurobiology has only very recently started to give us a significant insight in the neurobiology of human subjective mental state. It is not uncommon to have to legislate in situations of limited knowledge. An important consideration to be made in these situations is that of the potential consequences of making the wrong decision. If we assume that vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in production system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that sentience. To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the first - but that is my view and I would welcome arguments supporting other positions. The Rio Declaration (1992) says that lack of "full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation" (cited from http://www.biotech-info.net/science_and_PP.html which is recommended for those who want to read more about legislation and the precautionary principle). I would argue that the well-being of sentient individuals is a matter of sufficient importance to take a similar position. It is obvious that we should not make decisions in the complete absence of scientific evidence, and equally obvious that we will never have the complete unambiguous scientific evidence for anything, so the question then becomes how much scientific evidence should we ask for before making a decision? While humbly aware of the limitations of our knowledge, I must say that I find it worrying if someone would claim that the almost 40 years of scientific research over animal welfare since the Brambell report had not produced any information that can be useful in decision-making. Regards, Anna Olsson Dr Anna Olsson Researcher Animal Behaviour & Welfare - Bioethics Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology Rua Campo Alegre 823 4150-180 Porto, Portugal Phone +351 22 607 4900 Faz +351 22 609 9157 From: IN%"Wendy@southeastdog.freeserve.co.uk" "WendyHanson" 20-OCT-2004 08:24:23.75 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology Network" CC: Subj: RE: wild canid diets again Subject: Re: wild canid diets again > The corn and other cereal in commercial dog foods is subjected to: quote > "Processing methods should > include sufficient heat to partially dextrinize starch for improved > digestibility." unquote. > > If coyotes eat 'raw' corn then they must either chew it to break down the > cellulose walls or they must have different digestive enzymes from dogs and > wolves. Unless of course they merely use it as a source of indigestible > fibre. > > Wendy Hanson > Dip. ACP{NOCN} Dip.Nutri.Med{RC} > www.southeastdog.freeserve.co.uk > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "E. Wayne Johnson" > To: "Clare Lewandowski" ; > > Sent: Tuesday, October 19, 2004 5:32 PM > Subject: Re: wild canid diets again > > > > This from the NRC "Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Revised 1985 ": > > > > Dogs require specific nutrients, not specific feedstuffs. This fact and > the > > remarkable adaptability of the dog have led to the successful use of > > commercial diets that differ widely in their ingredient composition. ... > > > > ...Low in moisture content (usually about 10 to 12 percent), dry dog foods > > commonly contain whole or dehulled cereal grains (e.g., corn, wheat, oats, > > barley), cereal by-products (e.g., wheat middlings, wheat germ meal, corn > > gluten meal), soybean products (e.g., soybean meal, soy grits), animal > > products (e.g., meat meal, meat and bone meal, meat by-products, poultry > > by-products), milk products (e.g., dried skimmed milk, dried whey), fats > > and oils (e.g., animal fat), and mineral and vitamin supplements. Crude > fat > > content usually ranges from 5.0 to 12.5 percent on a dry basis. The higher > > fat levels (and improved palatability) may be achieved by spraying a > > liquefied fat on the surface of pelleted or extruded products. Dry-type > > foods may be marketed as meals, pellets, biscuits, kibbles (broken > > biscuits), or expanded (extruded) products. Processing methods should > > include sufficient heat to partially dextrinize starch for improved > > digestibility. > > > > > > > > At 11:29 AM 10/19/2004, you wrote: > > >Sometime back I asked about vegetable matter in wild canid diets. Do the > > >coyotes and other canids that frequently eat melons and raw corn have > > >digestive enzymes that dogs and wolves do not? or can all canids digest > > >carbohydrates? can some digest carbohydrates more completely? and do > > >wolves ever use fruits or vegetables as a regular food source when it's > > >available? > > > > > >regards > > >Clare > > > From: IN%"wrstrick@umd.edu" "Ray Stricklin" 20-OCT-2004 10:38:36.16 To: IN%"Wendy@southeastdog.freeserve.co.uk" "WendyHanson", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology Network" CC: Subj: RE: wild canid diets again > If coyotes eat 'raw' corn then they must either chew it to break down the > cellulose walls or they must have different digestive enzymes from dogs and > wolves. Unless of course they merely use it as a source of indigestible > fibre. ---- Not necessarily - stage of maturity for the corn (maize) when eaten is maybe the issue. From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 20-OCT-2004 11:11:32.05 To: IN%"olsson@ibmc.up.pt" "Anna Olsson", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Sentient; Anna Olsson- I very much appreciate your thoughtful contribution to this most important discussion- I understand your position, and share your concerns- Your logical exposition certainly advances our discussion- I have thought about these matters "a whole bunch" over the past decades, and as a result I do have a different slant as to what action I believe we should be taking in doing all that is humanly possible to support the highest reasonable state of being in the animals we keep- Other commitments preclude my sharing these ideas with you at this moment, but I shall do in the next day or so- Again, Anna Olsson, thank you for your contribution- -Stanley Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: "Anna Olsson" To: "Stanley Curtis" ; Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 1:34 AM Subject: Re: Sentient; > Dear Stanley and others, > > While I appreciate your critical view, I would be very interested in seeing > what approach you suggest as an alternative to the present (combining the > best available scientific evidence and argument from analogy with expert > opinion including consideration of benefit of the doubt) in guidelines and > policy-making for animal husbandry. > > I am fully aware of the shortcomings of present research. Animal welfare as > a discipline of research is fairly recent, and not much of the research has > been directed at providing the scientific evidence for animal subjective > mental states that you ask for. This matter is further complicated by the > fact that neurobiology has only very recently started to give us a > significant insight in the neurobiology of human subjective mental state. > > It is not uncommon to have to legislate in situations of limited knowledge. > An important consideration to be made in these situations is that of the > potential consequences of making the wrong decision. If we assume that > vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in production > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that sentience. > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the > first - but that is my view and I would welcome arguments supporting other > positions. > > The Rio Declaration (1992) says that lack of "full scientific certainty > shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to > prevent environmental degradation" (cited from > http://www.biotech-info.net/science_and_PP.html which is recommended for > those who want to read more about legislation and the precautionary > principle). I would argue that the well-being of sentient individuals is a > matter of sufficient importance to take a similar position. > > It is obvious that we should not make decisions in the complete absence of > scientific evidence, and equally obvious that we will never have the > complete unambiguous scientific evidence for anything, so the question then > becomes how much scientific evidence should we ask for before making a > decision? While humbly aware of the limitations of our knowledge, I must say > that I find it worrying if someone would claim that the almost 40 years of > scientific research over animal welfare since the Brambell report had not > produced any information that can be useful in decision-making. > > Regards, > Anna Olsson > > Dr Anna Olsson > Researcher > Animal Behaviour & Welfare - Bioethics > > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal > Phone +351 22 607 4900 > Faz +351 22 609 9157 > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- From: IN%"Nora_Lewis@umanitoba.ca" "Nora Lewis" 20-OCT-2004 12:33:26.21 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology Network" CC: Subj: RE: wild canid diets again I'm not a nutritionist but my understanding is that corn, like everything else is composed of nutrients we can digest like most sugars fats proteins and some we cannot like cellulose and other fibers. It is a matter of releasing the digestible parts from the indigestible parts by chewing, acids etc. Some foods are composed of so much fiber or the nutrients are so well encased they provide little sustenance to animals which do not have bacteria to break down cellulose. I don't think any mammals can break down fibers without bacterial help (ruminants, hind gut fermentors like horses, geese etc.). We should also remember that a canine eating mice would get a considerable vegetable diet by consuming the intestinal contents of the mouse. We should also remember that ruminants and hind gut fermentors will take "meat" in the diet as a matter of course in grazing e.g. snails, insects etc. and are not above pouching meat. There are no real carnivores (if we define it as only eating meat) or herbivores (only eat plants). We (animals) are all on a sliding continuum of more or less meat and vegetable matter in the diet. But having evolved to out diet we do tend to be stuck with it, nutritionally speaking. Hope this helps Ray Stricklin wrote: >>If coyotes eat 'raw' corn then they must either chew it to break down the >>cellulose walls or they must have different digestive enzymes from dogs >> >> >and > > >>wolves. Unless of course they merely use it as a source of indigestible >>fibre. >> >> > >---- >Not necessarily - stage of maturity for the corn (maize) when eaten is maybe >the issue. From: IN%"Michalchik@aol.com" 20-OCT-2004 13:02:29.01 To: IN%"Nora_Lewis@umanitoba.ca", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: wild canid diets again When I spent 5 years in Iowa, I went out with a few outdoorsmen and hunters and I learned a lot about the real lives of wild animals vs. what we see in text books, nature shows and captivity. I left with the strong impression that there is no such thing as an exclusive carnivore or herbivore. Even beyond the accidendental, though possibly vital, ingestion of of bugs and such, while herbavores browse, there are behaviors that herbavores actively engage in. Deer will lick bones, blood and sometimes even nibble on carcusses in winter. They will browse parasites off eachother and other animals they feel safe with. This probably how the prion disease, chronic wasting disease is being spread. Squirrels raid nests to eat eggs and chicks as well as eating garter snakes and bugs. Rats and mices regularly hunt and consume insects. Cats, dogs, tigers, lions (not in Iowa) and wild dogs etc... chew on grass and herbs. Ferrets and weasels are happy to eat fruits and even cabbage, lettuce.Truth is that in the wild you spend most of your time hungry and/or nutrient poor and you try and get it from every source you can. Yes animals are better adapted to some sources, but they are opportunists and they all require a similar and diverse set of nutrients to thrive. Evolution tends to produce, flexible, pragmatic solutions rather than platonic ideals. They are experimental and they learn what gives them a full and satisfied feeling. As a biologist one of the first importent conceptual breakthroughs i had in my training was to stop thinking in catagories. There were trends, averages and biases, but diversity and adaptation are inherent in living systems and an integral part of evolution. From: IN%"clare@amerion.com" "Clare Lewandowski" 20-OCT-2004 17:01:11.99 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: wild canid diets again Thanks to you all for the information. I've found information that carbohydrate is not the best energy source for very hard exercising dogs due to their muscle fiber type, generally red fiber slow twitch. Fats seem a better source of sustained energy. One reference was at http://www.fila.org/peak/carboloding.htm I'll have to dig for the human nutrition book I read this in. A high grain diet in some humans seems to change bone structure. The reference was to Native Americans in the Midwest and skeletons showing changes in skull formation after corn became a part of the diet. There were enough skeletons found over a long enough period to be a reasonable sample to base the conclusions on. I wonder if any similar response was found with dogs. In part the book was describing blood and metabolic types and how they differed in response to the same foods. It seems possible to me that Asian wolves and Tundra wolves might have enough local adaptations to need quite different diets. Or their digestion might be similar enough that they could each thrive if relocated to the other climate. Sled dog breeder/trainer Jeffrey Bragg mentions how diet needs change from summer to winter and between individuals. http://seppalasleddogs.com/feeding2.htm Does anyone know if different supspecies of wolves need different diets in captivity? Do individual wolves or coyotes need custom tailored diets very often? thanks again Clare From: IN%"ceannicrc@yahoo.com" "Cecilia Lambert" 20-OCT-2004 17:41:34.07 To: IN%"clare@amerion.com" "Clare Lewandowski", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: wild canid diets again --- Clare Lewandowski wrote: Do individual > wolves or coyotes need custom tailored diets very > often? > thanks again > Clare > I have two coyotes that have MBD (Metabolic bone disease) They had it when I got them from the wild as puppies. They will require a high calcium diet, along with calcium supplements for the rest of their lives. I have, also noticed that my old coyotes require a higher fat content diet. I have solved that problem by giving them whole milk a couple times a week with their food. It has made a big differance in their fur and helps to keep weight on them. CeAnn ===== CeAnn Lambert Indiana Coyote Rescue Center www.WolfPark.org/ICRC __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? Yahoo! Mail Address AutoComplete - You start. We finish. http://promotions.yahoo.com/new_mail From: IN%"rbogle@sonic.net" "Rick Bogle" 20-OCT-2004 18:31:01.88 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Sentience and Olsson's comments I hope that many list members, especially the academics, will respond to Dr. Olsson's questions. In the spirit of promoting discussion on this matter, I offer the following: As a lay person, I want scientists to be very clear about the evidence that they would want before them prior to professing an opinion on a matter related to their expertise. [physical scientists do this routinely.] Here's an example: a scientist says something such as: "Unless and until we have scientific evidence at hand that objectively quantifies ... the nature of the conscious experience a nonhuman animal has ... we should not apply that term [sentience, sentient, feelings, emotions, pain, 'and the like'] when discussing that animal's nature- In most cases with regard to animal cognition, we do not have that much-needed information." If a chemist were to say something like this, I would simply assume that they were speaking from a position of ignorance. When an ethologist says something like this, I, as a lay person, might assume either a) my own reading of the literature regarding animal mind/cognition/emotion is faulty; or b) that perhaps no evidence could ever be offered that would satisfy someone holding such a position. In the first case, I'd like to understand why a study like Masserman et al's 1964 study, "'Altruistic' Behavior in Rhesus Monkeys" is deemed insufficient evidence that rhesus monkeys have feelings we can fairly consider as akin to our own. And, if Masserman is deemed insufficient, in and of itself, I'd like to know what sort of evidence would someone require in order to reverse themselves regarding the position that there is an absence of information regarding emotions 'and the like' in at least some species. I worry about Dr. Olsson's comment: "If we assume that vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in production system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that sentience. To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the first." I worry that Dr. Olsson is in the tiny minority, and that her view may be the opposite of that held by the majority of society. In any event, I hope many people on the list will think about her comments and respond carefully and thoughtfully to them. Rick Bogle Madison, WI > -----Original Message----- > From: Anna Olsson [mailto:olsson@ibmc.up.pt] > Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 12:35 AM > To: Stanley Curtis; applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > Dear Stanley and others, > > While I appreciate your critical view, I would be very interested > in seeing > what approach you suggest as an alternative to the present (combining the > best available scientific evidence and argument from analogy with expert > opinion including consideration of benefit of the doubt) in guidelines and > policy-making for animal husbandry. > > I am fully aware of the shortcomings of present research. Animal > welfare as > a discipline of research is fairly recent, and not much of the > research has > been directed at providing the scientific evidence for animal subjective > mental states that you ask for. This matter is further complicated by the > fact that neurobiology has only very recently started to give us a > significant insight in the neurobiology of human subjective mental state. > > It is not uncommon to have to legislate in situations of limited > knowledge. > An important consideration to be made in these situations is that of the > potential consequences of making the wrong decision. If we assume that > vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in > production > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that sentience. > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the > first - but that is my view and I would welcome arguments supporting other > positions. > > The Rio Declaration (1992) says that lack of "full scientific certainty > shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to > prevent environmental degradation" (cited from > http://www.biotech-info.net/science_and_PP.html which is recommended for > those who want to read more about legislation and the precautionary > principle). I would argue that the well-being of sentient individuals is a > matter of sufficient importance to take a similar position. > > It is obvious that we should not make decisions in the complete absence of > scientific evidence, and equally obvious that we will never have the > complete unambiguous scientific evidence for anything, so the > question then > becomes how much scientific evidence should we ask for before making a > decision? While humbly aware of the limitations of our knowledge, > I must say > that I find it worrying if someone would claim that the almost 40 years of > scientific research over animal welfare since the Brambell report had not > produced any information that can be useful in decision-making. > > Regards, > Anna Olsson > > Dr Anna Olsson > Researcher > Animal Behaviour & Welfare - Bioethics > > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal > Phone +351 22 607 4900 > Faz +351 22 609 9157 > > From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 20-OCT-2004 18:45:13.89 To: IN%"rbogle@sonic.net" "Rick Bogle", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Sentience and Olsson's comments Rick Bogle and all- As you will see if/when you read and consider the reply to Anna Olsson's thoughtful post that I promised earlier today to prepare and post very soon, I do not disagree with Anna Olsson's basic premises- Moreover, I doubt that she is -- and I hope that she is not -- in a "tiny minority"- I suggest that it is unwise for anyone to jump to any quick conclusion about others' ideas in this complicated area until those ideas have been fully laid out and rationally explored by anyone interested in doing so- -Stanley Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: "Rick Bogle" To: Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 8:30 PM Subject: RE: Sentience and Olsson's comments > I hope that many list members, especially the academics, will respond to Dr. > Olsson's questions. > > In the spirit of promoting discussion on this matter, I offer the following: > > As a lay person, I want scientists to be very clear about the evidence that > they would want before them prior to professing an opinion on a matter > related to their expertise. [physical scientists do this routinely.] > > Here's an example: a scientist says something such as: "Unless and until we > have scientific evidence at hand that objectively quantifies ... the nature > of the conscious experience a nonhuman animal has ... we should not apply > that term [sentience, sentient, feelings, emotions, pain, 'and the like'] > when discussing that animal's nature- In most cases with regard to animal > cognition, we do not have that much-needed information." > > If a chemist were to say something like this, I would simply assume that > they were speaking from a position of ignorance. When an ethologist says > something like this, I, as a lay person, might assume either a) my own > reading of the literature regarding animal mind/cognition/emotion is faulty; > or b) that perhaps no evidence could ever be offered that would satisfy > someone holding such a position. > > In the first case, I'd like to understand why a study like Masserman et al's > 1964 study, "'Altruistic' Behavior in Rhesus Monkeys" is deemed insufficient > evidence that rhesus monkeys have feelings we can fairly consider as akin to > our own. And, if Masserman is deemed insufficient, in and of itself, I'd > like to know what sort of evidence would someone require in order to reverse > themselves regarding the position that there is an absence of information > regarding emotions 'and the like' in at least some species. > > I worry about Dr. Olsson's comment: "If we assume that vertebrate animals > are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in production > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that sentience. > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the > first." > > I worry that Dr. Olsson is in the tiny minority, and that her view may be > the opposite of that held by the majority of society. In any event, I hope > many people on the list will think about her comments and respond carefully > and thoughtfully to them. > > Rick Bogle > Madison, WI > > > -----Original Message----- > > From: Anna Olsson [mailto:olsson@ibmc.up.pt] > > Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 12:35 AM > > To: Stanley Curtis; applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > Dear Stanley and others, > > > > While I appreciate your critical view, I would be very interested > > in seeing > > what approach you suggest as an alternative to the present (combining the > > best available scientific evidence and argument from analogy with expert > > opinion including consideration of benefit of the doubt) in guidelines and > > policy-making for animal husbandry. > > > > I am fully aware of the shortcomings of present research. Animal > > welfare as > > a discipline of research is fairly recent, and not much of the > > research has > > been directed at providing the scientific evidence for animal subjective > > mental states that you ask for. This matter is further complicated by the > > fact that neurobiology has only very recently started to give us a > > significant insight in the neurobiology of human subjective mental state. > > > > It is not uncommon to have to legislate in situations of limited > > knowledge. > > An important consideration to be made in these situations is that of the > > potential consequences of making the wrong decision. If we assume that > > vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have > > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in > > production > > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that > > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have > > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that sentience. > > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the > > first - but that is my view and I would welcome arguments supporting other > > positions. > > > > The Rio Declaration (1992) says that lack of "full scientific certainty > > shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to > > prevent environmental degradation" (cited from > > http://www.biotech-info.net/science_and_PP.html which is recommended for > > those who want to read more about legislation and the precautionary > > principle). I would argue that the well-being of sentient individuals is a > > matter of sufficient importance to take a similar position. > > > > It is obvious that we should not make decisions in the complete absence of > > scientific evidence, and equally obvious that we will never have the > > complete unambiguous scientific evidence for anything, so the > > question then > > becomes how much scientific evidence should we ask for before making a > > decision? While humbly aware of the limitations of our knowledge, > > I must say > > that I find it worrying if someone would claim that the almost 40 years of > > scientific research over animal welfare since the Brambell report had not > > produced any information that can be useful in decision-making. > > > > Regards, > > Anna Olsson > > > > Dr Anna Olsson > > Researcher > > Animal Behaviour & Welfare - Bioethics > > > > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal > > Phone +351 22 607 4900 > > Faz +351 22 609 9157 > > > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- From: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins" 20-OCT-2004 20:32:20.52 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: wild canid diets again I believe this is because of Niacin deficiency. (One of the vit Bs anyway.) I also have heard that if the corn is prepared with wood ash (??I think it is) this deficiency is somehow resolved. Corn (maize) is also deficient in L-tryptophan which is a precursor of serotonin, so is not recommende for highly stressed or reactive dogs. Jenny Haskins Coffs Harbour, Australia I'll have to dig for the human nutrition book I read this in. A high grain diet in some humans seems to change bone structure. The reference was to Native Americans in the Midwest and skeletons showing changes in skull formation after corn became a part of the diet. There were enough skeletons found over a long enough period to be a reasonable sample to base the conclusions on. Clare From: IN%"wheep@slingshot.co.nz" "Andy Beck" 20-OCT-2004 20:33:55.09 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Sentience and Olsson's comments It seems to me that this type of requirement restricts scientific development. Before we get to the stage where evidence is weighed and a consensus achieved there has first to be a period during which a hypothesis is created in the rough - then refined by further discussion - and, after these stages, testing of the hypothesis can begin. It can reasonably be argued that the process of developing new hypothesis may be intuitive in nature, which is to say that not only inductive or deductive reasoning has to apply. In fact it can surely be argued that some of the greatest leaps forward have had an intuitive birth! If an ethologist (or any other scientist for that matter) constructs a good hypothesis (and by good I mean one that can be disproved) why should he or she not be able to give an opinion on the basis of that hypothesis? Having done so it would be hoped that their peers would have an opportunity to subject the hypothesis to scrutiny - and to test it to breaking point. Should it be disproved then a new, perhaps better constructed, hypothesis might rise from the ashes of the old. Whatever the outcome there can be no real growth in science without a certain degree of bravery in being prepared to argue ideas that have so far resisted attempts to marshal sufficient or absolute evidential proof. There are enough well documented cases (particularly in the field of astronomy) to justify giving a qualified opinion that something does in fact exist prior to absolute proof. I also think that the quote from Dr Ollson: "If we assume that vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in production system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that sentience. To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the first." is one that a good percentage of society (rather than a small minority) would have no problem with - and one with which I strongly agree. However, in terms of what is or is not ethical the percentage of people that agree does not alter the validity of the statement - and I think it is fair to say that this one has been very well argued by an impressive number of renowned ethicists. Regards Andy Beck White Horse Equine Ethology Project 433 Wharepunga Rd RD3 Kaikohe Northland 0400 Aotearoa - New Zealand http://www.equine-behavior.com http://www.equine-ethology.ac.nz -----Original Message----- From: Rick Bogle [mailto:rbogle@sonic.net] Sent: Thursday, 21 October 2004 2:31 p.m. To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Subject: RE: Sentience and Olsson's comments I hope that many list members, especially the academics, will respond to Dr. Olsson's questions. In the spirit of promoting discussion on this matter, I offer the following: As a lay person, I want scientists to be very clear about the evidence that they would want before them prior to professing an opinion on a matter related to their expertise. [physical scientists do this routinely.] Here's an example: a scientist says something such as: "Unless and until we have scientific evidence at hand that objectively quantifies ... the nature of the conscious experience a nonhuman animal has ... we should not apply that term [sentience, sentient, feelings, emotions, pain, 'and the like'] when discussing that animal's nature- In most cases with regard to animal cognition, we do not have that much-needed information." If a chemist were to say something like this, I would simply assume that they were speaking from a position of ignorance. When an ethologist says something like this, I, as a lay person, might assume either a) my own reading of the literature regarding animal mind/cognition/emotion is faulty; or b) that perhaps no evidence could ever be offered that would satisfy someone holding such a position. In the first case, I'd like to understand why a study like Masserman et al's 1964 study, "'Altruistic' Behavior in Rhesus Monkeys" is deemed insufficient evidence that rhesus monkeys have feelings we can fairly consider as akin to our own. And, if Masserman is deemed insufficient, in and of itself, I'd like to know what sort of evidence would someone require in order to reverse themselves regarding the position that there is an absence of information regarding emotions 'and the like' in at least some species. I worry about Dr. Olsson's comment: "If we assume that vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in production system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that sentience. To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the first." I worry that Dr. Olsson is in the tiny minority, and that her view may be the opposite of that held by the majority of society. In any event, I hope many people on the list will think about her comments and respond carefully and thoughtfully to them. Rick Bogle Madison, WI > -----Original Message----- > From: Anna Olsson [mailto:olsson@ibmc.up.pt] > Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 12:35 AM > To: Stanley Curtis; applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > Dear Stanley and others, > > While I appreciate your critical view, I would be very interested > in seeing > what approach you suggest as an alternative to the present (combining the > best available scientific evidence and argument from analogy with expert > opinion including consideration of benefit of the doubt) in guidelines and > policy-making for animal husbandry. > > I am fully aware of the shortcomings of present research. Animal > welfare as > a discipline of research is fairly recent, and not much of the > research has > been directed at providing the scientific evidence for animal subjective > mental states that you ask for. This matter is further complicated by the > fact that neurobiology has only very recently started to give us a > significant insight in the neurobiology of human subjective mental state. > > It is not uncommon to have to legislate in situations of limited > knowledge. > An important consideration to be made in these situations is that of the > potential consequences of making the wrong decision. If we assume that > vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in > production > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that sentience. > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the > first - but that is my view and I would welcome arguments supporting other > positions. > > The Rio Declaration (1992) says that lack of "full scientific certainty > shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to > prevent environmental degradation" (cited from > http://www.biotech-info.net/science_and_PP.html which is recommended for > those who want to read more about legislation and the precautionary > principle). I would argue that the well-being of sentient individuals is a > matter of sufficient importance to take a similar position. > > It is obvious that we should not make decisions in the complete absence of > scientific evidence, and equally obvious that we will never have the > complete unambiguous scientific evidence for anything, so the > question then > becomes how much scientific evidence should we ask for before making a > decision? While humbly aware of the limitations of our knowledge, > I must say > that I find it worrying if someone would claim that the almost 40 years of > scientific research over animal welfare since the Brambell report had not > produced any information that can be useful in decision-making. > > Regards, > Anna Olsson > > Dr Anna Olsson > Researcher > Animal Behaviour & Welfare - Bioethics > > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal > Phone +351 22 607 4900 > Faz +351 22 609 9157 > > From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 20-OCT-2004 20:51:27.88 To: IN%"wheep@slingshot.co.nz" "Andy Beck", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Sentience and Olsson's comments Andy Beck and others- Prior to my having the opportunity to respond more fully to Anna Olsson's post addressed mostly (I presume) to me, I should comment that I agree with Andy Beck that theories, hypotheses, axioms, postulates, and so on all have their rightful place in the ferment of scientific discovery and confirmation knwon collectively as the scientific method- My comments in earlier posts these past few days should not be miscontrued to indicate that I think our current knowledge of the nature of animals and their feelings is wrong- I do think that, in many (if not most) cases, the scientific method has not been played out in these matters to the points that governmental regulations ought to be promulgated and enforced- In other words, I think much of the work is still only half-baked -- not that the eventual cake might not (not even that it probably won't) be grand- My caution at this point is simply this: It's not yet time to take to the table this cake; its center is still gooey- I support a more conservative approach before we become too rigid in thinking about what's right and what's wrong in terms of supporting a high state of being in what Henry Beston called "[members of] other nations", "living by voices we shall never hear". More soon- -Stanley Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: "Andy Beck" To: Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 9:33 PM Subject: RE: Sentience and Olsson's comments > It seems to me that this type of requirement restricts scientific > development. Before we get to the stage where evidence is weighed and a > consensus achieved there has first to be a period during which a hypothesis > is created in the rough - then refined by further discussion - and, after > these stages, testing of the hypothesis can begin. > > It can reasonably be argued that the process of developing new hypothesis > may be intuitive in nature, which is to say that not only inductive or > deductive reasoning has to apply. In fact it can surely be argued that some > of the greatest leaps forward have had an intuitive birth! > > If an ethologist (or any other scientist for that matter) constructs a good > hypothesis (and by good I mean one that can be disproved) why should he or > she not be able to give an opinion on the basis of that hypothesis? Having > done so it would be hoped that their peers would have an opportunity to > subject the hypothesis to scrutiny - and to test it to breaking point. > Should it be disproved then a new, perhaps better constructed, hypothesis > might rise from the ashes of the old. > > Whatever the outcome there can be no real growth in science without a > certain degree of bravery in being prepared to argue ideas that have so far > resisted attempts to marshal sufficient or absolute evidential proof. There > are enough well documented cases (particularly in the field of astronomy) to > justify giving a qualified opinion that something does in fact exist prior > to absolute proof. > > I also think that the quote from Dr Ollson: > > "If we assume that vertebrate animals > are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in production > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that sentience. > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the > first." > > is one that a good percentage of society (rather than a small minority) > would have no problem with - and one with which I strongly agree. However, > in terms of what is or is not ethical the percentage of people that agree > does not alter the validity of the statement - and I think it is fair to say > that this one has been very well argued by an impressive number of renowned > ethicists. > > Regards > Andy Beck > White Horse Equine Ethology Project > 433 Wharepunga Rd > RD3 Kaikohe > Northland 0400 > Aotearoa - New Zealand > http://www.equine-behavior.com > http://www.equine-ethology.ac.nz > > > > > -----Original Message----- > From: Rick Bogle [mailto:rbogle@sonic.net] > Sent: Thursday, 21 October 2004 2:31 p.m. > To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca > Subject: RE: Sentience and Olsson's comments > > I hope that many list members, especially the academics, will respond to Dr. > Olsson's questions. > > In the spirit of promoting discussion on this matter, I offer the following: > > As a lay person, I want scientists to be very clear about the evidence that > they would want before them prior to professing an opinion on a matter > related to their expertise. [physical scientists do this routinely.] > > Here's an example: a scientist says something such as: "Unless and until we > have scientific evidence at hand that objectively quantifies ... the nature > of the conscious experience a nonhuman animal has ... we should not apply > that term [sentience, sentient, feelings, emotions, pain, 'and the like'] > when discussing that animal's nature- In most cases with regard to animal > cognition, we do not have that much-needed information." > > If a chemist were to say something like this, I would simply assume that > they were speaking from a position of ignorance. When an ethologist says > something like this, I, as a lay person, might assume either a) my own > reading of the literature regarding animal mind/cognition/emotion is faulty; > or b) that perhaps no evidence could ever be offered that would satisfy > someone holding such a position. > > In the first case, I'd like to understand why a study like Masserman et al's > 1964 study, "'Altruistic' Behavior in Rhesus Monkeys" is deemed insufficient > evidence that rhesus monkeys have feelings we can fairly consider as akin to > our own. And, if Masserman is deemed insufficient, in and of itself, I'd > like to know what sort of evidence would someone require in order to reverse > themselves regarding the position that there is an absence of information > regarding emotions 'and the like' in at least some species. > > I worry about Dr. Olsson's comment: "If we assume that vertebrate animals > are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in production > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that sentience. > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the > first." > > I worry that Dr. Olsson is in the tiny minority, and that her view may be > the opposite of that held by the majority of society. In any event, I hope > many people on the list will think about her comments and respond carefully > and thoughtfully to them. > > Rick Bogle > Madison, WI > > > -----Original Message----- > > From: Anna Olsson [mailto:olsson@ibmc.up.pt] > > Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 12:35 AM > > To: Stanley Curtis; applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > Dear Stanley and others, > > > > While I appreciate your critical view, I would be very interested > > in seeing > > what approach you suggest as an alternative to the present (combining the > > best available scientific evidence and argument from analogy with expert > > opinion including consideration of benefit of the doubt) in guidelines and > > policy-making for animal husbandry. > > > > I am fully aware of the shortcomings of present research. Animal > > welfare as > > a discipline of research is fairly recent, and not much of the > > research has > > been directed at providing the scientific evidence for animal subjective > > mental states that you ask for. This matter is further complicated by the > > fact that neurobiology has only very recently started to give us a > > significant insight in the neurobiology of human subjective mental state. > > > > It is not uncommon to have to legislate in situations of limited > > knowledge. > > An important consideration to be made in these situations is that of the > > potential consequences of making the wrong decision. If we assume that > > vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have > > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in > > production > > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that > > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have > > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that sentience. > > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the > > first - but that is my view and I would welcome arguments supporting other > > positions. > > > > The Rio Declaration (1992) says that lack of "full scientific certainty > > shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to > > prevent environmental degradation" (cited from > > http://www.biotech-info.net/science_and_PP.html which is recommended for > > those who want to read more about legislation and the precautionary > > principle). I would argue that the well-being of sentient individuals is a > > matter of sufficient importance to take a similar position. > > > > It is obvious that we should not make decisions in the complete absence of > > scientific evidence, and equally obvious that we will never have the > > complete unambiguous scientific evidence for anything, so the > > question then > > becomes how much scientific evidence should we ask for before making a > > decision? While humbly aware of the limitations of our knowledge, > > I must say > > that I find it worrying if someone would claim that the almost 40 years of > > scientific research over animal welfare since the Brambell report had not > > produced any information that can be useful in decision-making. > > > > Regards, > > Anna Olsson > > > > Dr Anna Olsson > > Researcher > > Animal Behaviour & Welfare - Bioethics > > > > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal > > Phone +351 22 607 4900 > > Faz +351 22 609 9157 > > > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- From: IN%"clothier@telenet.net" "Suzanne Clothier" 20-OCT-2004 20:57:07.99 To: IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: wild canid diets again Corn is deficient in the essential amino acid - lysine - thus affects growth. Suzanne Clothier At 12:44 PM 10/21/2004 +1000, Jenny Haskins wrote: >I believe this is because of Niacin deficiency. (One of the vit Bs >anyway.) I also have heard that if the corn is prepared with wood ash >(??I think it is) this deficiency is somehow resolved. > >Corn (maize) is also deficient in L-tryptophan which is a precursor of >serotonin, so is not recommende for highly stressed or reactive dogs. > > >Jenny Haskins >Coffs Harbour, Australia >I'll have to dig for the human nutrition book I read this in. A high grain >diet in some humans seems to change bone structure. The reference was to >Native Americans in the Midwest and skeletons showing changes in skull >formation after corn became a part of the diet. There were enough >skeletons found over a long enough period to be a reasonable sample to >base the conclusions on. >Clare From: IN%"k9.college_napier@xtra.co.nz" "John R. Lane" 20-OCT-2004 23:08:52.59 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology List" CC: Subj: The NZ Animal Welfare(Restriction on Docking of Dogs' Tails) Bill Thanks to all those who responded for my request for studies on this question. The following is a forward from a NZ list which gives details of the bills' progress for those who asked to be informed of the outcome. Obviously the names of the various MPs won't mean much to some but they will to NZers on the list. Regards John L. (This email goes to about 20 people and some lists. See the end for permission to circulate.) Last night, 20 October, the Animal Welfare (Restriction on Docking of Dogs' Tails) Bill was given a first reading by 79 votes - 37. Details below. The bill was sent to the Government Administration select committee by 76 - 40. The report back is due by 19 April 2005 (standard six months). I understand the committee will not formally call for submissions until next week or the week after, but people can certainly start preparing now. For information on how to make a submission, go to http://www.clerk.parliament.govt.nz/Publications/Other/ then click on 'Making a submission to a Parliamentary select committee' about halfway down the page. The Hansard Advances report of the debate should be available in "two to four working days" - check at http://www.clerk.parliament.govt.nz/Content/Hansard/Advance/ADVANCE_2004_10_20.h\ tm (nothing there at present) Votes for the bill to go to select committee: Labour 51, NZ First 13, Greens 9, United Future 3 (Copeland, Smith and Turner), Progressive 2, and Maori 1. Votes against: National 24, ACT 8 and United Future 5 (Adams, Alexander, Baldock, Dunne, and Ogilvie) Votes that Govt Administration should be the select committee to consider the bill: as above except all 8 United Future MPs voted against. I am happy to receive phone calls and private emails at my Yahoo address phone calls, and I will respond as soon as priorities permit. Philip Lyth philiplyth@y... 04 470 6655 021 114 3333 Permission is granted to circulate this email provided it is passed on in full, including this line and the contact details. From: IN%"ewj@uiuc.edu" "E. Wayne Johnson" 20-OCT-2004 23:11:45.81 To: IN%"clothier@telenet.net" "Suzanne Clothier", IN%"jhaskins@tpg.com.au" "Jenny Haskins", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" CC: Subj: RE: wild canid diets again Basically speaking, the diets for dogs need to be rather high in protein and have balanced levels of the non-dispensable (essential ) amino acids and have adequate and balanced levels of other nutrients. Corn is generally considered to be an energy source but it does contain about 8 to 9 % protein. However, corn will not work well at all as the only source of protein and amino acids. It contains about 0.2% lysine which will not be enough, as Suzanne correctly states. Lysine and tryptophan will not be the only amino acids deficient in a diet of corn only. Yes, corn can be part of the diet, but as pointed out, corn is generally better digested if it is treated by some moist heat method, as most of the corn going into commercial diets is going to be fully mature corn. The vitamins in diets are generally provided by adding a vitamin mix to ensure that the vitamin needs of the animals are met, but Jenny is correct in that alkali treatment does make available some nutrients bound in corn in an unavailable form such as niacin. Corn contains very little calcium, not nearly enough to support normal bone formation. There is a new NRC for dogs and cats (2003) that is available from the National Academy of Sciences. The cost is most of $300 but there are excerpts, information, and FAQ available at: http://dels.nas.edu/banr/dogs.html There are several companies that sell good quality commercial diets and I would recommend that you use one of those for your canids, or otherwise find a consulting animal nutritionist to help you formulate appropriate diets. The feeding of diets that are imbalanced and/or deficient can result in damage to the skeleton and organs that can be difficult for the animal to recover from in a satisfactory way. Vegetarian diets for dogs, if desired, need to be carefully formulated and supplemented to avoid serious imbalances and deficiencies. At 09:55 PM 10/20/2004, Suzanne Clothier wrote: >Corn is deficient in the essential amino acid - lysine - thus affects growth. > >Suzanne Clothier > > >At 12:44 PM 10/21/2004 +1000, Jenny Haskins wrote: >>I believe this is because of Niacin deficiency. (One of the vit Bs >>anyway.) I also have heard that if the corn is prepared with wood ash >>(??I think it is) this deficiency is somehow resolved. >> >>Corn (maize) is also deficient in L-tryptophan which is a precursor of >>serotonin, so is not recommende for highly stressed or reactive dogs. >> >> >>Jenny Haskins >>Coffs Harbour, Australia >>I'll have to dig for the human nutrition book I read this in. A high >>grain diet in some humans seems to change bone structure. The reference >>was to Native Americans in the Midwest and skeletons showing changes in >>skull formation after corn became a part of the diet. There were enough >>skeletons found over a long enough period to be a reasonable sample to >>base the conclusions on. >>Clare > From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 20-OCT-2004 23:38:12.96 To: IN%"olsson@ibmc.up.pt" "Anna Olsson", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Sentient; Urbana, Illinois 20 October 2004 Anna Olsson and others- This is in response to Anna Olsson's implied invitation for me to comment further as registered in her 20 October 2004 post to "Stanley and others" on the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network- + + + DIGRESSION: STATE OF BEING A dictionary defines state as "mode or condition of being" and being as "the quality or state of having existence". State of being, therefore, means "condition of existence". In terms of an animal's condition of existence, that condition may be well, fair, or poor. In other words, an animal can experience well-being, fair-being, or poor-being, can be in a condition of wellness, fairness, or poorness. The term welfare refers to only one possible state of being, viz., well-being. A dictionary says so. Animals naturally exist from time to time in any of the three states of being, and therefore we should be precise when we speak or write about an animal's condition and account for all of these possibilities. Hence, the generic term should be state of being, neither welfare nor well-being. Moreover, as again a dictionary says, welfare often has connotations having to do with aid in the form of money or necessities for those in need or an agency or program through which such aid is distributed. So I think some term other than welfare should be used in connection with a living entity's condition, so there will be no confusion with political entitlement. Bottom line: in context of the condition of an animal's existence, well-being is but one of three possible states of being (viz., well-, fair-, and poor-being-with the adverbial modifier very also sometimes being applicable to well- and poor-being [very-well-being), that state of being is the appropriate categorical term, and that the word welfare ought not be used. Finally-insofar as agricultural animals are concerned--our goal in terms of ethical obligation and responsibility as well as economic rationality should be that an animal kept for agricultural purposes should experience wellness most of the time, fairness some of the time, and poorness as infrequently as possible. It is unreasonable to expect that any animal will be well all of the time. Stanley E. Curtis 12 May 2004 + + + This series of exchanges on the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network began several days ago with discussion of the need for careful use of terms such as "sentience" and "sentient" with respect to the nature of nonhuman animals and their needs and wants- It has evolved into discussion of the very root of the worldwide issue of "animal rights" and "animal welfare"- I repeat: What follows are the thoughts of animal scientist, animal husbandman, applied ecologist, applied ethologist; one who believes, as did James Randl when he said: "Science is best defined as a careful, disciplined, logical search for knowledge . , obtained by examination of the best available evidence and always subject to correction and improvement upon discovery of better evidence. What's left is magic. And it doesn't work."- This particular human wants - in the context of nature and the web of life - what is best for each and every animal with which our kind shares this planet- Most of us keep animals for our own (selfish [not always a pejorative term]) purposes - companionship, food, biomedical research and teaching models, recreation, security, assistance, whatever- We are responsible for the ethically acceptable support and treatment of any animal we keep- Of course, right away, one of the problems here is that individual humans' respective ethical views differ- Based on our history in terms of coming together ecumenically, I think it is most likely that we shall never completely agree with one another about what an animal needs- Having said that, nevertheless, many of the world's citizens seem to be concerned about the matter of the care of the animals we keep to the extent that there are calls for some sort of universality in our instructions to and expectations of those who care for the animals we keep- If that universality cannot be based on any single philosophical base, then upon what will it be based?- The modern issue of kept-animal state of being started with Ruth Harrison' s book published in London in the mid-1960s and the soon-ensuing Brambell Report commissioned by the British Parliament- That Report gave significant attention to what might be called the "feelings" of animals- Around this time, a few people started the scientific study of animals feelings- Important among these was Ian Duncan, who eventually came to the conclusion that "[animal (state of being) has all to do with how that animal feels]) - the Duncan Axiom, if you will- I completely agree with the Duncan Axiom- Alas, since Ian Duncan issued his axiom, we have advanced precious little in our understanding of animal feelings- In fact, among quite a few experimental psychologists to this day, the very notion that animals possess conscious awareness is still considered heresy- I do not concur- I respect the evidence and thinking and writing of scientists such as Donald Griffin and Marian Stamp Dawkins, and I accept (unless and until further evidence suggests otherwise) that animals do think and do experience a variety of emotions- But those are qualitative notions- What about quantification?- How much do those cognitive processes affect the state of being of an animal?- How much does an animal suffer when it experiences those respective emotions in specific life situations?- We now expect a lot of those in our midst who take it upon themselves to keep animals- It is ultimately essential that animal keepers have at hand the answers to these questions- This is because, for animals as for humans, we usually do not possess sufficient resources to ensure that every individual will be provided every bit of support and protection it needs to lead a perfect life (whatever that might be)- (Even Hans Selye was of the opinion that the opposite of stress is not utopia; it is death-) So, if we are to hold its keeper accountable for ensuring a socially acceptable state of being in an animal, that caretaker must know what and how much care is enough to meet the animal's needs- Now, because animal production, for example, is a business, it is unlikely agricultural producers will choose to provide more support and protection for their animals than those animals need: support and protection are expensive- Enter what Dennis Hardwick coined the "welfare plateau" - the postulate (which I consider wise) that an ethically acceptable level of animal state of being is not limited to one ideal set of circumstances, but rather that it exists over a range of conditions provided by a variety of keeping systems- (Cf. S. E. Curtis. Veterinary Clinics of North America/Farm Animal Practice/Food Animal Behavior. 3(2):369-382, 1987. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia-) Once the animal keeper knows where that welfare plateau starts, he/she can design and operate an animal-keeping system to honor that point- But that the point of that start has to be a quantitative value!- Where should the line be drawn?- I submit that - as for using an animal's feelings as the guide to drawing that line-- as of today we do not have at hand the scientifically determined quantitative value of the lower point of the welfare plateau for any kept animal- I hope that some day we do have- In fact, I myself have dabbled some in research on that facet of the pig's nature- But, truth be told, right now we do not have- What should we do between now and that day when we might have that knowledge available for application in animal husbandry?- Some would say we should take laps of faith, jump to conclusions, decide by analogy to the human condition- I would no more want to see observations of human feelings be the sole regulated bases for how we care for animals than I would want to see observations of animal traits be the sole regulated bases for how we formulate pharmaceuticals for humans- I suggest that we continue - indeed, continue with renewed fervor - our search for that sufficient understanding of the nature of animal feelings that is utterly essential to using their feelings as a guide to how we keep, handle, and treat animals- In the meantime, we should use our intuition to apply those bits and pieces of insufficient understanding of those things that we do already possess- But they should not be the bases for either public expectations or governmental regulations- And I further suggest that - as we wait until that crucial information just alluded to eventually emerges from scientists' workplaces - we base our recommendations to and expectations of animal caretakers on the best evidence we actually have at our disposal- I suggest we take the following course as we make progress in the meantime- FIRST BASIS: HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (AND THUS ATTENTION) My suggestion is based on my adaptation of Abraham Maslow's "hierarchy of human needs" to nonhuman animals- (Cf. S. E. Curtis, loc.cit.-) Basically, application of Maslow's scheme to kept animals results in a hierarchic organization of animal needs along the following lines (from lowest to highest): (1) physiologic needs; (2) safety needs; and (3) behavioral needs. Animals' physiologic needs (for food; shelter; and health care) are reasonably well-understood and are being fulfilled reasonably well- The safety needs (for safe, well-designed equipment and facilities; protection against predation and weather accidents) are somewhat less well-understood and less well-attended to- The behavioral needs (which usually ultimately translates into animals' subjective feelings) are (as we have just been discussing) not at all well-understood, so we cannot know whether or not they are being met- I suggest the bottom line in this respect is: We should be paying more attention to those aspects of animal care over which we have the most control - numerous factors including nutrition, thermal and light environment, microbic environment, social environment, handling procedures, and floor condition and other safety traits- (All that follows has been extracted/modified from the script for the textbook several others and I are in the final stages of preparing- It is shared here for the purpose of this APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network discussion only-) SECOND: ANIMALS' PRIORITIES OF RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION At the organism level there are three categories of life processes: · maintenance processes that sustain life, ensure individual survival; · reproductive processes that provide for perpetuation of the species; and · performance or productive processes that humans cultivate to yield products, by-products and co-products, work, and other services (e. g., companionship and socializing, recreation, competitive athletics, human assistance and service) enjoyed by or useful to humans. At some times in some environments, all of an animal's life processes can be completely supported. In other situations, however, available resources may be so limited that the animal must exercise priorities. At any moment, for a particular animal, the various life processes are differentially important to fitness, i. e., to individual survival and species propagation-any animal's top-two priorities. When the needs for bodily resources exceed their availability, some processes must be de-emphasized so currently more vital ones can be more fully supported. In general, then, when bodily resources become ever more scarce, the prime goals of fitness-viz., individual survival (maintenance processes) and species perpetuation (reproductive processes)-progressively become an animal 's primary priorities. A guinea pig, e. g., will experience a reduction in growth rate in a hot environment, so certain bodily resources can be redirected to supporting higher-priority maintenance processes (e. g., panting). Productive processes in production animals result from bodily functions that have been intensified or otherwise modified through genetic manipulation, nutrition, or other husbandry practices. But these exaggerated functions may be critical to neither an individual's survival nor its reproduction. Processes not among these top priorities are, in times of stress, least protected and least spared. When an animal responds to adaptagent(s), its maintenance needs invariably increase (although sometimes negligibly). Resource expenditures in support of responsive maintenance functions increase progressively as the animal's responses increase, so the animal's remaining functional capabilities progressively decrease. As stress intensity increases, life processes become progressively imperiled in the order of their respective contributions to productivity first, reproductivity second, survival last. THIRD: THE CURTIS AXIOM A dictionary defines an axiom as a statement accepted as true as the basis for argument or inference. For performing animals, as many have asserted, appropriate complements of indicators probably will best reflect an animal's overall state of being. But our understanding of all of the many mechanisms involved is still inadequate, and so the task remains impossible. Moreover, although Ian Duncan has opined that an animal's state of being has all to do with that animal's feelings, in fact at this point in time, we definitively know almost nothing about how an animal feels. We can speculate, we can surmise, we can analogize, but we still do not know. As a consequence, the rate of performance usually today is the best single indicator - in terms of availability, measurability, and sensitivity - of the state of being of a performing animal. That is, of course, providing that the animal is constitutionally fit in the first place. In this textbook, reference is made only to constitutionally fit animals. There is no moral excuse for keeping constitutionally unfit creatures for profit-making or self-indulgent purposes. I have axiomized the following for agricultural, recreational, companion, working, service, and laboratory animals alike: For a constitutionally fit performing animal of any kind -- unless and until we definitively know something about their conscious feelings -- the best single indicator of that animal's state of being is its rate of biologic productive performance relative to its genetic potential. This axiom is based on the following premises: · The fact that any adaptate to any adaptagent requires an animal to expend various bodily resources. · The fact that these bodily resources often are limited in availability to the animal, and, therefore, that the animal must exercise priorities. · The generally accepted dogma (based on clinical, empirical, and experimental observations) about an animal's priorities for allocating limited resources, with maintenance and survival processes being supported first, reproductive-performance processes second, and productive-performance processes last. · The morality-based assumption that any animal being kept for performance purposes will be constitutionally fit. · The notion that, when pathogenic agents bypass an animal's primary defenses, the host's immune cells are stimulated to secrete cytokines. Various adaptates then may be stimulated by these cytokines. But, in any case, there is a shift in the partitioning of nutrients away from productive and reproductive processes toward behavioral and metabolic responses that support animal defenses and, thereby, top-priority animal maintenance and survival processes. This shift in the balance between anabolic pressures and natural, entropic, catabolic processes partly explains the frequent reductions in an animal's productive and even reproductive syntheses and yields. · The expectation that more about animals' conscious feelings will be learned scientifically, and that, as a consequence, this axiom might eventually be refined, modified, or outright rejected. FINALLY: SIXTY LAST WORDS So I submit for your consideration, comment, and discussion the suggestion that, although we can have other ultimate goals, at this point in time what those of us who are involved - today! -- in the care of animals ought to be basing our decisions as to how to husband an animal on how that animal quantitatively performs productively and reproductively- + + + ----- Original Message ----- From: "Anna Olsson" To: "Stanley Curtis" ; Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 1:34 AM Subject: Re: Sentient; > Dear Stanley and others, > > While I appreciate your critical view, I would be very interested in seeing > what approach you suggest as an alternative to the present (combining the > best available scientific evidence and argument from analogy with expert > opinion including consideration of benefit of the doubt) in guidelines and > policy-making for animal husbandry. > > I am fully aware of the shortcomings of present research. Animal welfare as > a discipline of research is fairly recent, and not much of the research has > been directed at providing the scientific evidence for animal subjective > mental states that you ask for. This matter is further complicated by the > fact that neurobiology has only very recently started to give us a > significant insight in the neurobiology of human subjective mental state. > > It is not uncommon to have to legislate in situations of limited knowledge. > An important consideration to be made in these situations is that of the > potential consequences of making the wrong decision. If we assume that > vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in production > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that sentience. > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the > first - but that is my view and I would welcome arguments supporting other > positions. > > The Rio Declaration (1992) says that lack of "full scientific certainty > shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to > prevent environmental degradation" (cited from > http://www.biotech-info.net/science_and_PP.html which is recommended for > those who want to read more about legislation and the precautionary > principle). I would argue that the well-being of sentient individuals is a > matter of sufficient importance to take a similar position. > > It is obvious that we should not make decisions in the complete absence of > scientific evidence, and equally obvious that we will never have the > complete unambiguous scientific evidence for anything, so the question then > becomes how much scientific evidence should we ask for before making a > decision? While humbly aware of the limitations of our knowledge, I must say > that I find it worrying if someone would claim that the almost 40 years of > scientific research over animal welfare since the Brambell report had not > produced any information that can be useful in decision-making. > > Regards, > Anna Olsson > > Dr Anna Olsson > Researcher > Animal Behaviour & Welfare - Bioethics > > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal > Phone +351 22 607 4900 > Faz +351 22 609 9157 > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- From: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "Chris Sherwin" 21-OCT-2004 03:59:49.58 To: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" CC: IN%"Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" Subj: RE: Sentient; Dear Stanley, Whilst I accept that some might consider 'argument-by-analogy' to be a 'weak' foundation on which to develop debate and legislation regarding animal sentience, emotions, pain, etc., unfortunately, it is the only tool we currently have. It is also the only tool we have which enables me to recognise that when I stick a pin in you or almost any other human, you feel pain. So, if you are proposing that argument-by-analogy should not be used to protect non-human vertebrates (and I haven't even mentioned invertebrates yet!), why should we be using it to protect other humans on a daily basis? What evidence do we have that incontrovertibly shows humans feel pain, but which is missing from studies on non-human vertebrates? Respectfully yours, Chris Sherwin On Tue, 19 Oct 2004 20:42:02 -0500 Stanley Curtis wrote: > > Carol, Chris, and others- > > Most of us probably can agree that, in many situations, an animal will > have some conscious negative feeling when experiencing some certain > stressor(s)- Moreover -- based on the human experience, at least -- each of > us can (and many of seem to be eager to!) predict what that feeling by the > animal in that situation might be (e. g., fear, anxiety, frustration, > pain) -- indeed and simply: how that animal must feel (at least in the > opinion of one human observer!)- > > Alas, because the feeling(s) by that animal is(are) subjective and highly > individualized -- and more importantly because such feelings have been > studied almost not at all and therefore are understood quantitatively > practically not at all -- we do not yet know the extent to which any animal > in any particular situation actually suffers- We can theorize what most > probably they feel (as in: almost certainly)- But unless and until we do > understand these things in terms of animal nature -- not as seen "through > our eyes only" -- we will not be in a position to know where to draw lines > in terms of designing appropriate accommodations for kept animals, and > certainly in terms of regulating the care of the animals we keep- I think > that neither leaps of faith nor analogies will suffice when it comes to > setting down rules about how we should take care of animals- Although our > fellow citizens' well-meant yearnings might be assuaged by hard and fast > rules in these matters, our fellow creatures deserve better than those weak > approaches- > > Of course, I come to these matters from a practical persepctive -- that of > an animal scientist, animal husbandman, applied ecologist, applied > ethologist- My focus is on the application of scientific knowledge to the > sound care of the animals we keep for our various purposes- At the level at > which I tend to think in terms of, then, theory plays a small role (for the > moment, anyway)- What those of my ilk need to base caretaking decisions on > is thorough knowledge, not some unsubstantiated hunch- That is because -- > judging from history -- some (perhaps even many) unsubstantiated hunches > usually turn out to be unsubstantiatable- > > To return to a previous theme in the discussion, we need to be careful how > we apply words like "sentience", "pain", "frustration", "fear", and so on- > Although those emotional states can be objectively defined (a la Duncan and > Jones), in my opinion too often they are used with reference to states of > being that have not been objectively analyzed- Again: I suspect that there > are many of us who have little doubt that nonhuman animals do experience > such negative conscious emotions- But to what extent do animals suffer in > those states?- > > In other words, to say that an animal "most probably" or "almost > certainly" will experience some pain in this or that situation may be > justifiable- But in actuality that conclusion alone is not very useful with > respect to a husbandman's deciding what to do about it- To the husbandmen, > it is not enough to suspect that an animal is suffering- The husbandman > needs to know not only whether an animal is indeed suffering, but -- more > importantly -- the extent to which that animal suffers and why and what can > be done to relieve it of that suffering- We need the theories, to be sure- > But -- in the best interests of the animal's state of being -- I suggest > that we should not base recommendations and regulations on theories- There > is too much chance that we will botch the job by making a recommendation or > regulation based on one or more of those unsubstantiatible theories, and we > know that in doing so can lead to awful consequences with respect to animal > state of being- > > We need to know more quantitatively how an animal feels in this or that > environment- In these matters, guessing is not on- > > -Stan Curtis > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Petherick, Carol" > To: ; "Stanley Curtis" > Cc: "Ethology" > Sent: Tuesday, October 19, 2004 5:04 PM > Subject: RE: Sentient; > > > Chris > A very pertinent point! I am horrified to say that I encounter vets here > who firmly believe that non-human animals do not experience feelings and > emotions. I ask them why they use anaesthetics and analgesics when > conducting surgery on animals - or, at least, companion animals; an awful > lot of surgical procedures are conducted on livestock with anaesthetics or > analgesics! I guess that brings us to your other point about the value of > animals and their perceived utility. In the case of livestock one may > expect them to be valued more highly than companion animals; people make a > living from them. However, the value of livestock tends to be more in their > numbers; individually they are 'worth' little (both $-wise and their > production). For companion animals, their value is measured very > differently - not necessarily in $ terms, but all those other aspects we > value about them. I think that old paper on "The Moral Status of Mice" by > Herzog really sums it up well (HA Herzog (1988) American Psychologist 43: > 473-474 - for those who've not read it). > Regards > > Carol > > Carol Petherick > Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries > > Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 > Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au > > -----Original Message----- > From: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk [mailto:Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk] > Sent: Tuesday, 19 October 2004 7:25 PM > To: Stanley Curtis > Cc: Ethology > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > Stanley and others, > > An interesting and thought-provoking discussion - thank you! > > I'm wondering whether we don't already have some of the 'objective > quantification' > you suggest that we need regarding animals experiencing subjective states. > Each > year, many millions of laboratory animals are used as models of human > depression, > anxiety, drug abuse, etc. We use tests such as the elevated plus maze to > quantify > the amount of 'anxiety' the animal is experiencing. We then administer a > drug > and quantify the effects on behaviour. We then use arguement-by-analogy > (which > ultimately is our ONLY tool in this debate) to make the leap of faith that > the drug > will have a similar effect on the subjective state in humans. My > question is this > - if we do not believe that these animals are capable of experiencing > these > subjective states (or an analogous experience), then why do we continue to > use them > as models for human emotions? > > Kind regards, > > Chris > > > > > > On Tue, 19 Oct 2004 00:38:56 -0500 Stanley Curtis > wrote: > > > > > Jenny Haskins and others- > > > > Your point is well-taken- > > > > However, it seems to me that the fact that the jargon (not necessarily > a > > pejorative term) of psychology (as reflected by the need apparently > perceived by > > some for a Penguin Dictionary of Psychology in the first place) imparts > a special > > meaning to the words "sentience" and "sentient" makes it all the more > important > > that we scientists exercise caution when bandying about terms such as > those two or > > such as "feelings", "emotions", "pain", and the like- Unless and until > we have > > scientific evidence at hand that objectively quantifies in regard to > some > > particular jargon term the nature of the conscious experience a nonhuman > animal has > > in this situation or that, we should not apply that term when discussing > that > > animal's nature- In most cases with regard to animal cognition, we do > not have > > that much-needed information- > > > > This is not to say that, ultimately, we shall not have the objective > evidence at > > hand that confirms our hunches- But until that time I think we should > be awfully > > careful in this area, especially, for example, when it comes to setting > > regulations- > > > > The animals deserve the best we have to offer- And that, methinks, > will be a > > true understanding of their nature- I hope I live to see the day when > we do have > > that understanding- Until then, I am afraid we are more or less > shooting in the > > dark- And, in the meantime, we should be humble; none of us should dare > think that > > he or she has some special insight into what obviously is a complex > natural > > phenomenon- > > > > To quote Henry Beston in The Outermost House (which friend and > colleague Ray > > Stricklin introduced to me many moons ago) on our fellow creatures: > "They are not > > brethren, they are not underlings; they are other nations, caught with > ourselves in > > the net of life and time, fellow prisoners of the splendour and travail > of the > > earth." > > > > -Stanley Curtis > > > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > > From: Jenny Haskins > > To: Ethology > > Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 11:26 PM > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > You are so right. All the problems with the use of the term > 'punishment' and > > confusion between the 'Behaviourism' meaning and common usage, being a > case in > > point. There is a lot of confusion and wooly-thinking because of this > discrepancy. > > > > However 'sentience' and 'sentient' are not words you come across > much in common > > usage. > > > > The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology (2001) which in this case I > would think > > more authoritve than Websters or even the Oxford, > > is (in part) > > > > sentient: (3) capable of awareness of or conscious recognition of > the > > perception of detail; in short, intelligence. This last meaning which > goes much > > further than the other two, is now the dominant one. > > > > Jenny Haskins > > Coffs Harbour, Australia > > > > My point simply is that, if we are going to discuss a matter at an > > intellectual level, we should be precise in our use of words- > Otherwise, the > > discussion quickly turns to mush, and not a very good grade of mush at > that- > > -Stanley Curtis > > > > > > > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------- > ------ > > > > ............................................................. > Dr C.M. Sherwin > UFAW Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > Centre for Behavioural Biology, > Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, > University of Bristol, > Langford House, > Langford, > BS40 5DU, U.K. > > > Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 > Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 > email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk > > ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** > The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages > (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally > privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity > to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of > disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken > or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions > contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions > of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received > this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and > delete it from your computer system network. > > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- > ---- > > ............................................................. Dr C.M. Sherwin Senior Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Centre for Behavioural Biology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, U.K. Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk From: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "Chris Sherwin" 21-OCT-2004 04:47:20.16 To: IN%"Carol.Petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol" CC: IN%"Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" Subj: RE: Sentient; Hi Carol, Yes, I agree that the perceived utility value of an animal varies enormously. Another factor is the country/culture. When I returned to England from Australia a few years ago, I did so in the midst of an international outcry that Australia was culling feral donkeys in the outback by shooting them from helicopters. After getting on a plane for 24 hrs, flying to England and driving for a couple of hours, I found myself in a Donkey Sanctuary. This is a plush retirement village for donkeys that have served their utility as pets, beasts of burden (giving children rides on the beaches), or otherwise. These animals are given their own sheds or communal stables, a wonderfully varied diet and pampered in every way. It's a strange world! Chris On Wed, 20 Oct 2004 08:04:56 +1000 "Petherick, Carol" wrote: > Chris > A very pertinent point! I am horrified to say that I encounter vets here who > firmly believe that non-human animals do not experience feelings and emotions. I > ask them why they use anaesthetics and analgesics when conducting surgery on > animals - or, at least, companion animals; an awful lot of surgical procedures are > conducted on livestock with anaesthetics or analgesics! I guess that brings us to > your other point about the value of animals and their perceived utility. In the > case of livestock one may expect them to be valued more highly than companion > animals; people make a living from them. However, the value of livestock tends to > be more in their numbers; individually they are 'worth' little (both $-wise and > their production). For companion animals, their value is measured very differently > - not necessarily in $ terms, but all those other aspects we value about them. I > think that old paper on "The Moral Status of Mice" by Herzog really sums it up well > (HA Herzog (1988) American Psychologist 43: 473-474 - for those who've not read > it). > Regards > > Carol > > Carol Petherick > Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries > > Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 > Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au > > -----Original Message----- > From: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk [mailto:Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk] > Sent: Tuesday, 19 October 2004 7:25 PM > To: Stanley Curtis > Cc: Ethology > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > Stanley and others, > > An interesting and thought-provoking discussion - thank you! > > I'm wondering whether we don't already have some of the 'objective quantification' > you suggest that we need regarding animals experiencing subjective states. Each > year, many millions of laboratory animals are used as models of human depression, > anxiety, drug abuse, etc. We use tests such as the elevated plus maze to quantify > the amount of 'anxiety' the animal is experiencing. We then administer a drug > and quantify the effects on behaviour. We then use arguement-by-analogy (which > ultimately is our ONLY tool in this debate) to make the leap of faith that the drug > will have a similar effect on the subjective state in humans. My question is this > - if we do not believe that these animals are capable of experiencing these > subjective states (or an analogous experience), then why do we continue to use them > as models for human emotions? > > Kind regards, > > Chris > > > > > > On Tue, 19 Oct 2004 00:38:56 -0500 Stanley Curtis wrote: > > > > > Jenny Haskins and others- > > > > Your point is well-taken- > > > > However, it seems to me that the fact that the jargon (not necessarily a > > pejorative term) of psychology (as reflected by the need apparently perceived by > > some for a Penguin Dictionary of Psychology in the first place) imparts a special > > > meaning to the words "sentience" and "sentient" makes it all the more important > > that we scientists exercise caution when bandying about terms such as those two > or > > such as "feelings", "emotions", "pain", and the like- Unless and until we have > > scientific evidence at hand that objectively quantifies in regard to some > > particular jargon term the nature of the conscious experience a nonhuman animal > has > > in this situation or that, we should not apply that term when discussing that > > animal's nature- In most cases with regard to animal cognition, we do not have > > that much-needed information- > > > > This is not to say that, ultimately, we shall not have the objective evidence > at > > hand that confirms our hunches- But until that time I think we should be awfully > > > careful in this area, especially, for example, when it comes to setting > > regulations- > > > > The animals deserve the best we have to offer- And that, methinks, will be a > > true understanding of their nature- I hope I live to see the day when we do have > > > that understanding- Until then, I am afraid we are more or less shooting in the > > dark- And, in the meantime, we should be humble; none of us should dare think > that > > he or she has some special insight into what obviously is a complex natural > > phenomenon- > > > > To quote Henry Beston in The Outermost House (which friend and colleague Ray > > Stricklin introduced to me many moons ago) on our fellow creatures: "They are > not > > brethren, they are not underlings; they are other nations, caught with ourselves > in > > the net of life and time, fellow prisoners of the splendour and travail of the > > earth." > > > > -Stanley Curtis > > > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > > From: Jenny Haskins > > To: Ethology > > Sent: Monday, October 18, 2004 11:26 PM > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > You are so right. All the problems with the use of the term 'punishment' and > > > confusion between the 'Behaviourism' meaning and common usage, being a case in > > point. There is a lot of confusion and wooly-thinking because of this > discrepancy. > > > > However 'sentience' and 'sentient' are not words you come across much in > common > > usage. > > > > The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology (2001) which in this case I would think > > > more authoritve than Websters or even the Oxford, > > is (in part) > > > > sentient: (3) capable of awareness of or conscious recognition of the > > perception of detail; in short, intelligence. This last meaning which goes much > > further than the other two, is now the dominant one. > > > > Jenny Haskins > > Coffs Harbour, Australia > > > > My point simply is that, if we are going to discuss a matter at an > > intellectual level, we should be precise in our use of words- Otherwise, the > > discussion quickly turns to mush, and not a very good grade of mush at that- > > -Stanley Curtis > > > > > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > > > > ............................................................. > Dr C.M. Sherwin > UFAW Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > Centre for Behavioural Biology, > Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, > University of Bristol, > Langford House, > Langford, > BS40 5DU, U.K. > > > Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 > Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 > email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk > > ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** > The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages > (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally > privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity > to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of > disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken > or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions > contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions > of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received > this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and > delete it from your computer system network. > ............................................................. Dr C.M. Sherwin Senior Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Centre for Behavioural Biology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, U.K. Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk From: IN%"wrstrick@umd.edu" "Ray Stricklin" 21-OCT-2004 09:03:28.20 To: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology" Subj: RE: Sentient; -----Original Message----- From: Stanley Curtis Subject: Re: Sentient; > But -- in the best interests of the animal's state of being -- I suggest > that we should not base recommendations and regulations on theories- There > is too much chance that we will botch the job by making a recommendation or > -------------- Stan et al., I regret that I have not had time to follow this discussion on sentience and my apologies in that I have not read fully the messages posted to date. But I did want to comment on the above statement. I both agree and disagree with the above - depending on the intended consequences or implementation of the statement; but will not try to address this question herein. Instead, I will state that we must use hypotheses, theories - or whatever label one uses for the concept - when dealing with feelings, pain, consciousness, awareness ... (sentience) of other beings. Indeed, because of the inability of science to deal with 'the problem of other minds' we cannot and must not use science alone even when making policy decisions about other humans. One could never prove using 'science alone' that a given human has, or has not, sentience. And because we span an even greater barrier in trying to gain an understanding of what animals experience, we should not expect that science alone will provide us with answers to questions that ultimately have to do with pathos - not chemistry and physics alone. This business of sentience is thus ultimately a question of subjective state. (A side note: Science traditionally has run like hell in the opposite direction when confronted with subjective topics. One thing that I find quite interesting is that some persons, especially Marian Stamp Dawkins, have to some extent forced the scientific community to question where the boundaries of science lie on the topic of animal welfare, which ultimately is a subjective issue. American science derives more from French and British philosophy of science and takes the attitude: you must prove that 'it' exists for us to adopt a position; 'it' being animal sentience in the current discussion. And today we see a growing number of persons, scientists and others, who contend - prove to me that 'it' does NOT exist! The German philosophy of science has contributed to the current debate in that it takes a broader and different - more holistic - view of science and nature. As a consequence ethology being Germanic in its roots has brought forth a basis to challenge some of the "traditional" views of the more top-down, hierarchical American model of science. And persons like Anna Olsson - who I hope does not mind being singled out - who were educated in northern Europe have a considerably different view of "science" and nature than do many Americans. This debate over science in relation to how animals should be treated, I believe, will play out on an international level, in part at least due to globalization, over the coming decades and should ultimately bring forth an interesting synthesis in philosophies of science in the outcome.) Ray Stricklin University of Maryland From: IN%"info@kerwoodwolf.com" "Kerwood Wolf Education Centre Inc." 21-OCT-2004 14:03:49.87 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Ontario Pit Bull Ban Hello everyone, I know many of you out there are dog trainers, canine behaviorists etc. I'm interested in your position concerning BSL (breed specific legislation) and specifically, interested in what you think about the current push (well, it's basically a "done deal") to ban pit bulls and likely all similar breeds in Ontario. The two links below are: 1) the Attorney General press release regarding the ban, and 2) a CBC news article about the ban. http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/news/2004/20041015-pitbulls -nr.asp http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/dogs/ Vivian Vivian Singer-Ferris Executive Director Kerwood Wolf Education Centre Inc. info@kerwoodwolf.com www.kerwoodwolf.com Tel: (519) 247-1118 Fax: (519) 247-9876 From: IN%"info@kerwoodwolf.com" "Kerwood Wolf Education Centre Inc." 21-OCT-2004 14:11:15.23 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Here's the link again... Oops... the link to the Attorney General press release didn't come through properly. Here it is again: http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/news/2004/20041015-pitbulls-nr.asp Vivian Vivian Singer-Ferris Executive Director Kerwood Wolf Education Centre Inc. info@kerwoodwolf.com www.kerwoodwolf.com Tel: (519) 247-1118 Fax: (519) 247-9876 From: IN%"Carol.Petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol" 21-OCT-2004 16:19:49.54 To: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis", IN%"olsson@ibmc.up.pt" "Anna Olsson", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Sentient; Stan and others This avoidance of the use of the word 'welfare' in favour of 'wellbeing' is= peculiar to N America - and more so in the US than Canada. In N America t= he two words are used to mean the same thing. Everywhere else in the world= the word 'welfare' is used by the scientific and non-scientific community.= My understanding for the avoidance of the term 'welfare' in N America is,= as you say Stan, the connotations of human aid programs. I think the majority of animal welfare scientists accept (and have always d= one so) that 'welfare' is a continuum ranging from very good to very poor; = I don't believe that any animal welfare scientist believes that the word we= lfare implies or means a positive state. There is continued debate about the definition of welfare (and wellbeing), = but I don't think this means we should get rid of the word and use somethin= g else about which, I don't doubt, there would also be debate as to its exa= ct meaning. The majority of the animal welfare stakeholders understand and use 'welfare= ', and with all due respect Stan, what you seem to be suggesting is using w= ords that just locate animals at a specific point along the welfare continu= um, and I'm not sure that that helps us any when it comes to making regulat= ory or legislative (or other) guidelines about the way animals should be tr= eated - the reason being that different people will have different ideas ab= out what is acceptable and unacceptable. We need to determine what's accep= table and unacceptable for the animal. Regards,=20 Carol Carol Petherick Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au -----Original Message----- From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu]=20 Sent: Thursday, 21 October 2004 3:38 PM To: Anna Olsson; applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca Subject: Re: Sentient; Urbana, Illinois 20 October 2004 Anna Olsson and others- This is in response to Anna Olsson's implied invitation for me to comment further as registered in her 20 October 2004 post to "Stanley and others" o= n the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network- + + + DIGRESSION: STATE OF BEING A dictionary defines state as "mode or condition of being" and being a= s "the quality or state of having existence". State of being, therefore, means "condition of existence". In terms of an animal's condition of existence, that condition may be well, fair, or poor. In other words, an animal can experience well-being, fair-being, or poor-being, can be in a condition of wellness, fairness, or poorness. The term welfare refers to only one possible state of being, viz., well-being. A dictionary says so. Animals naturally exist from time to time in any of the three states of being, and therefore we should be precis= e when we speak or write about an animal's condition and account for all of these possibilities. Hence, the generic term should be state of being, neither welfare nor well-being. Moreover, as again a dictionary says, welfare often has connotations having to do with aid in the form of money or necessities for those in need or an agency or program through which such aid is distributed. So I think some term other than welfare should be used in connection with a living entity's condition, so there will be no confusion with political entitlement. Bottom line: in context of the condition of an animal's existence, well-being is but one of three possible states of being (viz., well-, fair-= , and poor-being-with the adverbial modifier very also sometimes being applicable to well- and poor-being [very-well-being), that state of being i= s the appropriate categorical term, and that the word welfare ought not be used. Finally-insofar as agricultural animals are concerned--our goal in terms of ethical obligation and responsibility as well as economic rationality should be that an animal kept for agricultural purposes should experience wellness most of the time, fairness some of the time, and poorness as infrequently as possible. It is unreasonable to expect that an= y animal will be well all of the time. Stanley E. Curtis 12 May 2004 + + + This series of exchanges on the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network began several days ago with discussion of the need for careful use of terms such as "sentience" and "sentient" with respect to the nature of nonhuman animal= s and their needs and wants- It has evolved into discussion of the very root of the worldwide issue of "animal rights" and "animal welfare"- I repeat: What follows are the thoughts of animal scientist, animal husbandman, applied ecologist, applied ethologist; one who believes, as did James Randl when he said: "Science is best defined as a careful, disciplined, logical search for knowledge . , obtained by examination of the best available evidence and always subject to correction and improvement upon discovery of better evidence. What's left is magic. And it doesn't work."- This particular human wants - in the context of nature and the web of life - what is best for each and every animal with which our kind shares this planet- Most of us keep animals for our own (selfish [not always a pejorative term]) purposes - companionship, food, biomedical research and teaching models, recreation, security, assistance, whatever- We are responsible for the ethically acceptable support and treatment of any anima= l we keep- Of course, right away, one of the problems here is that individua= l humans' respective ethical views differ- Based on our history in terms of coming together ecumenically, I think it is most likely that we shall never completely agree with one another about what an animal needs- Having said that, nevertheless, many of the world's citizens seem to be concerned about the matter of the care of the animals we keep to the extent that there are calls for some sort of universality in our instructions to and expectations of those who care for the animals we keep- If that universality cannot be based on any single philosophical base, then upon what will it be based?- The modern issue of kept-animal state of being started with Ruth Harrison= ' s book published in London in the mid-1960s and the soon-ensuing Brambell Report commissioned by the British Parliament- That Report gave significan= t attention to what might be called the "feelings" of animals- Around this time, a few people started the scientific study of animals feelings- Important among these was Ian Duncan, who eventually came to the conclusion that "[animal (state of being) has all to do with how that animal feels]) - the Duncan Axiom, if you will- I completely agree with the Duncan Axiom- Alas, since Ian Duncan issued his axiom, we have advanced precious little i= n our understanding of animal feelings- In fact, among quite a few experimental psychologists to this day, the very notion that animals posses= s conscious awareness is still considered heresy- I do not concur- I respec= t the evidence and thinking and writing of scientists such as Donald Griffin and Marian Stamp Dawkins, and I accept (unless and until further evidence suggests otherwise) that animals do think and do experience a variety of emotions- But those are qualitative notions- What about quantification?- How much do those cognitive processes affect the state of being of an animal?- How much does an animal suffer when it experiences those respective emotions in specific life situations?- We now expect a lot of those in our midst who take it upon themselves to keep animals- It is ultimately essential that animal keepers have at hand the answers to these questions- This is because, for animals as for humans= , we usually do not possess sufficient resources to ensure that every individual will be provided every bit of support and protection it needs to lead a perfect life (whatever that might be)- (Even Hans Selye was of the opinion that the opposite of stress is not utopia; it is death-) So, if we are to hold its keeper accountable for ensuring a socially acceptable state of being in an animal, that caretaker must know what and how much care is enough to meet the animal's needs- Now, because animal production, for example, is a business, it is unlikel= y agricultural producers will choose to provide more support and protection for their animals than those animals need: support and protection are expensive- Enter what Dennis Hardwick coined the "welfare plateau" - the postulate (which I consider wise) that an ethically acceptable level of animal state of being is not limited to one ideal set of circumstances, but rather that it exists over a range of conditions provided by a variety of keeping systems- (Cf. S. E. Curtis. Veterinary Clinics of North America/Farm Animal Practice/Food Animal Behavior. 3(2):369-382, 1987. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia-) Once the animal keeper knows where that welfare platea= u starts, he/she can design and operate an animal-keeping system to honor tha= t point- But that the point of that start has to be a quantitative value!- Where should the line be drawn?- I submit that - as for using an animal's feelings as the guide to drawing that line-- as of today we do not have at hand the scientifically determine= d quantitative value of the lower point of the welfare plateau for any kept animal- I hope that some day we do have- In fact, I myself have dabbled some in research on that facet of the pig's nature- But, truth be told, right now we do not have- What should we do between now and that day when we might have that knowledge available for application in animal husbandry?- Some would say w= e should take laps of faith, jump to conclusions, decide by analogy to the human condition- I would no more want to see observations of human feeling= s be the sole regulated bases for how we care for animals than I would want t= o see observations of animal traits be the sole regulated bases for how we formulate pharmaceuticals for humans- I suggest that we continue - indeed, continue with renewed fervor - our search for that sufficient understanding of the nature of animal feelings that is utterly essential to using their feelings as a guide to how we keep= , handle, and treat animals- In the meantime, we should use our intuition to apply those bits and pieces of insufficient understanding of those things that we do already possess- But they should not be the bases for either public expectations or governmental regulations- And I further suggest that - as we wait until that crucial information just alluded to eventually emerges from scientists' workplaces - we base ou= r recommendations to and expectations of animal caretakers on the best evidence we actually have at our disposal- I suggest we take the following course as we make progress in the meantime- FIRST BASIS: HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (AND THUS ATTENTION) My suggestion is based on my adaptation of Abraham Maslow's "hierarchy of human needs" to nonhuman animals- (Cf. S. E. Curtis, loc.cit.-) Basically= , application of Maslow's scheme to kept animals results in a hierarchic organization of animal needs along the following lines (from lowest to highest): (1) physiologic needs; (2) safety needs; and (3) behavioral needs. Animals' physiologic needs (for food; shelter; and health care) are reasonably well-understood and are being fulfilled reasonably well- The safety needs (for safe, well-designed equipment and facilities; protection against predation and weather accidents) are somewhat less well-understood and less well-attended to- The behavioral needs (which usually ultimately translates into animals' subjective feelings) are (as we have just been discussing) not at all well-understood, so we cannot know whether or not they are being met- I suggest the bottom line in this respect is: We should be paying more attention to those aspects of animal care over which we have the most control - numerous factors including nutrition, thermal and light environment, microbic environment, social environment, handling procedures, and floor condition and other safety traits- (All that follows has been extracted/modified from the scrip= t for the textbook several others and I are in the final stages of preparing- It is shared here for the purpose of this APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network discussion only-) SECOND: ANIMALS' PRIORITIES OF RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION At the organism level there are three categories of life processes: =B7 maintenance processes that sustain life, ensure individual survival; =B7 reproductive processes that provide for perpetuation of the species; = and =B7 performance or productive processes that humans cultivate to yield products, by-products and co-products, work, and other services (e. g., companionship and socializing, recreation, competitive athletics, human assistance and service) enjoyed by or useful to humans. At some times in some environments, all of an animal's life processes can be completely supported. In other situations, however, available resources may be so limited that the animal must exercise priorities. At any moment, for a particular animal, the various life processes are differentially important to fitness, i. e., to individual survival and species propagation-any animal's top-two priorities. When the needs for bodily resources exceed their availability, some processes must be de-emphasized so currently more vital ones can be more fully supported. In general, then, when bodily resources become ever more scarce, the prime goals of fitness-viz., individual survival (maintenance processes) and species perpetuation (reproductive processes)-progressively become an anima= l 's primary priorities. A guinea pig, e. g., will experience a reduction in growth rate in a hot environment, so certain bodily resources can be redirected to supporting higher-priority maintenance processes (e. g., panting). Productive processes in production animals result from bodily functions that have been intensified or otherwise modified through genetic manipulation, nutrition, or other husbandry practices. But these exaggerate= d functions may be critical to neither an individual's survival nor its reproduction. Processes not among these top priorities are, in times of stress, least protected and least spared. When an animal responds to adaptagent(s), its maintenance needs invariabl= y increase (although sometimes negligibly). Resource expenditures in support of responsive maintenance functions increase progressively as the animal's responses increase, so the animal's remaining functional capabilities progressively decrease. As stress intensity increases, life processes becom= e progressively imperiled in the order of their respective contributions to productivity first, reproductivity second, survival last. THIRD: THE CURTIS AXIOM A dictionary defines an axiom as a statement accepted as true as the basi= s for argument or inference. For performing animals, as many have asserted, appropriate complements of indicators probably will best reflect an animal's overall state of being. But our understanding of all of the many mechanisms involved is still inadequate, and so the task remains impossible. Moreover, although Ian Duncan has opined that an animal's state of being has all to do with that animal's feelings, in fact at this point in time, we definitively know almost nothing about how an animal feels. We can speculate, we can surmise= , we can analogize, but we still do not know. As a consequence, the rate of performance usually today is the best singl= e indicator - in terms of availability, measurability, and sensitivity - of the state of being of a performing animal. That is, of course, providing that the animal is constitutionally fit in the first place. In this textbook, reference is made only to constitutionally fit animals. There is no moral excuse for keeping constitutionally unfit creatures for profit-making or self-indulgent purposes. I have axiomized the following for agricultural, recreational, companion, working, service, and laboratory animals alike: For a constitutionally fit performing animal of any kind -- unless and until we definitively know something about their conscious feelings -- the best single indicator of that animal's state of being is its rate of biologic productive performance relative to its genetic potential. This axiom is based on the following premises: =B7 The fact that any adaptate to any adaptagent requires an animal to expend various bodily resources. =B7 The fact that these bodily resources often are limited in availability to the animal, and, therefore, that the animal must exercise priorities. =B7 The generally accepted dogma (based on clinical, empirica= l, and experimental observations) about an animal's priorities for allocating limited resources, with maintenance and survival processes being supported first, reproductive-performance processes second, and productive-performanc= e processes last. =B7 The morality-based assumption that any animal being kept = for performance purposes will be constitutionally fit. =B7 The notion that, when pathogenic agents bypass an animal's primary defenses, the host's immune cells are stimulated to secrete cytokines. Various adaptates then may be stimulated by these cytokines. But, in any case, there is a shift in the partitioning of nutrients away from productiv= e and reproductive processes toward behavioral and metabolic responses that support animal defenses and, thereby, top-priority animal maintenance and survival processes. This shift in the balance between anabolic pressures an= d natural, entropic, catabolic processes partly explains the frequent reductions in an animal's productive and even reproductive syntheses and yields. =B7 The expectation that more about animals' conscious feelings will be learned scientifically, and that, as a consequence, this axiom might eventually be refined, modified, or outright rejected. FINALLY: SIXTY LAST WORDS So I submit for your consideration, comment, and discussion the suggestio= n that, although we can have other ultimate goals, at this point in time what those of us who are involved - today! -- in the care of animals ought to be basing our decisions as to how to husband an animal on how that animal quantitatively performs productively and reproductively- + + + ----- Original Message -----=20 From: "Anna Olsson" To: "Stanley Curtis" ; Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 1:34 AM Subject: Re: Sentient; > Dear Stanley and others, > > While I appreciate your critical view, I would be very interested in seeing > what approach you suggest as an alternative to the present (combining the > best available scientific evidence and argument from analogy with exper= t > opinion including consideration of benefit of the doubt) in guidelines and > policy-making for animal husbandry. > > I am fully aware of the shortcomings of present research. Animal welfar= e as > a discipline of research is fairly recent, and not much of the researc= h has > been directed at providing the scientific evidence for animal subjectiv= e > mental states that you ask for. This matter is further complicated by the > fact that neurobiology has only very recently started to give us a > significant insight in the neurobiology of human subjective mental state. > > It is not uncommon to have to legislate in situations of limited knowledge. > An important consideration to be made in these situations is that of th= e > potential consequences of making the wrong decision. If we assume that > vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in production > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that sentience. > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the > first - but that is my view and I would welcome arguments supporting other > positions. > > The Rio Declaration (1992) says that lack of "full scientific certainty > shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to > prevent environmental degradation" (cited from > http://www.biotech-info.net/science_and_PP.html which is recommended fo= r > those who want to read more about legislation and the precautionary > principle). I would argue that the well-being of sentient individuals i= s a > matter of sufficient importance to take a similar position. > > It is obvious that we should not make decisions in the complete absence of > scientific evidence, and equally obvious that we will never have the > complete unambiguous scientific evidence for anything, so the question then > becomes how much scientific evidence should we ask for before making a > decision? While humbly aware of the limitations of our knowledge, I mus= t say > that I find it worrying if someone would claim that the almost 40 years of > scientific research over animal welfare since the Brambell report had not > produced any information that can be useful in decision-making. > > Regards, > Anna Olsson > > Dr Anna Olsson > Researcher > Animal Behaviour & Welfare - Bioethics > > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal > Phone +351 22 607 4900 > Faz +351 22 609 9157 > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------------= - ----=20 ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages=20 (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally=20 privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity=20 to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of=20 disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken=20 or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions=20 contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions=20 of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received=20 this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and=20 delete it from your computer system network.=20 From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 21-OCT-2004 18:05:04.71 To: IN%"Carol.Petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol", IN%"olsson@ibmc.up.pt" "Anna Olsson", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Sentient; Carol, Anna, Chris, Rick, and others- Carol, thank you for your most recent instance of sharing your thinking on the subject matter- You have said (and I agree with you): "We need to determine what's acceptable and unacceptable for the animal." In other words, admitting that there is the continuum to which Carol refers, someone has the responsibility to draw a line every day in millions -- nay, billions -- of specific cases, with a living, breathing -- okay: sentient -- animal awaiting a decision in each case- Scientists struggling with these issues do, of course, recognize this point about a continuum- But when scientists (carelessly) use one of those words -- "welfare" or "well-being" -- I suggest that this habit encourages nonscientists -- including activists and politicians and journalists -- to think only in terms of one spot on the continuum, with all the subconscious nuances that most likely leads to in the minds of the general citizenry- A significant problem in this important public issue is that, as with most public issues, at this stage of the debate, philosophy, politics, and science are all intimately intertwined- Indeed, the "more heat than light" nature of issues while they are in their respective hot stages probably owes as much as anything to that fact: People with quite different world views and quite different mindsets and quite different philosophies of life and religions and quite different educational and experiential backgrounds -- all of these wonderfully diverse human individuals -- are active participants in the discussion- No wonder we have so much trouble coming to consensus!- I am simply suggesting that, as complicated as The Issue is -- from philosophical, political, and scientific perspectives alike, not to mention their interfaces -- each of us in each of these geeneral arenas should be using language that is plain and straightforward- Loaded words should be "not on"- I think "well-being" and "welfare" used in the generic sense are loaded words that subtly raise unrealistic expectations as to what Henry Bestion called the "splendour and travail" of life- Using the term "state of being", instead, subtly but consistently reminds one that there is that continuum to which Carol refers and that the realistic goal in the real world is, as I have written before: "Our goal in terms of ethical obligation and responsibility as well as economic rationality should be that an animal kept for agricultural purposes should experience wellness most of the time, fairness some of the time, and poorness as infrequently as possible"- Some of us are (and for decades have been) constantly striving for ways to facilitate communication (and ultimately understanding) among the diverse people who are sincere parties to the discussion- Precise language common to all discussants (no loaded words, no buzz words, no jargon) and shrunken egos are two elements that will be essential to progress- I think that such a more realistic approach as I have suggested with the simple use of the more universal concept of "state of being" will contribute to that end- I hope it will be adopted, mand I hope that my hopes for its usefulness will be achieved- -Stan Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: "Petherick, Carol" To: "Stanley Curtis" ; "Anna Olsson" ; Sent: Thursday, October 21, 2004 5:19 PM Subject: RE: Sentient; Stan and others This avoidance of the use of the word 'welfare' in favour of 'wellbeing' is peculiar to N America - and more so in the US than Canada. In N America the two words are used to mean the same thing. Everywhere else in the world the word 'welfare' is used by the scientific and non-scientific community. My understanding for the avoidance of the term 'welfare' in N America is, as you say Stan, the connotations of human aid programs. I think the majority of animal welfare scientists accept (and have always done so) that 'welfare' is a continuum ranging from very good to very poor; I don't believe that any animal welfare scientist believes that the word welfare implies or means a positive state. There is continued debate about the definition of welfare (and wellbeing), but I don't think this means we should get rid of the word and use something else about which, I don't doubt, there would also be debate as to its exact meaning. The majority of the animal welfare stakeholders understand and use 'welfare', and with all due respect Stan, what you seem to be suggesting is using words that just locate animals at a specific point along the welfare continuum, and I'm not sure that that helps us any when it comes to making regulatory or legislative (or other) guidelines about the way animals should be treated - the reason being that different people will have different ideas about what is acceptable and unacceptable. We need to determine what's acceptable and unacceptable for the animal. Regards, Carol Carol Petherick Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au -----Original Message----- From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] Sent: Thursday, 21 October 2004 3:38 PM To: Anna Olsson; applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca Subject: Re: Sentient; Urbana, Illinois 20 October 2004 Anna Olsson and others- This is in response to Anna Olsson's implied invitation for me to comment further as registered in her 20 October 2004 post to "Stanley and others" on the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network- + + + DIGRESSION: STATE OF BEING A dictionary defines state as "mode or condition of being" and being as "the quality or state of having existence". State of being, therefore, means "condition of existence". In terms of an animal's condition of existence, that condition may be well, fair, or poor. In other words, an animal can experience well-being, fair-being, or poor-being, can be in a condition of wellness, fairness, or poorness. The term welfare refers to only one possible state of being, viz., well-being. A dictionary says so. Animals naturally exist from time to time in any of the three states of being, and therefore we should be precise when we speak or write about an animal's condition and account for all of these possibilities. Hence, the generic term should be state of being, neither welfare nor well-being. Moreover, as again a dictionary says, welfare often has connotations having to do with aid in the form of money or necessities for those in need or an agency or program through which such aid is distributed. So I think some term other than welfare should be used in connection with a living entity's condition, so there will be no confusion with political entitlement. Bottom line: in context of the condition of an animal's existence, well-being is but one of three possible states of being (viz., well-, fair-, and poor-being-with the adverbial modifier very also sometimes being applicable to well- and poor-being [very-well-being), that state of being is the appropriate categorical term, and that the word welfare ought not be used. Finally-insofar as agricultural animals are concerned--our goal in terms of ethical obligation and responsibility as well as economic rationality should be that an animal kept for agricultural purposes should experience wellness most of the time, fairness some of the time, and poorness as infrequently as possible. We need to determine what's acceptable and unacceptable for the animal. Stanley E. Curtis 12 May 2004 + + + This series of exchanges on the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network began several days ago with discussion of the need for careful use of terms such as "sentience" and "sentient" with respect to the nature of nonhuman animals and their needs and wants- It has evolved into discussion of the very root of the worldwide issue of "animal rights" and "animal welfare"- I repeat: What follows are the thoughts of animal scientist, animal husbandman, applied ecologist, applied ethologist; one who believes, as did James Randl when he said: "Science is best defined as a careful, disciplined, logical search for knowledge . , obtained by examination of the best available evidence and always subject to correction and improvement upon discovery of better evidence. What's left is magic. And it doesn't work."- This particular human wants - in the context of nature and the web of life - what is best for each and every animal with which our kind shares this planet- Most of us keep animals for our own (selfish [not always a pejorative term]) purposes - companionship, food, biomedical research and teaching models, recreation, security, assistance, whatever- We are responsible for the ethically acceptable support and treatment of any animal we keep- Of course, right away, one of the problems here is that individual humans' respective ethical views differ- Based on our history in terms of coming together ecumenically, I think it is most likely that we shall never completely agree with one another about what an animal needs- Having said that, nevertheless, many of the world's citizens seem to be concerned about the matter of the care of the animals we keep to the extent that there are calls for some sort of universality in our instructions to and expectations of those who care for the animals we keep- If that universality cannot be based on any single philosophical base, then upon what will it be based?- The modern issue of kept-animal state of being started with Ruth Harrison' s book published in London in the mid-1960s and the soon-ensuing Brambell Report commissioned by the British Parliament- That Report gave significant attention to what might be called the "feelings" of animals- Around this time, a few people started the scientific study of animals feelings- Important among these was Ian Duncan, who eventually came to the conclusion that "[animal (state of being) has all to do with how that animal feels]) - the Duncan Axiom, if you will- I completely agree with the Duncan Axiom- Alas, since Ian Duncan issued his axiom, we have advanced precious little in our understanding of animal feelings- In fact, among quite a few experimental psychologists to this day, the very notion that animals possess conscious awareness is still considered heresy- I do not concur- I respect the evidence and thinking and writing of scientists such as Donald Griffin and Marian Stamp Dawkins, and I accept (unless and until further evidence suggests otherwise) that animals do think and do experience a variety of emotions- But those are qualitative notions- What about quantification?- How much do those cognitive processes affect the state of being of an animal?- How much does an animal suffer when it experiences those respective emotions in specific life situations?- We now expect a lot of those in our midst who take it upon themselves to keep animals- It is ultimately essential that animal keepers have at hand the answers to these questions- This is because, for animals as for humans, we usually do not possess sufficient resources to ensure that every individual will be provided every bit of support and protection it needs to lead a perfect life (whatever that might be)- (Even Hans Selye was of the opinion that the opposite of stress is not utopia; it is death-) So, if we are to hold its keeper accountable for ensuring a socially acceptable state of being in an animal, that caretaker must know what and how much care is enough to meet the animal's needs- Now, because animal production, for example, is a business, it is unlikely agricultural producers will choose to provide more support and protection for their animals than those animals need: support and protection are expensive- Enter what Dennis Hardwick coined the "welfare plateau" - the postulate (which I consider wise) that an ethically acceptable level of animal state of being is not limited to one ideal set of circumstances, but rather that it exists over a range of conditions provided by a variety of keeping systems- (Cf. S. E. Curtis. Veterinary Clinics of North America/Farm Animal Practice/Food Animal Behavior. 3(2):369-382, 1987. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia-) Once the animal keeper knows where that welfare plateau starts, he/she can design and operate an animal-keeping system to honor that point- But that the point of that start has to be a quantitative value!- Where should the line be drawn?- I submit that - as for using an animal's feelings as the guide to drawing that line-- as of today we do not have at hand the scientifically determined quantitative value of the lower point of the welfare plateau for any kept animal- I hope that some day we do have- In fact, I myself have dabbled some in research on that facet of the pig's nature- But, truth be told, right now we do not have- What should we do between now and that day when we might have that knowledge available for application in animal husbandry?- Some would say we should take laps of faith, jump to conclusions, decide by analogy to the human condition- I would no more want to see observations of human feelings be the sole regulated bases for how we care for animals than I would want to see observations of animal traits be the sole regulated bases for how we formulate pharmaceuticals for humans- I suggest that we continue - indeed, continue with renewed fervor - our search for that sufficient understanding of the nature of animal feelings that is utterly essential to using their feelings as a guide to how we keep, handle, and treat animals- In the meantime, we should use our intuition to apply those bits and pieces of insufficient understanding of those things that we do already possess- But they should not be the bases for either public expectations or governmental regulations- And I further suggest that - as we wait until that crucial information just alluded to eventually emerges from scientists' workplaces - we base our recommendations to and expectations of animal caretakers on the best evidence we actually have at our disposal- I suggest we take the following course as we make progress in the meantime- FIRST BASIS: HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (AND THUS ATTENTION) My suggestion is based on my adaptation of Abraham Maslow's "hierarchy of human needs" to nonhuman animals- (Cf. S. E. Curtis, loc.cit.-) Basically, application of Maslow's scheme to kept animals results in a hierarchic organization of animal needs along the following lines (from lowest to highest): (1) physiologic needs; (2) safety needs; and (3) behavioral needs. Animals' physiologic needs (for food; shelter; and health care) are reasonably well-understood and are being fulfilled reasonably well- The safety needs (for safe, well-designed equipment and facilities; protection against predation and weather accidents) are somewhat less well-understood and less well-attended to- The behavioral needs (which usually ultimately translates into animals' subjective feelings) are (as we have just been discussing) not at all well-understood, so we cannot know whether or not they are being met- I suggest the bottom line in this respect is: We should be paying more attention to those aspects of animal care over which we have the most control - numerous factors including nutrition, thermal and light environment, microbic environment, social environment, handling procedures, and floor condition and other safety traits- (All that follows has been extracted/modified from the script for the textbook several others and I are in the final stages of preparing- It is shared here for the purpose of this APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network discussion only-) SECOND: ANIMALS' PRIORITIES OF RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION At the organism level there are three categories of life processes: · maintenance processes that sustain life, ensure individual survival; · reproductive processes that provide for perpetuation of the species; and · performance or productive processes that humans cultivate to yield products, by-products and co-products, work, and other services (e. g., companionship and socializing, recreation, competitive athletics, human assistance and service) enjoyed by or useful to humans. At some times in some environments, all of an animal's life processes can be completely supported. In other situations, however, available resources may be so limited that the animal must exercise priorities. At any moment, for a particular animal, the various life processes are differentially important to fitness, i. e., to individual survival and species propagation-any animal's top-two priorities. When the needs for bodily resources exceed their availability, some processes must be de-emphasized so currently more vital ones can be more fully supported. In general, then, when bodily resources become ever more scarce, the prime goals of fitness-viz., individual survival (maintenance processes) and species perpetuation (reproductive processes)-progressively become an animal 's primary priorities. A guinea pig, e. g., will experience a reduction in growth rate in a hot environment, so certain bodily resources can be redirected to supporting higher-priority maintenance processes (e. g., panting). Productive processes in production animals result from bodily functions that have been intensified or otherwise modified through genetic manipulation, nutrition, or other husbandry practices. But these exaggerated functions may be critical to neither an individual's survival nor its reproduction. Processes not among these top priorities are, in times of stress, least protected and least spared. When an animal responds to adaptagent(s), its maintenance needs invariably increase (although sometimes negligibly). Resource expenditures in support of responsive maintenance functions increase progressively as the animal's responses increase, so the animal's remaining functional capabilities progressively decrease. As stress intensity increases, life processes become progressively imperiled in the order of their respective contributions to productivity first, reproductivity second, survival last. THIRD: THE CURTIS AXIOM A dictionary defines an axiom as a statement accepted as true as the basis for argument or inference. For performing animals, as many have asserted, appropriate complements of indicators probably will best reflect an animal's overall state of being. But our understanding of all of the many mechanisms involved is still inadequate, and so the task remains impossible. Moreover, although Ian Duncan has opined that an animal's state of being has all to do with that animal's feelings, in fact at this point in time, we definitively know almost nothing about how an animal feels. We can speculate, we can surmise, we can analogize, but we still do not know. As a consequence, the rate of performance usually today is the best single indicator - in terms of availability, measurability, and sensitivity - of the state of being of a performing animal. That is, of course, providing that the animal is constitutionally fit in the first place. In this textbook, reference is made only to constitutionally fit animals. There is no moral excuse for keeping constitutionally unfit creatures for profit-making or self-indulgent purposes. I have axiomized the following for agricultural, recreational, companion, working, service, and laboratory animals alike: For a constitutionally fit performing animal of any kind -- unless and until we definitively know something about their conscious feelings -- the best single indicator of that animal's state of being is its rate of biologic productive performance relative to its genetic potential. This axiom is based on the following premises: · The fact that any adaptate to any adaptagent requires an animal to expend various bodily resources. · The fact that these bodily resources often are limited in availability to the animal, and, therefore, that the animal must exercise priorities. · The generally accepted dogma (based on clinical, empirical, and experimental observations) about an animal's priorities for allocating limited resources, with maintenance and survival processes being supported first, reproductive-performance processes second, and productive-performance processes last. · The morality-based assumption that any animal being kept for performance purposes will be constitutionally fit. · The notion that, when pathogenic agents bypass an animal's primary defenses, the host's immune cells are stimulated to secrete cytokines. Various adaptates then may be stimulated by these cytokines. But, in any case, there is a shift in the partitioning of nutrients away from productive and reproductive processes toward behavioral and metabolic responses that support animal defenses and, thereby, top-priority animal maintenance and survival processes. This shift in the balance between anabolic pressures and natural, entropic, catabolic processes partly explains the frequent reductions in an animal's productive and even reproductive syntheses and yields. · The expectation that more about animals' conscious feelings will be learned scientifically, and that, as a consequence, this axiom might eventually be refined, modified, or outright rejected. FINALLY: SIXTY LAST WORDS So I submit for your consideration, comment, and discussion the suggestion that, although we can have other ultimate goals, at this point in time what those of us who are involved - today! -- in the care of animals ought to be basing our decisions as to how to husband an animal on how that animal quantitatively performs productively and reproductively- + + + ----- Original Message ----- From: "Anna Olsson" To: "Stanley Curtis" ; Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 1:34 AM Subject: Re: Sentient; > Dear Stanley and others, > > While I appreciate your critical view, I would be very interested in seeing > what approach you suggest as an alternative to the present (combining the > best available scientific evidence and argument from analogy with expert > opinion including consideration of benefit of the doubt) in guidelines and > policy-making for animal husbandry. > > I am fully aware of the shortcomings of present research. Animal welfare as > a discipline of research is fairly recent, and not much of the research has > been directed at providing the scientific evidence for animal subjective > mental states that you ask for. This matter is further complicated by the > fact that neurobiology has only very recently started to give us a > significant insight in the neurobiology of human subjective mental state. > > It is not uncommon to have to legislate in situations of limited knowledge. > An important consideration to be made in these situations is that of the > potential consequences of making the wrong decision. If we assume that > vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in production > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that sentience. > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the > first - but that is my view and I would welcome arguments supporting other > positions. > > The Rio Declaration (1992) says that lack of "full scientific certainty > shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to > prevent environmental degradation" (cited from > http://www.biotech-info.net/science_and_PP.html which is recommended for > those who want to read more about legislation and the precautionary > principle). I would argue that the well-being of sentient individuals is a > matter of sufficient importance to take a similar position. > > It is obvious that we should not make decisions in the complete absence of > scientific evidence, and equally obvious that we will never have the > complete unambiguous scientific evidence for anything, so the question then > becomes how much scientific evidence should we ask for before making a > decision? While humbly aware of the limitations of our knowledge, I must say > that I find it worrying if someone would claim that the almost 40 years of > scientific research over animal welfare since the Brambell report had not > produced any information that can be useful in decision-making. > > Regards, > Anna Olsson > > Dr Anna Olsson > Researcher > Animal Behaviour & Welfare - Bioethics > > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal > Phone +351 22 607 4900 > Faz +351 22 609 9157 > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- ---- ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and delete it from your computer system network. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- From: IN%"Michalchik@aol.com" 21-OCT-2004 20:04:08.75 To: IN%"info@kerwoodwolf.com", IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Ontario Pit Bull Ban I think the breed should be legal but we should outlaw the people that own them. From: IN%"jo_eq@hotmail.com" "Samantha Gierveld" 21-OCT-2004 21:07:13.65 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Ontario Pit Bull Ban >From: Michalchik@aol.com >To: info@kerwoodwolf.com, Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca >Subject: Re: Ontario Pit Bull Ban >Date: Thu, 21 Oct 2004 22:03:02 -0400 (EDT) > >I think the breed should be legal but we should outlaw the people that own >them. That's the real problem, isn't it? People buy these big, scary looking dogs as gaurd dogs, and assume that because of their looks they will be effective at deterring burglars etc. They fail to realise that, in their history, these dogs were never required to look scary, but stop before injuring! Pit bulls can be fantastic, loving pets, but they need to be trained. Even if they are to be a gaurd dog, they need to be trained. It is not acceptable to have a gaurd dog that will actually cause serious injury to someone. And anyone who thinks it is, or who is not willing to invest their time in some worthwile obedience training, should be "outlawed". These people don't deserve dogs! Sam From: IN%"clothier@telenet.net" "Suzanne Clothier" 21-OCT-2004 21:26:56.13 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Ontario Pit Bull Ban Given that this is the Applied Ethology list, I'm rather dismayed by the comments re: this ban. As people interested in ethology, wouldn't it be more appropriate to discuss the *behaviors* that drive the need for such breed specific legislation? Seems to me that rather than breed specific legislation, there should be a focus on behavior specific legislation. Surely those with an interest in ethology would find it more interesting to discuss exactly what constitutes dangerous behaviors rather than suggesting people be outlawed. Dr. Rudy de Meester in Belgium worked very hard to develop exactly that - behavior specific guidelines, so that all dangerous dogs were included, and innocent dogs (whatever their breed) need not be banned. There's a reason in laws applicable to human, it's the behavior, not the person, that incurs the penalty, whether a fine or jail time. Just a thought . . . Suzanne Clothier http://www.flyingdogpress.com From: IN%"jkoler@ccountry.com" "Janice Koler-Matznick" 21-OCT-2004 23:06:32.10 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Ontario Pit Bull Ban Sam, Please explain your comment "People buy these big, scary looking dogs > as gaurd dogs, and assume that because of their looks they will be effective > at deterring burglars etc. They fail to realise that, in their history, > these dogs were never required to look scary, but stop before injuring!" Are you referring to the Pit Bull/Am staff ancestral history of staged dog fights? These dogs were bred and trained to be neutral/accepting toward humans, so they could be handled during fights, but they certainly were "required" to injure their opponent if possible. I agree completely with what Suzanne said. Behavior-specific laws are the only equitable solution, and there has to be a solution or we all will bein trouble some day just owning dogs. Even very small dogs can be dangerous if they aggressively attack people and cause them to fall as they try to avoid the dog's tiny teeth! Jan Koler-Matznick From: IN%"J.van.Santen@Noldus.NL" "Joeke van Santen" 22-OCT-2004 00:57:46.32 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: MB2005 call for proposals We are pleased to announce that Measuring Behavior 2005, the 5th International Conference on Methods and Techniques in Behavioral research, will be held in Wageningen, The Netherlands, 30 August - 2 September 2005. Measuring Behavior will offer an attractive mix of presentations, demonstrations, discussions, meetings and much more (see http://www.noldus.com/mb2005/program/index.html for details). If Measuring Behavior is new for you, the proceedings of the 2002 meeting (http://www.noldus.com/events/mb2002/index.html) give a good impression of what it is all about. Call for symposia and SIG proposals The Scientific Program Committee now invites you to submit proposals for symposia and SIGs to be presented at Measuring Behavior 2005. Symposia and SIG proposals will be accepted with a strict deadline of 1 December 2004. Please read the guidelines (http://www.noldus.com/mb2005/program/index.html) carefully before submitting your proposal. Topics All presentations will deal with innovative methods and techniques in behavioral research. Topics include: * behavior recording in lab and field * automatic behavior recognition and pattern classification * sensor technology and biotelemetry * behavior and physiology * vocalizations, speech, gestures and facial expressions * analyzing behavior and movement * new animal models and measurement methodologies * measuring human-system interaction * innovation in teaching behavior research methods A more extensive list can be found on the conference website. Sign up for announcements To get on the mailing list for announcements, sign up on the conference website. Don't forget to check the submission deadlines. Please visit and bookmark the conference website (http://www.noldus.com/mb2005) which contains all relevant information. We look forward to meeting you in Wageningen! Yours sincerely, Prof. Dr. Louise E.M. Vet Program Chair Measuring Behavior 2005 Conference Secretariat P.O. Box 268 6700 AG Wageningen The Netherlands Phone: +31-317-497677 Fax: +31-317-424496 Email: mb2005@noldus.nl Web: www.noldus.com/mb2005 From: IN%"karolinarasid@seznam.cz" "=?iso-8859-2?Q?Karol=EDna=20Mikov=E1?=" 22-OCT-2004 03:07:19.71 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: =?us-ascii?Q?allosuckling=20in=20camels?= Hi, I am a czech PhD. student from Prague. I did my final work about camels behaviour and now I will continue my work with them. I was watching the camels in four zoos in Czech Republic, and allosuckling occured in two of the groups observed. I have tried to find some information about allosuckling in camels, but it seems to be very difficult. I will write my dissertation about this phenomenon, so if anybody is interested in this topic, please right me. I specialize mainly in two-humped camels in zoos, but I am interested in allosuckling in dromedary camels as well. Many thanks, Karolina From: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "Chris Sherwin" 22-OCT-2004 03:21:51.56 To: IN%"Carol.Petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Sentient; Carol and others, I'm afraid avoidance of the word 'welfare', or at least an increase in the = use of=20 'well-being' for what most people regard as 'welfare' is also possibly ocur= ring=20 over here in the UK. I was recently discussing the (intended) useage of th= ese=20 words with members of the veterinary profession. We seemed to disagree when the issue is raised of humans intervening to pro= tect=20 animals. Consider letting your dog out the house to run free over the hill= s. She=20 obviously enjoys this (discussions of sentience aside!), and is clearly hig= hly=20 motivated to be let out from the house to roam the hills. I would say that= when=20 she is running over the hills, her 'welfare' is high. However, some people= think=20 'I should not let my dog out because she might get knocked over or injured'= , and=20 as a consequence lock her in the house all day. If she is shut in the house= and=20 frustrated because she wants to go running, I would say that her 'welfare' = is lower than if she was let out. The veterinary people I was discussing this with s= eemed to argue that for the dog shut in, her 'welfare' was higher because she was pr= otected=20 from harm, but her 'well-being' was better when she was running over the hi= lls. =20 Possibly, a distinction should be drawn here about the animals' perception = of=20 its 'state of being' and it's possible 'state of being' (i.e. when humans t= ake=20 precautionary actions). However, because I am of the=20 'feelings' camp with respect to welfare, I would still argue that what matt= ers is=20 the animal's feelings about itself and its surroundings. So, 'welfare' woul= d be=20 higher for the animal allowed to roam the hills...but I would have my finge= rs=20 firmly crossed that she wouldn't come to any harm! Chris=20 On Fri, 22 Oct 2004 08:19:20 +1000 "Petherick, Carol" wrote: > Stan and others > This avoidance of the use of the word 'welfare' in favour of 'wellbeing' = is=20 > peculiar to N America - and more so in the US than Canada. In N America = the two=20 > words are used to mean the same thing. Everywhere else in the world the = word=20 > 'welfare' is used by the scientific and non-scientific community. My und= erstanding > for the avoidance of the term 'welfare' in N America is, as you say Stan,= the=20 > connotations of human aid programs. >=20 > I think the majority of animal welfare scientists accept (and have always= done so)=20 > that 'welfare' is a continuum ranging from very good to very poor; I don'= t believe=20 > that any animal welfare scientist believes that the word welfare implies = or means a > positive state. >=20 > There is continued debate about the definition of welfare (and wellbeing)= , but I=20 > don't think this means we should get rid of the word and use something el= se about=20 > which, I don't doubt, there would also be debate as to its exact meaning. >=20 > The majority of the animal welfare stakeholders understand and use 'welfa= re', and=20 > with all due respect Stan, what you seem to be suggesting is using words that just=20 > locate animals at a specific point along the welfare continuum, and I'm n= ot sure=20 > that that helps us any when it comes to making regulatory or legislative = (or other) > guidelines about the way animals should be treated - the reason being tha= t=20 > different people will have different ideas about what is acceptable and= =20 > unacceptable. We need to determine what's acceptable and unacceptable fo= r the=20 > animal. >=20 > Regards,=20 >=20 > Carol >=20 > Carol Petherick > Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries >=20 > Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 > Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au >=20 > -----Original Message----- > From: =09Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu]=20 > Sent:=09Thursday, 21 October 2004 3:38 PM > To:=09Anna Olsson; applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > Subject:=09Re: Sentient; >=20 >=20 >=20 >=20 >=20 > Urbana, Illinois 20 October 2004 >=20 >=20 >=20 > Anna Olsson and others- >=20 >=20 >=20 > This is in response to Anna Olsson's implied invitation for me to comme= nt > further as registered in her 20 October 2004 post to "Stanley and others"= on > the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network- >=20 >=20 >=20 > + + + >=20 >=20 >=20 > DIGRESSION: STATE OF BEING >=20 > A dictionary defines state as "mode or condition of being" and being= as > "the quality or state of having existence". State of being, therefore, > means "condition of existence". >=20 > In terms of an animal's condition of existence, that condition may b= e > well, fair, or poor. In other words, an animal can experience well-being= , > fair-being, or poor-being, can be in a condition of wellness, fairness, o= r > poorness. >=20 > The term welfare refers to only one possible state of being, viz., > well-being. A dictionary says so. Animals naturally exist from time to > time in any of the three states of being, and therefore we should be prec= ise > when we speak or write about an animal's condition and account for all of > these possibilities. Hence, the generic term should be state of being, > neither welfare nor well-being. >=20 > Moreover, as again a dictionary says, welfare often has connotations > having to do with aid in the form of money or necessities for those in ne= ed > or an agency or program through which such aid is distributed. So I thin= k > some term other than welfare should be used in connection with a living > entity's condition, so there will be no confusion with political > entitlement. >=20 > Bottom line: in context of the condition of an animal's existence, > well-being is but one of three possible states of being (viz., well-, fai= r-, > and poor-being-with the adverbial modifier very also sometimes being > applicable to well- and poor-being [very-well-being), that state of being= is > the appropriate categorical term, and that the word welfare ought not be > used. >=20 > Finally-insofar as agricultural animals are concerned--our goal in > terms of ethical obligation and responsibility as well as economic > rationality should be that an animal kept for agricultural purposes shoul= d > experience wellness most of the time, fairness some of the time, and > poorness as infrequently as possible. It is unreasonable to expect that = any > animal will be well all of the time. >=20 >=20 >=20 > Stanley E. Curtis >=20 > 12 May 2004 >=20 >=20 >=20 > + + + >=20 >=20 >=20 >=20 >=20 > This series of exchanges on the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network began > several days ago with discussion of the need for careful use of terms suc= h > as "sentience" and "sentient" with respect to the nature of nonhuman anim= als > and their needs and wants- It has evolved into discussion of the very ro= ot > of the worldwide issue of "animal rights" and "animal welfare"- I repeat= : > What follows are the thoughts of animal scientist, animal husbandman, > applied ecologist, applied ethologist; one who believes, as did James Ran= dl > when he said: "Science is best defined as a careful, disciplined, logical > search for knowledge . , obtained by examination of the best available > evidence and always subject to correction and improvement upon discovery = of > better evidence. What's left is magic. And it doesn't work."- >=20 >=20 >=20 > This particular human wants - in the context of nature and the web of > life - what is best for each and every animal with which our kind shares > this planet- Most of us keep animals for our own (selfish [not always a > pejorative term]) purposes - companionship, food, biomedical research and > teaching models, recreation, security, assistance, whatever- We are > responsible for the ethically acceptable support and treatment of any ani= mal > we keep- Of course, right away, one of the problems here is that individ= ual > humans' respective ethical views differ- Based on our history in terms o= f > coming together ecumenically, I think it is most likely that we shall nev= er > completely agree with one another about what an animal needs- >=20 >=20 >=20 > Having said that, nevertheless, many of the world's citizens seem to be > concerned about the matter of the care of the animals we keep to the exte= nt > that there are calls for some sort of universality in our instructions to > and expectations of those who care for the animals we keep- If that > universality cannot be based on any single philosophical base, then upon > what will it be based?- >=20 >=20 >=20 > The modern issue of kept-animal state of being started with Ruth Harris= on' > s book published in London in the mid-1960s and the soon-ensuing Brambell > Report commissioned by the British Parliament- That Report gave signific= ant > attention to what might be called the "feelings" of animals- Around this > time, a few people started the scientific study of animals feelings- > Important among these was Ian Duncan, who eventually came to the conclusion > that "[animal (state of being) has all to do with how that animal feels])= - > the Duncan Axiom, if you will- I completely agree with the Duncan Axiom- > Alas, since Ian Duncan issued his axiom, we have advanced precious little= in > our understanding of animal feelings- In fact, among quite a few > experimental psychologists to this day, the very notion that animals poss= ess > conscious awareness is still considered heresy- I do not concur- I resp= ect > the evidence and thinking and writing of scientists such as Donald Griffi= n > and Marian Stamp Dawkins, and I accept (unless and until further evidence > suggests otherwise) that animals do think and do experience a variety of > emotions- But those are qualitative notions- What about quantification?= - > How much do those cognitive processes affect the state of being of an > animal?- How much does an animal suffer when it experiences those > respective emotions in specific life situations?- >=20 >=20 >=20 > We now expect a lot of those in our midst who take it upon themselves t= o > keep animals- It is ultimately essential that animal keepers have at han= d > the answers to these questions- This is because, for animals as for huma= ns, > we usually do not possess sufficient resources to ensure that every > individual will be provided every bit of support and protection it needs = to > lead a perfect life (whatever that might be)- (Even Hans Selye was of th= e > opinion that the opposite of stress is not utopia; it is death-) >=20 >=20 >=20 > So, if we are to hold its keeper accountable for ensuring a socially > acceptable state of being in an animal, that caretaker must know what and > how much care is enough to meet the animal's needs- >=20 >=20 >=20 > Now, because animal production, for example, is a business, it is unlik= ely > agricultural producers will choose to provide more support and protection > for their animals than those animals need: support and protection are > expensive- >=20 >=20 >=20 > Enter what Dennis Hardwick coined the "welfare plateau" - the postulate > (which I consider wise) that an ethically acceptable level of animal stat= e > of being is not limited to one ideal set of circumstances, but rather tha= t > it exists over a range of conditions provided by a variety of keeping > systems- (Cf. S. E. Curtis. Veterinary Clinics of North America/Farm > Animal Practice/Food Animal Behavior. 3(2):369-382, 1987. W. B. Saunder= s > Co., Philadelphia-) Once the animal keeper knows where that welfare plat= eau > starts, he/she can design and operate an animal-keeping system to honor t= hat > point- But that the point of that start has to be a quantitative value!- > Where should the line be drawn?- >=20 >=20 >=20 > I submit that - as for using an animal's feelings as the guide to drawi= ng > that line-- as of today we do not have at hand the scientifically determi= ned > quantitative value of the lower point of the welfare plateau for any kept > animal- I hope that some day we do have- In fact, I myself have dabbled > some in research on that facet of the pig's nature- But, truth be told, > right now we do not have- >=20 >=20 >=20 > What should we do between now and that day when we might have that > knowledge available for application in animal husbandry?- Some would say= we > should take laps of faith, jump to conclusions, decide by analogy to the > human condition- I would no more want to see observations of human feeli= ngs > be the sole regulated bases for how we care for animals than I would want= to > see observations of animal traits be the sole regulated bases for how we > formulate pharmaceuticals for humans- >=20 >=20 >=20 > I suggest that we continue - indeed, continue with renewed fervor - our > search for that sufficient understanding of the nature of animal feelings > that is utterly essential to using their feelings as a guide to how we ke= ep, > handle, and treat animals- In the meantime, we should use our intuition = to > apply those bits and pieces of insufficient understanding of those things > that we do already possess- But they should not be the bases for either > public expectations or governmental regulations- >=20 >=20 >=20 > And I further suggest that - as we wait until that crucial information > just alluded to eventually emerges from scientists' workplaces - we base = our > recommendations to and expectations of animal caretakers on the best > evidence we actually have at our disposal- I suggest we take the followi= ng > course as we make progress in the meantime- >=20 >=20 >=20 > FIRST BASIS: HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (AND THUS ATTENTION) >=20 > My suggestion is based on my adaptation of Abraham Maslow's "hierarchy = of > human needs" to nonhuman animals- (Cf. S. E. Curtis, loc.cit.-) Basical= ly, > application of Maslow's scheme to kept animals results in a hierarchic > organization of animal needs along the following lines (from lowest to > highest): (1) physiologic needs; (2) safety needs; and (3) behavioral > needs. Animals' physiologic needs (for food; shelter; and health care) a= re > reasonably well-understood and are being fulfilled reasonably well- The > safety needs (for safe, well-designed equipment and facilities; protectio= n > against predation and weather accidents) are somewhat less well-understoo= d > and less well-attended to- The behavioral needs (which usually ultimatel= y > translates into animals' subjective feelings) are (as we have just been > discussing) not at all well-understood, so we cannot know whether or not > they are being met- >=20 >=20 >=20 > I suggest the bottom line in this respect is: We should be paying more > attention to those aspects of animal care over which we have the most > control - numerous factors including nutrition, thermal and light > environment, microbic environment, social environment, handling procedure= s, > and floor condition and other safety traits- >=20 >=20 >=20 > (All that follows has been extracted/modified from the script > for the textbook several others and I are in the final > stages of preparing- It is shared here for the purpose of th= is > APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network discussion only-) >=20 >=20 >=20 > SECOND: ANIMALS' PRIORITIES OF RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION >=20 > At the organism level there are three categories of life processes: >=20 > =B7 maintenance processes that sustain life, ensure individual survival= ; >=20 > =B7 reproductive processes that provide for perpetuation of the species= ; and >=20 > =B7 performance or productive processes that humans cultivate to yield > products, by-products and co-products, work, and other services (e. g., > companionship and socializing, recreation, competitive athletics, human > assistance and service) enjoyed by or useful to humans. >=20 >=20 >=20 > At some times in some environments, all of an animal's life processes c= an > be completely supported. In other situations, however, available resource= s > may be so limited that the animal must exercise priorities. >=20 >=20 >=20 > At any moment, for a particular animal, the various life processes are > differentially important to fitness, i. e., to individual survival and > species propagation-any animal's top-two priorities. When the needs for > bodily resources exceed their availability, some processes must be > de-emphasized so currently more vital ones can be more fully supported. I= n > general, then, when bodily resources become ever more scarce, the prime > goals of fitness-viz., individual survival (maintenance processes) and > species perpetuation (reproductive processes)-progressively become an ani= mal > 's primary priorities. A guinea pig, e. g., will experience a reduction i= n > growth rate in a hot environment, so certain bodily resources can be > redirected to supporting higher-priority maintenance processes (e. g., > panting). >=20 >=20 >=20 > Productive processes in production animals result from bodily functions > that have been intensified or otherwise modified through genetic > manipulation, nutrition, or other husbandry practices. But these exaggera= ted > functions may be critical to neither an individual's survival nor its > reproduction. Processes not among these top priorities are, in times of > stress, least protected and least spared. >=20 >=20 >=20 > When an animal responds to adaptagent(s), its maintenance needs invaria= bly > increase (although sometimes negligibly). Resource expenditures in suppor= t > of responsive maintenance functions increase progressively as the animal'= s > responses increase, so the animal's remaining functional capabilities > progressively decrease. As stress intensity increases, life processes bec= ome > progressively imperiled in the order of their respective contributions to > productivity first, reproductivity second, survival last. >=20 >=20 >=20 > THIRD: THE CURTIS AXIOM >=20 > A dictionary defines an axiom as a statement accepted as true as the basis > for argument or inference. >=20 >=20 >=20 > For performing animals, as many have asserted, appropriate complements = of > indicators probably will best reflect an animal's overall state of being. > But our understanding of all of the many mechanisms involved is still > inadequate, and so the task remains impossible. Moreover, although Ian > Duncan has opined that an animal's state of being has all to do with that > animal's feelings, in fact at this point in time, we definitively know > almost nothing about how an animal feels. We can speculate, we can surmi= se, > we can analogize, but we still do not know. >=20 >=20 >=20 > As a consequence, the rate of performance usually today is the best sin= gle > indicator - in terms of availability, measurability, and sensitivity - of > the state of being of a performing animal. That is, of course, providing > that the animal is constitutionally fit in the first place. In this > textbook, reference is made only to constitutionally fit animals. There i= s > no moral excuse for keeping constitutionally unfit creatures for > profit-making or self-indulgent purposes. >=20 >=20 >=20 > I have axiomized the following for agricultural, recreational, companio= n, > working, service, and laboratory animals alike: >=20 > For a constitutionally fit performing animal of any kind -- unless and > until we definitively know something about their conscious feelings -- th= e > best single indicator of that animal's state of being is its rate of > biologic productive performance relative to its genetic potential. >=20 > This axiom is based on the following premises: >=20 > =B7 The fact that any adaptate to any adaptagent requires a= n > animal to expend various bodily resources. >=20 > =B7 The fact that these bodily resources often are limited = in > availability to the animal, and, therefore, that the animal must exercise > priorities. >=20 > =B7 The generally accepted dogma (based on clinical, empiri= cal, > and experimental observations) about an animal's priorities for allocatin= g > limited resources, with maintenance and survival processes being supporte= d > first, reproductive-performance processes second, and productive-performa= nce > processes last. >=20 > =B7 The morality-based assumption that any animal being kep= t for > performance purposes will be constitutionally fit. >=20 > =B7 The notion that, when pathogenic agents bypass an animal's primary > defenses, the host's immune cells are stimulated to secrete cytokines. > Various adaptates then may be stimulated by these cytokines. But, in any > case, there is a shift in the partitioning of nutrients away from product= ive > and reproductive processes toward behavioral and metabolic responses that > support animal defenses and, thereby, top-priority animal maintenance and > survival processes. This shift in the balance between anabolic pressures = and > natural, entropic, catabolic processes partly explains the frequent > reductions in an animal's productive and even reproductive syntheses and > yields. >=20 > =B7 The expectation that more about animals' conscious feelings will be > learned scientifically, and that, as a consequence, this axiom might > eventually be refined, modified, or outright rejected. >=20 >=20 >=20 > FINALLY: SIXTY LAST WORDS >=20 > So I submit for your consideration, comment, and discussion the suggest= ion > that, although we can have other ultimate goals, at this point in time wh= at > those of us who are involved - today! -- in the care of animals ought to = be > basing our decisions as to how to husband an animal on how that animal > quantitatively performs productively and reproductively- >=20 >=20 >=20 > + + + >=20 >=20 >=20 >=20 >=20 >=20 >=20 > ----- Original Message -----=20 > From: "Anna Olsson" > To: "Stanley Curtis" ; > > Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 1:34 AM > Subject: Re: Sentient; >=20 >=20 > > Dear Stanley and others, > > > > While I appreciate your critical view, I would be very interested in > seeing > > what approach you suggest as an alternative to the present (combining > the > > best available scientific evidence and argument from analogy with exp= ert > > opinion including consideration of benefit of the doubt) in guideline= s > and > > policy-making for animal husbandry. > > > > I am fully aware of the shortcomings of present research. Animal welf= are > as > > a discipline of research is fairly recent, and not much of the resea= rch > has > > been directed at providing the scientific evidence for animal subject= ive > > mental states that you ask for. This matter is further complicated by > the > > fact that neurobiology has only very recently started to give us a > > significant insight in the neurobiology of human subjective mental > state. > > > > It is not uncommon to have to legislate in situations of limited > knowledge. > > An important consideration to be made in these situations is that of = the > > potential consequences of making the wrong decision. If we assume tha= t > > vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we hav= e > > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in > production > > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that > > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we hav= e > > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that > sentience. > > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than t= he > > first - but that is my view and I would welcome arguments supporting > other > > positions. > > > > The Rio Declaration (1992) says that lack of "full scientific certain= ty > > shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to > > prevent environmental degradation" (cited from > > http://www.biotech-info.net/science_and_PP.html which is recommended = for > > those who want to read more about legislation and the precautionary > > principle). I would argue that the well-being of sentient individuals= is > a > > matter of sufficient importance to take a similar position. > > > > It is obvious that we should not make decisions in the complete absen= ce > of > > scientific evidence, and equally obvious that we will never have the > > complete unambiguous scientific evidence for anything, so the questio= n > then > > becomes how much scientific evidence should we ask for before making = a > > decision? While humbly aware of the limitations of our knowledge, I m= ust > say > > that I find it worrying if someone would claim that the almost 40 yea= rs > of > > scientific research over animal welfare since the Brambell report had > not > > produced any information that can be useful in decision-making. > > > > Regards, > > Anna Olsson > > > > Dr Anna Olsson > > Researcher > > Animal Behaviour & Welfare - Bioethics > > > > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal > > Phone +351 22 607 4900 > > Faz +351 22 609 9157 > > > > >=20 >=20 > -------------------------------------------------------------------------= --- > ----=20 >=20 > ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** > The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages=20 > (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally=20 > privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity=20 > to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of=20 > disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken=20 > or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions=20 > contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions=20 > of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received=20 > this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and=20 > delete it from your computer system network.=20 >=20 ............................................................. Dr C.M. Sherwin Senior Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Centre for Behavioural Biology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, U.K. Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 =20 Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 22-OCT-2004 06:04:51.30 To: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "Chris Sherwin", IN%"Carol.Petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Sentient; Chris, Carol, and others- Chris introduces intresting possible scenarios- But let us all agree that -- until we have objective evidence about the animal's conscious mental experiences -- such scenarios are but figments of our imaginations- Reasonable, even probable, they may be, but still, in my opinion, not certain enough to serve as the basis of law- Who knows enough about what makes that hypothetical dog tick to be able to decide where to draw The Line mas to whether it ought to be let out to roam the countryside?- Here, I aubmit, we are guessing- And, until we have more science to go on, each of us is going to have a unique guess- And that is where The Problem comes in- If we are willing to base recommendations and regulations on speculative assumptions that have not been scientificually verified, then we should be just as willing -- nay, we should be eager -- to expplore those assumptions to learn whether or not they are verifiable- We are supposed to be, after all, seeking the truth, and we should be assuming that it is unlikely that that truth is going to somehow magically arise ought of the collective opinions of well-meaning, interested people- Alas, however, I see previous little research effort being aimed in the direction of animal cognition- -Stan Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: "Chris Sherwin" To: "Petherick, Carol" Cc: Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 4:14 AM Subject: RE: Sentient; Carol and others, I'm afraid avoidance of the word 'welfare', or at least an increase in the use of 'well-being' for what most people regard as 'welfare' is also possibly ocurring over here in the UK. I was recently discussing the (intended) useage of these words with members of the veterinary profession. We seemed to disagree when the issue is raised of humans intervening to protect animals. Consider letting your dog out the house to run free over the hills. She obviously enjoys this (discussions of sentience aside!), and is clearly highly motivated to be let out from the house to roam the hills. I would say that when she is running over the hills, her 'welfare' is high. However, some people think 'I should not let my dog out because she might get knocked over or injured', and as a consequence lock her in the house all day. If she is shut in the house and frustrated because she wants to go running, I would say that her 'welfare' is lower than if she was let out. The veterinary people I was discussing this with seemed to argue that for the dog shut in, her 'welfare' was higher because she was protected from harm, but her 'well-being' was better when she was running over the hills. Possibly, a distinction should be drawn here about the animals' perception of its 'state of being' and it's possible 'state of being' (i.e. when humans take precautionary actions). However, because I am of the 'feelings' camp with respect to welfare, I would still argue that what matters is the animal's feelings about itself and its surroundings. So, 'welfare' would be higher for the animal allowed to roam the hills...but I would have my fingers firmly crossed that she wouldn't come to any harm! Chris On Fri, 22 Oct 2004 08:19:20 +1000 "Petherick, Carol" wrote: > Stan and others > This avoidance of the use of the word 'welfare' in favour of 'wellbeing' is > peculiar to N America - and more so in the US than Canada. In N America the two > words are used to mean the same thing. Everywhere else in the world the word > 'welfare' is used by the scientific and non-scientific community. My understanding > for the avoidance of the term 'welfare' in N America is, as you say Stan, the > connotations of human aid programs. > > I think the majority of animal welfare scientists accept (and have always done so) > that 'welfare' is a continuum ranging from very good to very poor; I don't believe > that any animal welfare scientist believes that the word welfare implies or means a > positive state. > > There is continued debate about the definition of welfare (and wellbeing), but I > don't think this means we should get rid of the word and use something else about > which, I don't doubt, there would also be debate as to its exact meaning. > > The majority of the animal welfare stakeholders understand and use 'welfare', and > with all due respect Stan, what you seem to be suggesting is using words that just > locate animals at a specific point along the welfare continuum, and I'm not sure > that that helps us any when it comes to making regulatory or legislative (or other) > guidelines about the way animals should be treated - the reason being that > different people will have different ideas about what is acceptable and > unacceptable. We need to determine what's acceptable and unacceptable for the > animal. > > Regards, > > Carol > > Carol Petherick > Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries > > Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 > Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au > > -----Original Message----- > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > Sent: Thursday, 21 October 2004 3:38 PM > To: Anna Olsson; applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > Urbana, Illinois 20 October 2004 > > > > Anna Olsson and others- > > > > This is in response to Anna Olsson's implied invitation for me to comment > further as registered in her 20 October 2004 post to "Stanley and others" on > the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network- > > > > + + + > > > > DIGRESSION: STATE OF BEING > > A dictionary defines state as "mode or condition of being" and being as > "the quality or state of having existence". State of being, therefore, > means "condition of existence". > > In terms of an animal's condition of existence, that condition may be > well, fair, or poor. In other words, an animal can experience well-being, > fair-being, or poor-being, can be in a condition of wellness, fairness, or > poorness. > > The term welfare refers to only one possible state of being, viz., > well-being. A dictionary says so. Animals naturally exist from time to > time in any of the three states of being, and therefore we should be precise > when we speak or write about an animal's condition and account for all of > these possibilities. Hence, the generic term should be state of being, > neither welfare nor well-being. > > Moreover, as again a dictionary says, welfare often has connotations > having to do with aid in the form of money or necessities for those in need > or an agency or program through which such aid is distributed. So I think > some term other than welfare should be used in connection with a living > entity's condition, so there will be no confusion with political > entitlement. > > Bottom line: in context of the condition of an animal's existence, > well-being is but one of three possible states of being (viz., well-, fair-, > and poor-being-with the adverbial modifier very also sometimes being > applicable to well- and poor-being [very-well-being), that state of being is > the appropriate categorical term, and that the word welfare ought not be > used. > > Finally-insofar as agricultural animals are concerned--our goal in > terms of ethical obligation and responsibility as well as economic > rationality should be that an animal kept for agricultural purposes should > experience wellness most of the time, fairness some of the time, and > poorness as infrequently as possible. It is unreasonable to expect that any > animal will be well all of the time. > > > > Stanley E. Curtis > > 12 May 2004 > > > > + + + > > > > > > This series of exchanges on the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network began > several days ago with discussion of the need for careful use of terms such > as "sentience" and "sentient" with respect to the nature of nonhuman animals > and their needs and wants- It has evolved into discussion of the very root > of the worldwide issue of "animal rights" and "animal welfare"- I repeat: > What follows are the thoughts of animal scientist, animal husbandman, > applied ecologist, applied ethologist; one who believes, as did James Randl > when he said: "Science is best defined as a careful, disciplined, logical > search for knowledge . , obtained by examination of the best available > evidence and always subject to correction and improvement upon discovery of > better evidence. What's left is magic. And it doesn't work."- > > > > This particular human wants - in the context of nature and the web of > life - what is best for each and every animal with which our kind shares > this planet- Most of us keep animals for our own (selfish [not always a > pejorative term]) purposes - companionship, food, biomedical research and > teaching models, recreation, security, assistance, whatever- We are > responsible for the ethically acceptable support and treatment of any animal > we keep- Of course, right away, one of the problems here is that individual > humans' respective ethical views differ- Based on our history in terms of > coming together ecumenically, I think it is most likely that we shall never > completely agree with one another about what an animal needs- > > > > Having said that, nevertheless, many of the world's citizens seem to be > concerned about the matter of the care of the animals we keep to the extent > that there are calls for some sort of universality in our instructions to > and expectations of those who care for the animals we keep- If that > universality cannot be based on any single philosophical base, then upon > what will it be based?- > > > > The modern issue of kept-animal state of being started with Ruth Harrison' > s book published in London in the mid-1960s and the soon-ensuing Brambell > Report commissioned by the British Parliament- That Report gave significant > attention to what might be called the "feelings" of animals- Around this > time, a few people started the scientific study of animals feelings- > Important among these was Ian Duncan, who eventually came to the conclusion > that "[animal (state of being) has all to do with how that animal feels]) - > the Duncan Axiom, if you will- I completely agree with the Duncan Axiom- > Alas, since Ian Duncan issued his axiom, we have advanced precious little in > our understanding of animal feelings- In fact, among quite a few > experimental psychologists to this day, the very notion that animals possess > conscious awareness is still considered heresy- I do not concur- I respect > the evidence and thinking and writing of scientists such as Donald Griffin > and Marian Stamp Dawkins, and I accept (unless and until further evidence > suggests otherwise) that animals do think and do experience a variety of > emotions- But those are qualitative notions- What about quantification?- > How much do those cognitive processes affect the state of being of an > animal?- How much does an animal suffer when it experiences those > respective emotions in specific life situations?- > > > > We now expect a lot of those in our midst who take it upon themselves to > keep animals- It is ultimately essential that animal keepers have at hand > the answers to these questions- This is because, for animals as for humans, > we usually do not possess sufficient resources to ensure that every > individual will be provided every bit of support and protection it needs to > lead a perfect life (whatever that might be)- (Even Hans Selye was of the > opinion that the opposite of stress is not utopia; it is death-) > > > > So, if we are to hold its keeper accountable for ensuring a socially > acceptable state of being in an animal, that caretaker must know what and > how much care is enough to meet the animal's needs- > > > > Now, because animal production, for example, is a business, it is unlikely > agricultural producers will choose to provide more support and protection > for their animals than those animals need: support and protection are > expensive- > > > > Enter what Dennis Hardwick coined the "welfare plateau" - the postulate > (which I consider wise) that an ethically acceptable level of animal state > of being is not limited to one ideal set of circumstances, but rather that > it exists over a range of conditions provided by a variety of keeping > systems- (Cf. S. E. Curtis. Veterinary Clinics of North America/Farm > Animal Practice/Food Animal Behavior. 3(2):369-382, 1987. W. B. Saunders > Co., Philadelphia-) Once the animal keeper knows where that welfare plateau > starts, he/she can design and operate an animal-keeping system to honor that > point- But that the point of that start has to be a quantitative value!- > Where should the line be drawn?- > > > > I submit that - as for using an animal's feelings as the guide to drawing > that line-- as of today we do not have at hand the scientifically determined > quantitative value of the lower point of the welfare plateau for any kept > animal- I hope that some day we do have- In fact, I myself have dabbled > some in research on that facet of the pig's nature- But, truth be told, > right now we do not have- > > > > What should we do between now and that day when we might have that > knowledge available for application in animal husbandry?- Some would say we > should take laps of faith, jump to conclusions, decide by analogy to the > human condition- I would no more want to see observations of human feelings > be the sole regulated bases for how we care for animals than I would want to > see observations of animal traits be the sole regulated bases for how we > formulate pharmaceuticals for humans- > > > > I suggest that we continue - indeed, continue with renewed fervor - our > search for that sufficient understanding of the nature of animal feelings > that is utterly essential to using their feelings as a guide to how we keep, > handle, and treat animals- In the meantime, we should use our intuition to > apply those bits and pieces of insufficient understanding of those things > that we do already possess- But they should not be the bases for either > public expectations or governmental regulations- > > > > And I further suggest that - as we wait until that crucial information > just alluded to eventually emerges from scientists' workplaces - we base our > recommendations to and expectations of animal caretakers on the best > evidence we actually have at our disposal- I suggest we take the following > course as we make progress in the meantime- > > > > FIRST BASIS: HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (AND THUS ATTENTION) > > My suggestion is based on my adaptation of Abraham Maslow's "hierarchy of > human needs" to nonhuman animals- (Cf. S. E. Curtis, loc.cit.-) Basically, > application of Maslow's scheme to kept animals results in a hierarchic > organization of animal needs along the following lines (from lowest to > highest): (1) physiologic needs; (2) safety needs; and (3) behavioral > needs. Animals' physiologic needs (for food; shelter; and health care) are > reasonably well-understood and are being fulfilled reasonably well- The > safety needs (for safe, well-designed equipment and facilities; protection > against predation and weather accidents) are somewhat less well-understood > and less well-attended to- The behavioral needs (which usually ultimately > translates into animals' subjective feelings) are (as we have just been > discussing) not at all well-understood, so we cannot know whether or not > they are being met- > > > > I suggest the bottom line in this respect is: We should be paying more > attention to those aspects of animal care over which we have the most > control - numerous factors including nutrition, thermal and light > environment, microbic environment, social environment, handling procedures, > and floor condition and other safety traits- > > > > (All that follows has been extracted/modified from the script > for the textbook several others and I are in the final > stages of preparing- It is shared here for the purpose of this > APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network discussion only-) > > > > SECOND: ANIMALS' PRIORITIES OF RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION > > At the organism level there are three categories of life processes: > > · maintenance processes that sustain life, ensure individual survival; > > · reproductive processes that provide for perpetuation of the species; and > > · performance or productive processes that humans cultivate to yield > products, by-products and co-products, work, and other services (e. g., > companionship and socializing, recreation, competitive athletics, human > assistance and service) enjoyed by or useful to humans. > > > > At some times in some environments, all of an animal's life processes can > be completely supported. In other situations, however, available resources > may be so limited that the animal must exercise priorities. > > > > At any moment, for a particular animal, the various life processes are > differentially important to fitness, i. e., to individual survival and > species propagation-any animal's top-two priorities. When the needs for > bodily resources exceed their availability, some processes must be > de-emphasized so currently more vital ones can be more fully supported. In > general, then, when bodily resources become ever more scarce, the prime > goals of fitness-viz., individual survival (maintenance processes) and > species perpetuation (reproductive processes)-progressively become an animal > 's primary priorities. A guinea pig, e. g., will experience a reduction in > growth rate in a hot environment, so certain bodily resources can be > redirected to supporting higher-priority maintenance processes (e. g., > panting). > > > > Productive processes in production animals result from bodily functions > that have been intensified or otherwise modified through genetic > manipulation, nutrition, or other husbandry practices. But these exaggerated > functions may be critical to neither an individual's survival nor its > reproduction. Processes not among these top priorities are, in times of > stress, least protected and least spared. > > > > When an animal responds to adaptagent(s), its maintenance needs invariably > increase (although sometimes negligibly). Resource expenditures in support > of responsive maintenance functions increase progressively as the animal's > responses increase, so the animal's remaining functional capabilities > progressively decrease. As stress intensity increases, life processes become > progressively imperiled in the order of their respective contributions to > productivity first, reproductivity second, survival last. > > > > THIRD: THE CURTIS AXIOM > > A dictionary defines an axiom as a statement accepted as true as the basis > for argument or inference. > > > > For performing animals, as many have asserted, appropriate complements of > indicators probably will best reflect an animal's overall state of being. > But our understanding of all of the many mechanisms involved is still > inadequate, and so the task remains impossible. Moreover, although Ian > Duncan has opined that an animal's state of being has all to do with that > animal's feelings, in fact at this point in time, we definitively know > almost nothing about how an animal feels. We can speculate, we can surmise, > we can analogize, but we still do not know. > > > > As a consequence, the rate of performance usually today is the best single > indicator - in terms of availability, measurability, and sensitivity - of > the state of being of a performing animal. That is, of course, providing > that the animal is constitutionally fit in the first place. In this > textbook, reference is made only to constitutionally fit animals. There is > no moral excuse for keeping constitutionally unfit creatures for > profit-making or self-indulgent purposes. > > > > I have axiomized the following for agricultural, recreational, companion, > working, service, and laboratory animals alike: > > For a constitutionally fit performing animal of any kind -- unless and > until we definitively know something about their conscious feelings -- the > best single indicator of that animal's state of being is its rate of > biologic productive performance relative to its genetic potential. > > This axiom is based on the following premises: > > · The fact that any adaptate to any adaptagent requires an > animal to expend various bodily resources. > > · The fact that these bodily resources often are limited in > availability to the animal, and, therefore, that the animal must exercise > priorities. > > · The generally accepted dogma (based on clinical, empirical, > and experimental observations) about an animal's priorities for allocating > limited resources, with maintenance and survival processes being supported > first, reproductive-performance processes second, and productive-performance > processes last. > > · The morality-based assumption that any animal being kept for > performance purposes will be constitutionally fit. > > · The notion that, when pathogenic agents bypass an animal's primary > defenses, the host's immune cells are stimulated to secrete cytokines. > Various adaptates then may be stimulated by these cytokines. But, in any > case, there is a shift in the partitioning of nutrients away from productive > and reproductive processes toward behavioral and metabolic responses that > support animal defenses and, thereby, top-priority animal maintenance and > survival processes. This shift in the balance between anabolic pressures and > natural, entropic, catabolic processes partly explains the frequent > reductions in an animal's productive and even reproductive syntheses and > yields. > > · The expectation that more about animals' conscious feelings will be > learned scientifically, and that, as a consequence, this axiom might > eventually be refined, modified, or outright rejected. > > > > FINALLY: SIXTY LAST WORDS > > So I submit for your consideration, comment, and discussion the suggestion > that, although we can have other ultimate goals, at this point in time what > those of us who are involved - today! -- in the care of animals ought to be > basing our decisions as to how to husband an animal on how that animal > quantitatively performs productively and reproductively- > > > > + + + > > > > > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Anna Olsson" > To: "Stanley Curtis" ; > > Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 1:34 AM > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > Dear Stanley and others, > > > > While I appreciate your critical view, I would be very interested in > seeing > > what approach you suggest as an alternative to the present (combining > the > > best available scientific evidence and argument from analogy with expert > > opinion including consideration of benefit of the doubt) in guidelines > and > > policy-making for animal husbandry. > > > > I am fully aware of the shortcomings of present research. Animal welfare > as > > a discipline of research is fairly recent, and not much of the research > has > > been directed at providing the scientific evidence for animal subjective > > mental states that you ask for. This matter is further complicated by > the > > fact that neurobiology has only very recently started to give us a > > significant insight in the neurobiology of human subjective mental > state. > > > > It is not uncommon to have to legislate in situations of limited > knowledge. > > An important consideration to be made in these situations is that of the > > potential consequences of making the wrong decision. If we assume that > > vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have > > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in > production > > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that > > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have > > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that > sentience. > > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the > > first - but that is my view and I would welcome arguments supporting > other > > positions. > > > > The Rio Declaration (1992) says that lack of "full scientific certainty > > shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to > > prevent environmental degradation" (cited from > > http://www.biotech-info.net/science_and_PP.html which is recommended for > > those who want to read more about legislation and the precautionary > > principle). I would argue that the well-being of sentient individuals is > a > > matter of sufficient importance to take a similar position. > > > > It is obvious that we should not make decisions in the complete absence > of > > scientific evidence, and equally obvious that we will never have the > > complete unambiguous scientific evidence for anything, so the question > then > > becomes how much scientific evidence should we ask for before making a > > decision? While humbly aware of the limitations of our knowledge, I must > say > > that I find it worrying if someone would claim that the almost 40 years > of > > scientific research over animal welfare since the Brambell report had > not > > produced any information that can be useful in decision-making. > > > > Regards, > > Anna Olsson > > > > Dr Anna Olsson > > Researcher > > Animal Behaviour & Welfare - Bioethics > > > > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal > > Phone +351 22 607 4900 > > Faz +351 22 609 9157 > > > > > > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- > ---- > > ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** > The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages > (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally > privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity > to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of > disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken > or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions > contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions > of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received > this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and > delete it from your computer system network. > ............................................................. Dr C.M. Sherwin Senior Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Centre for Behavioural Biology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, U.K. Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- From: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "Chris Sherwin" 22-OCT-2004 06:58:22.30 To: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" CC: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "Chris Sherwin", IN%"Carol.Petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Sentient; Stan and others, As a scientist, I am trying to find the truth. The absolute truth regardin= g=20 subjective experiences in non-human animals is not yet out there (sorry Mul= der!). =20 I accept=20 this. However, when legislators ask us how big cages should be for hens, w= hether=20 mice should have blood removed repeatedly from behind their eyes, how long = can we=20 deprive our animals of food and water, etc., we must give them our best inf= ormed=20 advice. To my mind, there has been considerable progress in our understandi= ng of=20 the welfare of non-human animals, and also in their cognitive capacities (e= .g.=20 self-awareness in=20 some primates). Many of these studies point to a high=20 probability of non-human animals posessing sentience of various forms. As y= ou=20 suggest, we should be, and are,=20 eager to verify these assumptions, but at the moment, action is being calle= d for in the way that we treat animals. To do nothing, or to accept the status quo,= is to=20 ignore the weight of evidence relating to welfare that has amounted over th= e last=20 30 years or so. I would also repeat my earlier question: We legislate for= the=20 welfare of humans based on argument-by-analogy (our only tool in this proce= ss), so=20 why should we not use the same framework in legislating for the welfare of= =20 non-humans? Respectfully yours, Chris On Fri, 22 Oct 2004 07:04:03 -0500 Stanley Curtis wrote= : >=20 >=20 > Chris, Carol, and others- >=20 > Chris introduces intresting possible scenarios- But let us all agree > that -- until we have objective evidence about the animal's conscious men= tal > experiences -- such scenarios are but figments of our imaginations- > Reasonable, even probable, they may be, but still, in my opinion, not > certain enough to serve as the basis of law- Who knows enough about what > makes that hypothetical dog tick to be able to decide where to draw The L= ine > mas to whether it ought to be let out to roam the countryside?- Here, I > aubmit, we are guessing- And, until we have more science to go on, each = of > us is going to have a unique guess- And that is where The Problem comes = in- > If we are willing to base recommendations and regulations on speculative > assumptions that have not been scientificually verified, then we should b= e > just as willing -- nay, we should be eager -- to expplore those assumptio= ns > to learn whether or not they are verifiable- We are supposed to be, afte= r > all, seeking the truth, and we should be assuming that it is unlikely tha= t > that truth is going to somehow magically arise ought of the collective > opinions of well-meaning, interested people- Alas, however, I see previo= us > little research effort being aimed in the direction of animal cognition- >=20 > -Stan Curtis >=20 >=20 >=20 > ----- Original Message -----=20 > From: "Chris Sherwin" > To: "Petherick, Carol" > Cc: > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 4:14 AM > Subject: RE: Sentient; >=20 >=20 >=20 > Carol and others, >=20 > I'm afraid avoidance of the word 'welfare', or at least an increase in = the > use of > 'well-being' for what most people regard as 'welfare' is also possibly > ocurring > over here in the UK. I was recently discussing the (intended) useage o= f > these > words with members of the veterinary profession. >=20 > We seemed to disagree when the issue is raised of humans intervening to > protect > animals. Consider letting your dog out the house to run free over the > hills. She > obviously enjoys this (discussions of sentience aside!), and is clearly > highly > motivated to be let out from the house to roam the hills. I would say > that when > she is running over the hills, her 'welfare' is high. However, some > people think > 'I should not let my dog out because she might get knocked over or > injured', and > as a consequence lock her in the house all day. If she is shut in the > house and > frustrated because she wants to go running, I would say that her 'welfa= re' > is lower > than if she was let out. The veterinary people I was discussing this wi= th > seemed to > argue that for the dog shut in, her 'welfare' was higher because she wa= s > protected > from harm, but her 'well-being' was better when she was running over th= e > hills. > Possibly, a distinction should be drawn here about the animals' percept= ion > of > its 'state of being' and it's possible 'state of being' (i.e. when huma= ns > take > precautionary actions). However, because I am of the > 'feelings' camp with respect to welfare, I would still argue that what > matters is > the animal's feelings about itself and its surroundings. So, 'welfare' > would be > higher for the animal allowed to roam the hills...but I would have my > fingers > firmly crossed that she wouldn't come to any harm! >=20 > Chris >=20 > On Fri, 22 Oct 2004 08:19:20 +1000 "Petherick, Carol" > wrote: >=20 > > Stan and others > > This avoidance of the use of the word 'welfare' in favour of 'wellbei= ng' > is > > peculiar to N America - and more so in the US than Canada. In N Amer= ica > the two > > words are used to mean the same thing. Everywhere else in the world = the > word > > 'welfare' is used by the scientific and non-scientific community. My > understanding > > for the avoidance of the term 'welfare' in N America is, as you say > Stan, the > > connotations of human aid programs. > > > > I think the majority of animal welfare scientists accept (and have > always done so) > > that 'welfare' is a continuum ranging from very good to very poor; I > don't believe > > that any animal welfare scientist believes that the word welfare impl= ies > or means a > > positive state. > > > > There is continued debate about the definition of welfare (and > wellbeing), but I > > don't think this means we should get rid of the word and use somethin= g > else about > > which, I don't doubt, there would also be debate as to its exact > meaning. > > > > The majority of the animal welfare stakeholders understand and use > 'welfare', and > > with all due respect Stan, what you seem to be suggesting is using wo= rds > that just > > locate animals at a specific point along the welfare continuum, and I= 'm > not sure > > that that helps us any when it comes to making regulatory or legislat= ive > (or other) > > guidelines about the way animals should be treated - the reason being > that > > different people will have different ideas about what is acceptable a= nd > > unacceptable. We need to determine what's acceptable and unacceptabl= e > for the > > animal. > > > > Regards, > > > > Carol > > > > Carol Petherick > > Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > > Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries > > > > Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 > > Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au > > > > -----Original Message----- > > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > > Sent: Thursday, 21 October 2004 3:38 PM > > To: Anna Olsson; applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > > > > > > > Urbana, Illinois 20 October 2004 > > > > > > > > Anna Olsson and others- > > > > > > > > This is in response to Anna Olsson's implied invitation for me to > comment > > further as registered in her 20 October 2004 post to "Stanley and > others" on > > the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network- > > > > > > > > + + + > > > > > > > > DIGRESSION: STATE OF BEING > > > > A dictionary defines state as "mode or condition of being" and > being as > > "the quality or state of having existence". State of being, therefor= e, > > means "condition of existence". > > > > In terms of an animal's condition of existence, that condition m= ay > be > > well, fair, or poor. In other words, an animal can experience > well-being, > > fair-being, or poor-being, can be in a condition of wellness, fairnes= s, > or > > poorness. > > > > The term welfare refers to only one possible state of being, viz= ., > > well-being. A dictionary says so. Animals naturally exist from time= to > > time in any of the three states of being, and therefore we should be > precise > > when we speak or write about an animal's condition and account for al= l > of > > these possibilities. Hence, the generic term should be state of bein= g, > > neither welfare nor well-being. > > > > Moreover, as again a dictionary says, welfare often has > connotations > > having to do with aid in the form of money or necessities for those i= n > need > > or an agency or program through which such aid is distributed. So I > think > > some term other than welfare should be used in connection with a livi= ng > > entity's condition, so there will be no confusion with political > > entitlement. > > > > Bottom line: in context of the condition of an animal's > existence, > > well-being is but one of three possible states of being (viz., well-, > fair-, > > and poor-being-with the adverbial modifier very also sometimes being > > applicable to well- and poor-being [very-well-being), that state of > being is > > the appropriate categorical term, and that the word welfare ought not= be > > used. > > > > Finally-insofar as agricultural animals are concerned--our goal = in > > terms of ethical obligation and responsibility as well as economic > > rationality should be that an animal kept for agricultural purposes > should > > experience wellness most of the time, fairness some of the time, and > > poorness as infrequently as possible. It is unreasonable to expect t= hat > any > > animal will be well all of the time. > > > > > > > > Stanley E. Curtis > > > > 12 May 2004 > > > > > > > > + + + > > > > > > > > > > > > This series of exchanges on the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network beg= an > > several days ago with discussion of the need for careful use of terms > such > > as "sentience" and "sentient" with respect to the nature of nonhuman > animals > > and their needs and wants- It has evolved into discussion of the ver= y > root > > of the worldwide issue of "animal rights" and "animal welfare"- I > repeat: > > What follows are the thoughts of animal scientist, animal husbandman, > > applied ecologist, applied ethologist; one who believes, as did James > Randl > > when he said: "Science is best defined as a careful, disciplined, > logical > > search for knowledge . , obtained by examination of the best availabl= e > > evidence and always subject to correction and improvement upon discov= ery > of > > better evidence. What's left is magic. And it doesn't work."- > > > > > > > > This particular human wants - in the context of nature and the web = of > > life - what is best for each and every animal with which our kind sha= res > > this planet- Most of us keep animals for our own (selfish [not alway= s a > > pejorative term]) purposes - companionship, food, biomedical research > and > > teaching models, recreation, security, assistance, whatever- We are > > responsible for the ethically acceptable support and treatment of any > animal > > we keep- Of course, right away, one of the problems here is that > individual > > humans' respective ethical views differ- Based on our history in ter= ms > of > > coming together ecumenically, I think it is most likely that we shall > never > > completely agree with one another about what an animal needs- > > > > > > > > Having said that, nevertheless, many of the world's citizens seem t= o > be > > concerned about the matter of the care of the animals we keep to the > extent > > that there are calls for some sort of universality in our instruction= s > to > > and expectations of those who care for the animals we keep- If that > > universality cannot be based on any single philosophical base, then u= pon > > what will it be based?- > > > > > > > > The modern issue of kept-animal state of being started with Ruth > Harrison' > > s book published in London in the mid-1960s and the soon-ensuing > Brambell > > Report commissioned by the British Parliament- That Report gave > significant > > attention to what might be called the "feelings" of animals- Around > this > > time, a few people started the scientific study of animals feelings- > > Important among these was Ian Duncan, who eventually came to the > conclusion > > that "[animal (state of being) has all to do with how that animal > feels]) - > > the Duncan Axiom, if you will- I completely agree with the Duncan > Axiom- > > Alas, since Ian Duncan issued his axiom, we have advanced precious > little in > > our understanding of animal feelings- In fact, among quite a few > > experimental psychologists to this day, the very notion that animals > possess > > conscious awareness is still considered heresy- I do not concur- I > respect > > the evidence and thinking and writing of scientists such as Donald > Griffin > > and Marian Stamp Dawkins, and I accept (unless and until further > evidence > > suggests otherwise) that animals do think and do experience a variety= of > > emotions- But those are qualitative notions- What about > quantification?- > > How much do those cognitive processes affect the state of being of an > > animal?- How much does an animal suffer when it experiences those > > respective emotions in specific life situations?- > > > > > > > > We now expect a lot of those in our midst who take it upon themselv= es > to > > keep animals- It is ultimately essential that animal keepers have at > hand > > the answers to these questions- This is because, for animals as for > humans, > > we usually do not possess sufficient resources to ensure that every > > individual will be provided every bit of support and protection it ne= eds > to > > lead a perfect life (whatever that might be)- (Even Hans Selye was o= f > the > > opinion that the opposite of stress is not utopia; it is death-) > > > > > > > > So, if we are to hold its keeper accountable for ensuring a sociall= y > > acceptable state of being in an animal, that caretaker must know what > and > > how much care is enough to meet the animal's needs- > > > > > > > > Now, because animal production, for example, is a business, it is > unlikely > > agricultural producers will choose to provide more support and > protection > > for their animals than those animals need: support and protection ar= e > > expensive- > > > > > > > > Enter what Dennis Hardwick coined the "welfare plateau" - the > postulate > > (which I consider wise) that an ethically acceptable level of animal > state > > of being is not limited to one ideal set of circumstances, but rather > that > > it exists over a range of conditions provided by a variety of keeping > > systems- (Cf. S. E. Curtis. Veterinary Clinics of North America/Far= m > > Animal Practice/Food Animal Behavior. 3(2):369-382, 1987. W. B. > Saunders > > Co., Philadelphia-) Once the animal keeper knows where that welfare > plateau > > starts, he/she can design and operate an animal-keeping system to hon= or > that > > point- But that the point of that start has to be a quantitative > value!- > > Where should the line be drawn?- > > > > > > > > I submit that - as for using an animal's feelings as the guide to > drawing > > that line-- as of today we do not have at hand the scientifically > determined > > quantitative value of the lower point of the welfare plateau for any > kept > > animal- I hope that some day we do have- In fact, I myself have > dabbled > > some in research on that facet of the pig's nature- But, truth be to= ld, > > right now we do not have- > > > > > > > > What should we do between now and that day when we might have that > > knowledge available for application in animal husbandry?- Some would > say we > > should take laps of faith, jump to conclusions, decide by analogy to = the > > human condition- I would no more want to see observations of human > feelings > > be the sole regulated bases for how we care for animals than I would > want to > > see observations of animal traits be the sole regulated bases for how= we > > formulate pharmaceuticals for humans- > > > > > > > > I suggest that we continue - indeed, continue with renewed fervor - > our > > search for that sufficient understanding of the nature of animal > feelings > > that is utterly essential to using their feelings as a guide to how w= e > keep, > > handle, and treat animals- In the meantime, we should use our intuit= ion > to > > apply those bits and pieces of insufficient understanding of those > things > > that we do already possess- But they should not be the bases for eit= her > > public expectations or governmental regulations- > > > > > > > > And I further suggest that - as we wait until that crucial informat= ion > > just alluded to eventually emerges from scientists' workplaces - we b= ase > our > > recommendations to and expectations of animal caretakers on the best > > evidence we actually have at our disposal- I suggest we take the > following > > course as we make progress in the meantime- > > > > > > > > FIRST BASIS: HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (AND THUS ATTENTION) > > > > My suggestion is based on my adaptation of Abraham Maslow's "hierar= chy > of > > human needs" to nonhuman animals- (Cf. S. E. Curtis, loc.cit.-) > Basically, > > application of Maslow's scheme to kept animals results in a hierarchi= c > > organization of animal needs along the following lines (from lowest t= o > > highest): (1) physiologic needs; (2) safety needs; and (3) behaviora= l > > needs. Animals' physiologic needs (for food; shelter; and health car= e) > are > > reasonably well-understood and are being fulfilled reasonably well- = The > > safety needs (for safe, well-designed equipment and facilities; > protection > > against predation and weather accidents) are somewhat less > well-understood > > and less well-attended to- The behavioral needs (which usually > ultimately > > translates into animals' subjective feelings) are (as we have just be= en > > discussing) not at all well-understood, so we cannot know whether or = not > > they are being met- > > > > > > > > I suggest the bottom line in this respect is: We should be paying > more > > attention to those aspects of animal care over which we have the most > > control - numerous factors including nutrition, thermal and light > > environment, microbic environment, social environment, handling > procedures, > > and floor condition and other safety traits- > > > > > > > > (All that follows has been extracted/modified from the > script > > for the textbook several others and I are in the fina= l > > stages of preparing- It is shared here for the purpose o= f > this > > APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network discussion only-) > > > > > > > > SECOND: ANIMALS' PRIORITIES OF RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION > > > > At the organism level there are three categories of life processes: > > > > =B7 maintenance processes that sustain life, ensure individual surv= ival; > > > > =B7 reproductive processes that provide for perpetuation of the spe= cies; > and > > > > =B7 performance or productive processes that humans cultivate to yi= eld > > products, by-products and co-products, work, and other services (e. g= ., > > companionship and socializing, recreation, competitive athletics, hum= an > > assistance and service) enjoyed by or useful to humans. > > > > > > > > At some times in some environments, all of an animal's life process= es > can > > be completely supported. In other situations, however, available > resources > > may be so limited that the animal must exercise priorities. > > > > > > > > At any moment, for a particular animal, the various life processes = are >=20 > > differentially important to fitness, i. e., to individual survival an= d > > species propagation-any animal's top-two priorities. When the needs for > > bodily resources exceed their availability, some processes must be > > de-emphasized so currently more vital ones can be more fully supporte= d. > In > > general, then, when bodily resources become ever more scarce, the pri= me > > goals of fitness-viz., individual survival (maintenance processes) an= d > > species perpetuation (reproductive processes)-progressively become an > animal > > 's primary priorities. A guinea pig, e. g., will experience a reducti= on > in > > growth rate in a hot environment, so certain bodily resources can be > > redirected to supporting higher-priority maintenance processes (e. g.= , > > panting). > > > > > > > > Productive processes in production animals result from bodily > functions > > that have been intensified or otherwise modified through genetic > > manipulation, nutrition, or other husbandry practices. But these > exaggerated > > functions may be critical to neither an individual's survival nor its > > reproduction. Processes not among these top priorities are, in times = of > > stress, least protected and least spared. > > > > > > > > When an animal responds to adaptagent(s), its maintenance needs > invariably > > increase (although sometimes negligibly). Resource expenditures in > support > > of responsive maintenance functions increase progressively as the > animal's > > responses increase, so the animal's remaining functional capabilities > > progressively decrease. As stress intensity increases, life processes > become > > progressively imperiled in the order of their respective contribution= s > to > > productivity first, reproductivity second, survival last. > > > > > > > > THIRD: THE CURTIS AXIOM > > > > A dictionary defines an axiom as a statement accepted as true as th= e > basis > > for argument or inference. > > > > > > > > For performing animals, as many have asserted, appropriate compleme= nts > of > > indicators probably will best reflect an animal's overall state of > being. > > But our understanding of all of the many mechanisms involved is still > > inadequate, and so the task remains impossible. Moreover, although I= an > > Duncan has opined that an animal's state of being has all to do with > that > > animal's feelings, in fact at this point in time, we definitively kno= w > > almost nothing about how an animal feels. We can speculate, we can > surmise, > > we can analogize, but we still do not know. > > > > > > > > As a consequence, the rate of performance usually today is the best > single > > indicator - in terms of availability, measurability, and sensitivity = - > of > > the state of being of a performing animal. That is, of course, > providing > > that the animal is constitutionally fit in the first place. In this > > textbook, reference is made only to constitutionally fit animals. The= re > is > > no moral excuse for keeping constitutionally unfit creatures for > > profit-making or self-indulgent purposes. > > > > > > > > I have axiomized the following for agricultural, recreational, > companion, > > working, service, and laboratory animals alike: > > > > For a constitutionally fit performing animal of any kind -- unless = and > > until we definitively know something about their conscious feelings -= -=20 > the > > best single indicator of that animal's state of being is its rate of > > biologic productive performance relative to its genetic potential. > > > > This axiom is based on the following premises: > > > > =B7 The fact that any adaptate to any adaptagent requir= es an > > animal to expend various bodily resources. > > > > =B7 The fact that these bodily resources often are limi= ted > in > > availability to the animal, and, therefore, that the animal must > exercise > > priorities. > > > > =B7 The generally accepted dogma (based on clinical, > empirical, > > and experimental observations) about an animal's priorities for > allocating > > limited resources, with maintenance and survival processes being > supported > > first, reproductive-performance processes second, and > productive-performance > > processes last. > > > > =B7 The morality-based assumption that any animal being= kept > for > > performance purposes will be constitutionally fit. > > > > =B7 The notion that, when pathogenic agents bypass an animal's prim= ary > > defenses, the host's immune cells are stimulated to secrete cytokines= . > > Various adaptates then may be stimulated by these cytokines. But, in > any > > case, there is a shift in the partitioning of nutrients away from > productive > > and reproductive processes toward behavioral and metabolic responses > that > > support animal defenses and, thereby, top-priority animal maintenance > and > > survival processes. This shift in the balance between anabolic pressu= res > and > > natural, entropic, catabolic processes partly explains the frequent > > reductions in an animal's productive and even reproductive syntheses = and > > yields. > > > > =B7 The expectation that more about animals' conscious feelings wil= l be > > learned scientifically, and that, as a consequence, this axiom might > > eventually be refined, modified, or outright rejected. > > > > > > > > FINALLY: SIXTY LAST WORDS > > > > So I submit for your consideration, comment, and discussion the > suggestion > > that, although we can have other ultimate goals, at this point in tim= e > what > > those of us who are involved - today! -- in the care of animals ought= to > be > > basing our decisions as to how to husband an animal on how that anima= l > > quantitatively performs productively and reproductively- > > > > > > > > + + + > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > ----- Original Message -----=20 > > From: "Anna Olsson" > > To: "Stanley Curtis" ; > > > > Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 1:34 AM > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > > Dear Stanley and others, > > > > > > While I appreciate your critical view, I would be very interested= in > > seeing > > > what approach you suggest as an alternative to the present > (combining > > the > > > best available scientific evidence and argument from analogy with > expert > > > opinion including consideration of benefit of the doubt) in > guidelines > > and > > > policy-making for animal husbandry. > > > > > > I am fully aware of the shortcomings of present research. Animal > welfare > > as > > > a discipline of research is fairly recent, and not much of the > research > > has > > > been directed at providing the scientific evidence for animal > subjective > > > mental states that you ask for. This matter is further complicate= d > by > > the > > > fact that neurobiology has only very recently started to give us = a > > > significant insight in the neurobiology of human subjective menta= l > > state. > > > > > > It is not uncommon to have to legislate in situations of limited > > knowledge. > > > An important consideration to be made in these situations is that= of > the > > > potential consequences of making the wrong decision. If we assume > that > > > vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we > have > > > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in > > production > > > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume t= hat > > > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we > have > > > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that > > sentience. > > > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious th= an > the > > > first - but that is my view and I would welcome arguments support= ing > > other > > > positions. > > > > > > The Rio Declaration (1992) says that lack of "full scientific > certainty > > > shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measu= res > to > > > prevent environmental degradation" (cited from > > > http://www.biotech-info.net/science_and_PP.html which is recommen= ded > for > > > those who want to read more about legislation and the precautiona= ry > > > principle). I would argue that the well-being of sentient > individuals is > > a > > > matter of sufficient importance to take a similar position. > > > > > > It is obvious that we should not make decisions in the complete > absence > > of > > > scientific evidence, and equally obvious that we will never have the > > > complete unambiguous scientific evidence for anything, so the > question > > then > > > becomes how much scientific evidence should we ask for before mak= ing > a > > > decision? While humbly aware of the limitations of our knowledge,= I > must > > say > > > that I find it worrying if someone would claim that the almost 40 > years > > of > > > scientific research over animal welfare since the Brambell report > had > > not > > > produced any information that can be useful in decision-making. > > > > > > Regards, > > > Anna Olsson > > > > > > Dr Anna Olsson > > > Researcher > > > Animal Behaviour & Welfare - Bioethics > > > > > > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > > > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > > > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal > > > Phone +351 22 607 4900 > > > Faz +351 22 609 9157 > > > > > > > > > > >=20 >=20 > > -----------------------------------------------------------------------= --- > -- > > ----=20 > > > > ********************************DISCLAIMER***************************= * > > The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages > > (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally > > privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity > > to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of > > disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken > > or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions > > contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions > > of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received > > this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and > > delete it from your computer system network. > > >=20 > ............................................................. > Dr C.M. Sherwin > Senior Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > Centre for Behavioural Biology, > Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, > University of Bristol, > Langford House, > Langford, > BS40 5DU, U.K. >=20 >=20 > Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 > Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 > email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk >=20 >=20 >=20 > -------------------------------------------------------------------------= --- > ---- >=20 >=20 >=20 ............................................................. Dr C.M. Sherwin Senior Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Centre for Behavioural Biology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, U.K. Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 =20 Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk From: IN%"clothier@telenet.net" "Suzanne Clothier" 22-OCT-2004 07:43:49.11 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Ontario Pit Bull Ban >can you imagine the difficulties in legislating dog behavior? the >bureaucrats would have a wondrous time with that subject. It *has* been done - check out what's been done in Belgium's, which Dr. Rudy de Meester worked very hard to make possible, thus insuring equitable treatment of dogs based on behavior. Bureaucrats? If ethologists, behaviorists/vet (like Dr. de Meester), trainers work with the law makers, it can be done. As a trainer & breeder of German Shepherds, I'm well aware of the genetically selected traits that are present in any given dog/breed. Having said that, the last dog that bit me (a rare thing!) was a Miniature Schnauzer. And "realistically" male humans are much more likely to be aggressive than female humans, but we've managed as a society to delineate the behaviors that are unacceptable and dangerous, not just banned men (regardless of their training!). Suzanne >realistically, we have to admit that certain breeds are much more likely to >be aggressive toward people than others regardless of their training. let's >remember that domesticated dogs are bred to enhance certain genetic traits >whether it be an oddly shaped body or a an aggressive attitude. > >paul From: IN%"sue@nestnature.com" "Sue Alexander" 22-OCT-2004 08:27:40.65 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Sentient; > Stan and others, > > As a scientist, I am trying to find the truth. The absolute truth regarding > subjective experiences in non-human animals is not yet out there (sorry Mulder!). Interesting...as a scientist, I am trying to ask better questions. I am new to the list and still working on finishing my BSc. at the University of Guelph, so please pardon me if I am out of line here, but I think that the interesting part of science is that we keep taking the "truth" and asking better questions and getting more answers. The truth might be an end to the wonderful game of asking better questions. The question of sentience is an interesting one from so many angles; philisophically, scientifically and intuitively, the truth is so many different things to each person. I think I am sentient, however I haven't thought up a null hypothesis to prove that I am not, so perhaps the starting point shouldn't be "are animals sentient" but rather "are we certain that humans are not sentient". I think that if we can use analogy to other disciplines we might have a glimmering of the direction to follow in asking these questions; anatomically, humans are similar to other quadripeds. We can see analogous structures down to the smallest fragment of our being. yes, there are animals that have some structures we don't (the bacculum comes to mind), and we have features unique to humans (the hand comes to mind here; although there are other animals with similar "hands" our hands are our own and unique). We see similarities in so many other disciplines that I want to go out on the limb and claim that if we are sentient, then so must other animals be sentient. However! I still cannot think of a way to prove concretely that humans are sentient, that I am sentient, or perhaps even that you might be sentient; I may be, but what evidence do I have that you are also sentient. Sue Alexander CPDT CDBC Dogs in the Park Guelph, Ontario From: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "Chris Sherwin" 22-OCT-2004 08:50:56.25 To: IN%"sue@nestnature.com" "Sue Alexander" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Sentient; Sue, Some might think it a little provocative for you to state that you are asking 'better' questions. You appear to be challenging the robustness of argument-by-analogy. This question has been asked before by members of this list, and they have published articles asking this question. Chris On Fri, 22 Oct 2004 09:19:57 -0700 Sue Alexander wrote: > > > > Stan and others, > > > > As a scientist, I am trying to find the truth. The absolute truth > regarding > > subjective experiences in non-human animals is not yet out there (sorry > Mulder!). > > Interesting...as a scientist, I am trying to ask better questions. > > I am new to the list and still working on finishing my BSc. at the > University of Guelph, so please pardon me if I am out of line here, but I > think that the interesting part of science is that we keep taking the > "truth" and asking better questions and getting more answers. The truth > might be an end to the wonderful game of asking better questions. > > The question of sentience is an interesting one from so many angles; > philisophically, scientifically and intuitively, the truth is so many > different things to each person. I think I am sentient, however I haven't > thought up a null hypothesis to prove that I am not, so perhaps the starting > point shouldn't be "are animals sentient" but rather "are we certain that > humans are not sentient". > > I think that if we can use analogy to other disciplines we might have a > glimmering of the direction to follow in asking these questions; > anatomically, humans are similar to other quadripeds. We can see analogous > structures down to the smallest fragment of our being. yes, there are > animals that have some structures we don't (the bacculum comes to mind), and > we have features unique to humans (the hand comes to mind here; although > there are other animals with similar "hands" our hands are our own and > unique). We see similarities in so many other disciplines that I want to go > out on the limb and claim that if we are sentient, then so must other > animals be sentient. However! I still cannot think of a way to prove > concretely that humans are sentient, that I am sentient, or perhaps even > that you might be sentient; I may be, but what evidence do I have that you > are also sentient. > > Sue Alexander CPDT CDBC > Dogs in the Park > Guelph, Ontario > > > ............................................................. Dr C.M. Sherwin Senior Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Centre for Behavioural Biology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, U.K. Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk From: IN%"rbogle@sonic.net" "Rick Bogle" 22-OCT-2004 09:35:17.81 To: CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Sentient; "But let us all agree that -- until we have objective evidence about the animal's conscious mental experiences -- such scenarios are but figments of our imaginations." What would such evidence look like? How would we recognize it? Rick Bogle Madison, WI > -----Original Message----- > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 6:04 AM > To: Chris Sherwin; Petherick, Carol > Cc: applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > Chris, Carol, and others- > > Chris introduces intresting possible scenarios- But let us all agree > that -- until we have objective evidence about the animal's > conscious mental > experiences -- such scenarios are but figments of our imaginations- > Reasonable, even probable, they may be, but still, in my opinion, not > certain enough to serve as the basis of law- Who knows enough about what > makes that hypothetical dog tick to be able to decide where to > draw The Line > mas to whether it ought to be let out to roam the countryside?- Here, I > aubmit, we are guessing- And, until we have more science to go > on, each of > us is going to have a unique guess- And that is where The > Problem comes in- > If we are willing to base recommendations and regulations on speculative > assumptions that have not been scientificually verified, then we should be > just as willing -- nay, we should be eager -- to expplore those > assumptions > to learn whether or not they are verifiable- We are supposed to be, after > all, seeking the truth, and we should be assuming that it is unlikely that > that truth is going to somehow magically arise ought of the collective > opinions of well-meaning, interested people- Alas, however, I > see previous > little research effort being aimed in the direction of animal cognition- > > -Stan Curtis > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Chris Sherwin" > To: "Petherick, Carol" > Cc: > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 4:14 AM > Subject: RE: Sentient; > > > > Carol and others, > > I'm afraid avoidance of the word 'welfare', or at least an > increase in the > use of > 'well-being' for what most people regard as 'welfare' is also possibly > ocurring > over here in the UK. I was recently discussing the (intended) useage of > these > words with members of the veterinary profession. > > We seemed to disagree when the issue is raised of humans intervening to > protect > animals. Consider letting your dog out the house to run free over the > hills. She > obviously enjoys this (discussions of sentience aside!), and is clearly > highly > motivated to be let out from the house to roam the hills. I would say > that when > she is running over the hills, her 'welfare' is high. However, some > people think > 'I should not let my dog out because she might get knocked over or > injured', and > as a consequence lock her in the house all day. If she is shut in the > house and > frustrated because she wants to go running, I would say that > her 'welfare' > is lower > than if she was let out. The veterinary people I was discussing > this with > seemed to > argue that for the dog shut in, her 'welfare' was higher because she was > protected > from harm, but her 'well-being' was better when she was running over the > hills. > Possibly, a distinction should be drawn here about the animals' > perception > of > its 'state of being' and it's possible 'state of being' (i.e. > when humans > take > precautionary actions). However, because I am of the > 'feelings' camp with respect to welfare, I would still argue that what > matters is > the animal's feelings about itself and its surroundings. So, 'welfare' > would be > higher for the animal allowed to roam the hills...but I would have my > fingers > firmly crossed that she wouldn't come to any harm! > > Chris > > On Fri, 22 Oct 2004 08:19:20 +1000 "Petherick, Carol" > wrote: > > > Stan and others > > This avoidance of the use of the word 'welfare' in favour of > 'wellbeing' > is > > peculiar to N America - and more so in the US than Canada. > In N America > the two > > words are used to mean the same thing. Everywhere else in > the world the > word > > 'welfare' is used by the scientific and non-scientific community. My > understanding > > for the avoidance of the term 'welfare' in N America is, as you say > Stan, the > > connotations of human aid programs. > > > > I think the majority of animal welfare scientists accept (and have > always done so) > > that 'welfare' is a continuum ranging from very good to very poor; I > don't believe > > that any animal welfare scientist believes that the word > welfare implies > or means a > > positive state. > > > > There is continued debate about the definition of welfare (and > wellbeing), but I > > don't think this means we should get rid of the word and use something > else about > > which, I don't doubt, there would also be debate as to its exact > meaning. > > > > The majority of the animal welfare stakeholders understand and use > 'welfare', and > > with all due respect Stan, what you seem to be suggesting is > using words > that just > > locate animals at a specific point along the welfare > continuum, and I'm > not sure > > that that helps us any when it comes to making regulatory or > legislative > (or other) > > guidelines about the way animals should be treated - the reason being > that > > different people will have different ideas about what is > acceptable and > > unacceptable. We need to determine what's acceptable and unacceptable > for the > > animal. > > > > Regards, > > > > Carol > > > > Carol Petherick > > Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > > Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries > > > > Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 > > Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au > > > > -----Original Message----- > > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > > Sent: Thursday, 21 October 2004 3:38 PM > > To: Anna Olsson; applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > > > > > > > Urbana, Illinois 20 October 2004 > > > > > > > > Anna Olsson and others- > > > > > > > > This is in response to Anna Olsson's implied invitation for me to > comment > > further as registered in her 20 October 2004 post to "Stanley and > others" on > > the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network- > > > > > > > > + + + > > > > > > > > DIGRESSION: STATE OF BEING > > > > A dictionary defines state as "mode or condition of being" and > being as > > "the quality or state of having existence". State of being, > therefore, > > means "condition of existence". > > > > In terms of an animal's condition of existence, that > condition may > be > > well, fair, or poor. In other words, an animal can experience > well-being, > > fair-being, or poor-being, can be in a condition of wellness, > fairness, > or > > poorness. > > > > The term welfare refers to only one possible state of > being, viz., > > well-being. A dictionary says so. Animals naturally exist > from time to > > time in any of the three states of being, and therefore we should be > precise > > when we speak or write about an animal's condition and account for all > of > > these possibilities. Hence, the generic term should be state > of being, > > neither welfare nor well-being. > > > > Moreover, as again a dictionary says, welfare often has > connotations > > having to do with aid in the form of money or necessities for those in > need > > or an agency or program through which such aid is distributed. So I > think > > some term other than welfare should be used in connection > with a living > > entity's condition, so there will be no confusion with political > > entitlement. > > > > Bottom line: in context of the condition of an animal's > existence, > > well-being is but one of three possible states of being (viz., well-, > fair-, > > and poor-being-with the adverbial modifier very also sometimes being > > applicable to well- and poor-being [very-well-being), that state of > being is > > the appropriate categorical term, and that the word welfare > ought not be > > used. > > > > Finally-insofar as agricultural animals are > concerned--our goal in > > terms of ethical obligation and responsibility as well as economic > > rationality should be that an animal kept for agricultural purposes > should > > experience wellness most of the time, fairness some of the time, and > > poorness as infrequently as possible. It is unreasonable to > expect that > any > > animal will be well all of the time. > > > > > > > > Stanley E. Curtis > > > > 12 May 2004 > > > > > > > > + + + > > > > > > > > > > > > This series of exchanges on the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail > network began > > several days ago with discussion of the need for careful use of terms > such > > as "sentience" and "sentient" with respect to the nature of nonhuman > animals > > and their needs and wants- It has evolved into discussion of the very > root > > of the worldwide issue of "animal rights" and "animal welfare"- I > repeat: > > What follows are the thoughts of animal scientist, animal husbandman, > > applied ecologist, applied ethologist; one who believes, as did James > Randl > > when he said: "Science is best defined as a careful, disciplined, > logical > > search for knowledge . , obtained by examination of the best available > > evidence and always subject to correction and improvement > upon discovery > of > > better evidence. What's left is magic. And it doesn't work."- > > > > > > > > This particular human wants - in the context of nature and > the web of > > life - what is best for each and every animal with which our > kind shares > > this planet- Most of us keep animals for our own (selfish > [not always a > > pejorative term]) purposes - companionship, food, biomedical research > and > > teaching models, recreation, security, assistance, whatever- We are > > responsible for the ethically acceptable support and treatment of any > animal > > we keep- Of course, right away, one of the problems here is that > individual > > humans' respective ethical views differ- Based on our > history in terms > of > > coming together ecumenically, I think it is most likely that we shall > never > > completely agree with one another about what an animal needs- > > > > > > > > Having said that, nevertheless, many of the world's citizens seem to > be > > concerned about the matter of the care of the animals we keep to the > extent > > that there are calls for some sort of universality in our instructions > to > > and expectations of those who care for the animals we keep- If that > > universality cannot be based on any single philosophical > base, then upon > > what will it be based?- > > > > > > > > The modern issue of kept-animal state of being started with Ruth > Harrison' > > s book published in London in the mid-1960s and the soon-ensuing > Brambell > > Report commissioned by the British Parliament- That Report gave > significant > > attention to what might be called the "feelings" of animals- Around > this > > time, a few people started the scientific study of animals feelings- > > Important among these was Ian Duncan, who eventually came to the > conclusion > > that "[animal (state of being) has all to do with how that animal > feels]) - > > the Duncan Axiom, if you will- I completely agree with the Duncan > Axiom- > > Alas, since Ian Duncan issued his axiom, we have advanced precious > little in > > our understanding of animal feelings- In fact, among quite a few > > experimental psychologists to this day, the very notion that animals > possess > > conscious awareness is still considered heresy- I do not concur- I > respect > > the evidence and thinking and writing of scientists such as Donald > Griffin > > and Marian Stamp Dawkins, and I accept (unless and until further > evidence > > suggests otherwise) that animals do think and do experience a > variety of > > emotions- But those are qualitative notions- What about > quantification?- > > How much do those cognitive processes affect the state of being of an > > animal?- How much does an animal suffer when it experiences those > > respective emotions in specific life situations?- > > > > > > > > We now expect a lot of those in our midst who take it upon > themselves > to > > keep animals- It is ultimately essential that animal keepers have at > hand > > the answers to these questions- This is because, for animals as for > humans, > > we usually do not possess sufficient resources to ensure that every > > individual will be provided every bit of support and > protection it needs > to > > lead a perfect life (whatever that might be)- (Even Hans Selye was of > the > > opinion that the opposite of stress is not utopia; it is death-) > > > > > > > > So, if we are to hold its keeper accountable for ensuring a socially > > acceptable state of being in an animal, that caretaker must know what > and > > how much care is enough to meet the animal's needs- > > > > > > > > Now, because animal production, for example, is a business, it is > unlikely > > agricultural producers will choose to provide more support and > protection > > for their animals than those animals need: support and protection are > > expensive- > > > > > > > > Enter what Dennis Hardwick coined the "welfare plateau" - the > postulate > > (which I consider wise) that an ethically acceptable level of animal > state > > of being is not limited to one ideal set of circumstances, but rather > that > > it exists over a range of conditions provided by a variety of keeping > > systems- (Cf. S. E. Curtis. Veterinary Clinics of North America/Farm > > Animal Practice/Food Animal Behavior. 3(2):369-382, 1987. W. B. > Saunders > > Co., Philadelphia-) Once the animal keeper knows where that welfare > plateau > > starts, he/she can design and operate an animal-keeping > system to honor > that > > point- But that the point of that start has to be a quantitative > value!- > > Where should the line be drawn?- > > > > > > > > I submit that - as for using an animal's feelings as the guide to > drawing > > that line-- as of today we do not have at hand the scientifically > determined > > quantitative value of the lower point of the welfare plateau for any > kept > > animal- I hope that some day we do have- In fact, I myself have > dabbled > > some in research on that facet of the pig's nature- But, > truth be told, > > right now we do not have- > > > > > > > > What should we do between now and that day when we might have that > > knowledge available for application in animal husbandry?- Some would > say we > > should take laps of faith, jump to conclusions, decide by > analogy to the > > human condition- I would no more want to see observations of human > feelings > > be the sole regulated bases for how we care for animals than I would > want to > > see observations of animal traits be the sole regulated bases > for how we > > formulate pharmaceuticals for humans- > > > > > > > > I suggest that we continue - indeed, continue with renewed fervor - > our > > search for that sufficient understanding of the nature of animal > feelings > > that is utterly essential to using their feelings as a guide to how we > keep, > > handle, and treat animals- In the meantime, we should use > our intuition > to > > apply those bits and pieces of insufficient understanding of those > things > > that we do already possess- But they should not be the bases > for either > > public expectations or governmental regulations- > > > > > > > > And I further suggest that - as we wait until that crucial > information > > just alluded to eventually emerges from scientists' > workplaces - we base > our > > recommendations to and expectations of animal caretakers on the best > > evidence we actually have at our disposal- I suggest we take the > following > > course as we make progress in the meantime- > > > > > > > > FIRST BASIS: HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (AND THUS ATTENTION) > > > > My suggestion is based on my adaptation of Abraham Maslow's > "hierarchy > of > > human needs" to nonhuman animals- (Cf. S. E. Curtis, loc.cit.-) > Basically, > > application of Maslow's scheme to kept animals results in a hierarchic > > organization of animal needs along the following lines (from lowest to > > highest): (1) physiologic needs; (2) safety needs; and (3) behavioral > > needs. Animals' physiologic needs (for food; shelter; and > health care) > are > > reasonably well-understood and are being fulfilled reasonably > well- The > > safety needs (for safe, well-designed equipment and facilities; > protection > > against predation and weather accidents) are somewhat less > well-understood > > and less well-attended to- The behavioral needs (which usually > ultimately > > translates into animals' subjective feelings) are (as we have > just been > > discussing) not at all well-understood, so we cannot know > whether or not > > they are being met- > > > > > > > > I suggest the bottom line in this respect is: We should be paying > more > > attention to those aspects of animal care over which we have the most > > control - numerous factors including nutrition, thermal and light > > environment, microbic environment, social environment, handling > procedures, > > and floor condition and other safety traits- > > > > > > > > (All that follows has been extracted/modified from the > script > > for the textbook several others and I are in the final > > stages of preparing- It is shared here for the purpose of > this > > APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network discussion only-) > > > > > > > > SECOND: ANIMALS' PRIORITIES OF RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION > > > > At the organism level there are three categories of life processes: > > > > · maintenance processes that sustain life, ensure > individual survival; > > > > · reproductive processes that provide for perpetuation of > the species; > and > > > > · performance or productive processes that humans cultivate to yield > > products, by-products and co-products, work, and other > services (e. g., > > companionship and socializing, recreation, competitive > athletics, human > > assistance and service) enjoyed by or useful to humans. > > > > > > > > At some times in some environments, all of an animal's life > processes > can > > be completely supported. In other situations, however, available > resources > > may be so limited that the animal must exercise priorities. > > > > > > > > At any moment, for a particular animal, the various life > processes are > > > differentially important to fitness, i. e., to individual survival and > > species propagation-any animal's top-two priorities. When the > needs for > > bodily resources exceed their availability, some processes must be > > de-emphasized so currently more vital ones can be more fully > supported. > In > > general, then, when bodily resources become ever more scarce, > the prime > > goals of fitness-viz., individual survival (maintenance processes) and > > species perpetuation (reproductive processes)-progressively become an > animal > > 's primary priorities. A guinea pig, e. g., will experience a > reduction > in > > growth rate in a hot environment, so certain bodily resources can be > > redirected to supporting higher-priority maintenance processes (e. g., > > panting). > > > > > > > > Productive processes in production animals result from bodily > functions > > that have been intensified or otherwise modified through genetic > > manipulation, nutrition, or other husbandry practices. But these > exaggerated > > functions may be critical to neither an individual's survival nor its > > reproduction. Processes not among these top priorities are, > in times of > > stress, least protected and least spared. > > > > > > > > When an animal responds to adaptagent(s), its maintenance needs > invariably > > increase (although sometimes negligibly). Resource expenditures in > support > > of responsive maintenance functions increase progressively as the > animal's > > responses increase, so the animal's remaining functional capabilities > > progressively decrease. As stress intensity increases, life processes > become > > progressively imperiled in the order of their respective contributions > to > > productivity first, reproductivity second, survival last. > > > > > > > > THIRD: THE CURTIS AXIOM > > > > A dictionary defines an axiom as a statement accepted as true as the > basis > > for argument or inference. > > > > > > > > For performing animals, as many have asserted, appropriate > complements > of > > indicators probably will best reflect an animal's overall state of > being. > > But our understanding of all of the many mechanisms involved is still > > inadequate, and so the task remains impossible. Moreover, > although Ian > > Duncan has opined that an animal's state of being has all to do with > that > > animal's feelings, in fact at this point in time, we definitively know > > almost nothing about how an animal feels. We can speculate, we can > surmise, > > we can analogize, but we still do not know. > > > > > > > > As a consequence, the rate of performance usually today is the best > single > > indicator - in terms of availability, measurability, and sensitivity - > of > > the state of being of a performing animal. That is, of course, > providing > > that the animal is constitutionally fit in the first place. In this > > textbook, reference is made only to constitutionally fit > animals. There > is > > no moral excuse for keeping constitutionally unfit creatures for > > profit-making or self-indulgent purposes. > > > > > > > > I have axiomized the following for agricultural, recreational, > companion, > > working, service, and laboratory animals alike: > > > > For a constitutionally fit performing animal of any kind -- > unless and > > until we definitively know something about their conscious > feelings -- > the > > best single indicator of that animal's state of being is its rate of > > biologic productive performance relative to its genetic potential. > > > > This axiom is based on the following premises: > > > > · The fact that any adaptate to any adaptagent > requires an > > animal to expend various bodily resources. > > > > · The fact that these bodily resources often are limited > in > > availability to the animal, and, therefore, that the animal must > exercise > > priorities. > > > > · The generally accepted dogma (based on clinical, > empirical, > > and experimental observations) about an animal's priorities for > allocating > > limited resources, with maintenance and survival processes being > supported > > first, reproductive-performance processes second, and > productive-performance > > processes last. > > > > · The morality-based assumption that any animal > being kept > for > > performance purposes will be constitutionally fit. > > > > · The notion that, when pathogenic agents bypass an animal's primary > > defenses, the host's immune cells are stimulated to secrete cytokines. > > Various adaptates then may be stimulated by these cytokines. But, in > any > > case, there is a shift in the partitioning of nutrients away from > productive > > and reproductive processes toward behavioral and metabolic responses > that > > support animal defenses and, thereby, top-priority animal maintenance > and > > survival processes. This shift in the balance between > anabolic pressures > and > > natural, entropic, catabolic processes partly explains the frequent > > reductions in an animal's productive and even reproductive > syntheses and > > yields. > > > > · The expectation that more about animals' conscious > feelings will be > > learned scientifically, and that, as a consequence, this axiom might > > eventually be refined, modified, or outright rejected. > > > > > > > > FINALLY: SIXTY LAST WORDS > > > > So I submit for your consideration, comment, and discussion the > suggestion > > that, although we can have other ultimate goals, at this point in time > what > > those of us who are involved - today! -- in the care of > animals ought to > be > > basing our decisions as to how to husband an animal on how that animal > > quantitatively performs productively and reproductively- > > > > > > > > + + + > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > > From: "Anna Olsson" > > To: "Stanley Curtis" ; > > > > Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 1:34 AM > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > > Dear Stanley and others, > > > > > > While I appreciate your critical view, I would be very > interested in > > seeing > > > what approach you suggest as an alternative to the present > (combining > > the > > > best available scientific evidence and argument from analogy with > expert > > > opinion including consideration of benefit of the doubt) in > guidelines > > and > > > policy-making for animal husbandry. > > > > > > I am fully aware of the shortcomings of present research. Animal > welfare > > as > > > a discipline of research is fairly recent, and not much of the > research > > has > > > been directed at providing the scientific evidence for animal > subjective > > > mental states that you ask for. This matter is further complicated > by > > the > > > fact that neurobiology has only very recently started to give us a > > > significant insight in the neurobiology of human subjective mental > > state. > > > > > > It is not uncommon to have to legislate in situations of limited > > knowledge. > > > An important consideration to be made in these situations > is that of > the > > > potential consequences of making the wrong decision. If we assume > that > > > vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we > have > > > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in > > production > > > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we > assume that > > > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we > have > > > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that > > sentience. > > > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more > serious than > the > > > first - but that is my view and I would welcome arguments > supporting > > other > > > positions. > > > > > > The Rio Declaration (1992) says that lack of "full scientific > certainty > > > shall not be used as a reason for postponing > cost-effective measures > to > > > prevent environmental degradation" (cited from > > > http://www.biotech-info.net/science_and_PP.html which is > recommended > for > > > those who want to read more about legislation and the > precautionary > > > principle). I would argue that the well-being of sentient > individuals is > > a > > > matter of sufficient importance to take a similar position. > > > > > > It is obvious that we should not make decisions in the complete > absence > > of > > > scientific evidence, and equally obvious that we will > never have the > > > complete unambiguous scientific evidence for anything, so the > question > > then > > > becomes how much scientific evidence should we ask for > before making > a > > > decision? While humbly aware of the limitations of our > knowledge, I > must > > say > > > that I find it worrying if someone would claim that the almost 40 > years > > of > > > scientific research over animal welfare since the Brambell report > had > > not > > > produced any information that can be useful in decision-making. > > > > > > Regards, > > > Anna Olsson > > > > > > Dr Anna Olsson > > > Researcher > > > Animal Behaviour & Welfare - Bioethics > > > > > > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > > > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > > > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal > > > Phone +351 22 607 4900 > > > Faz +351 22 609 9157 > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------- > -- > > ---- > > > > ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** > > The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages > > (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally > > privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity > > to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of > > disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken > > or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions > > contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions > > of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received > > this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and > > delete it from your computer system network. > > > > ............................................................. > Dr C.M. Sherwin > Senior Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > Centre for Behavioural Biology, > Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, > University of Bristol, > Langford House, > Langford, > BS40 5DU, U.K. > > > Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 > Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 > email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk > > > > ------------------------------------------------------------------ > ---------- > ---- > > From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 22-OCT-2004 10:25:17.42 To: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "Chris Sherwin" CC: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" "Chris Sherwin", IN%"Carol.Petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au" "Petherick, Carol", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Sentient; Chris and others- I, for one, appreciate very much your sharing your thoughts with the rest of us- After all, it takes courage to do so, as one really lays her/himself vulnerable by engaging in this sort of discussion in a way a lot of people can have access to (speaking of rules, as you can see, I agree with Sir Winston regarding the placement of prepositions)- I have some observations about what you have said in your e-message earlier today- First- You rightly note that "[legislators are asking us ... ]"- Perhaps those legislators are asking too much of us- Perhaps we are flattered at being recognized and approached by legislators to the point that our pride as scientists (for god''s sake!) get the best of us so that it will not permit us to say, simply, "We aren't sure where to draw The Line ... "- Second- I think that -- until something more rational, more scientifically defensible comes along -- argument-by-analogy can well serve as a reference- But raw argument-by-anaology should not serve as the sole basis of our advice in these critical matters- If and when we apply argument-by-analogy on this front we should do so extremely carefully- Third- I, for one, think -- and am willing until further evidence indicates otherwise to stipulate -- that animals are sentient- But I also think that the fact (if indeed it is a fact) that animals are sentient tells us not one whit aboiut where to draw The Line when it comes to recommendations and regulations- Fourth- "Why should we not use the same framework ... ?", you ask- I think there is a big difference on this point, and it has to do with communication- It has to do with (1) the ability of the human recipient (in contrast to the nonhuman recipient) of our altruistic actions to communicate, to participate in the discussions leading up to the passage of protective legislation and (2) the ability of the human recipient (in contrast to the nonhuman recipient) of our altruistic actions to communicate, to comment on possible (likely?) errors in our well-meant actions?- Fifth- Not only does uncareful advice by scientists to legislators about The Line run the risk of decreasing the animals' state of being, it certainly will have crucial implications for the health of the lawful business enterprises involved in the honorable job of providing food for those of us humans who have chosen not to raise our own food for and by ourselves- Sixth and finally- With respect to how we should go about modifying argument-by-analogy so it is reasonable in the real world of philosophy, business, politics, and science, do you think there is a role for applying the Curtis Axiom?- -Stanley Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: "Chris Sherwin" To: "Stanley Curtis" Cc: "Chris Sherwin" ; "Petherick, Carol" ; Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 7:57 AM Subject: Re: Sentient; Stan and others, As a scientist, I am trying to find the truth. The absolute truth regarding subjective experiences in non-human animals is not yet out there (sorry Mulder!). I accept this. However, when legislators ask us how big cages should be for hens, whether mice should have blood removed repeatedly from behind their eyes, how long can we deprive our animals of food and water, etc., we must give them our best informed advice. To my mind, there has been considerable progress in our understanding of the welfare of non-human animals, and also in their cognitive capacities (e.g. self-awareness in some primates). Many of these studies point to a high probability of non-human animals posessing sentience of various forms. As you suggest, we should be, and are, eager to verify these assumptions, but at the moment, action is being called for in the way that we treat animals. To do nothing, or to accept the status quo, is to ignore the weight of evidence relating to welfare that has amounted over the last 30 years or so. I would also repeat my earlier question: We legislate for the welfare of humans based on argument-by-analogy (our only tool in this process), so why should we not use the same framework in legislating for the welfare of non-humans? Respectfully yours, Chris On Fri, 22 Oct 2004 07:04:03 -0500 Stanley Curtis wrote: > > > Chris, Carol, and others- > > Chris introduces intresting possible scenarios- But let us all agree > that -- until we have objective evidence about the animal's conscious mental > experiences -- such scenarios are but figments of our imaginations- > Reasonable, even probable, they may be, but still, in my opinion, not > certain enough to serve as the basis of law- Who knows enough about what > makes that hypothetical dog tick to be able to decide where to draw The Line > mas to whether it ought to be let out to roam the countryside?- Here, I > aubmit, we are guessing- And, until we have more science to go on, each of > us is going to have a unique guess- And that is where The Problem comes in- > If we are willing to base recommendations and regulations on speculative > assumptions that have not been scientificually verified, then we should be > just as willing -- nay, we should be eager -- to expplore those assumptions > to learn whether or not they are verifiable- We are supposed to be, after > all, seeking the truth, and we should be assuming that it is unlikely that > that truth is going to somehow magically arise ought of the collective > opinions of well-meaning, interested people- Alas, however, I see previous > little research effort being aimed in the direction of animal cognition- > > -Stan Curtis > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Chris Sherwin" > To: "Petherick, Carol" > Cc: > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 4:14 AM > Subject: RE: Sentient; > > > > Carol and others, > > I'm afraid avoidance of the word 'welfare', or at least an increase in the > use of > 'well-being' for what most people regard as 'welfare' is also possibly > ocurring > over here in the UK. I was recently discussing the (intended) useage of > these > words with members of the veterinary profession. > > We seemed to disagree when the issue is raised of humans intervening to > protect > animals. Consider letting your dog out the house to run free over the > hills. She > obviously enjoys this (discussions of sentience aside!), and is clearly > highly > motivated to be let out from the house to roam the hills. I would say > that when > she is running over the hills, her 'welfare' is high. However, some > people think > 'I should not let my dog out because she might get knocked over or > injured', and > as a consequence lock her in the house all day. If she is shut in the > house and > frustrated because she wants to go running, I would say that her 'welfare' > is lower > than if she was let out. The veterinary people I was discussing this with > seemed to > argue that for the dog shut in, her 'welfare' was higher because she was > protected > from harm, but her 'well-being' was better when she was running over the > hills. > Possibly, a distinction should be drawn here about the animals' perception > of > its 'state of being' and it's possible 'state of being' (i.e. when humans > take > precautionary actions). However, because I am of the > 'feelings' camp with respect to welfare, I would still argue that what > matters is > the animal's feelings about itself and its surroundings. So, 'welfare' > would be > higher for the animal allowed to roam the hills...but I would have my > fingers > firmly crossed that she wouldn't come to any harm! > > Chris > > On Fri, 22 Oct 2004 08:19:20 +1000 "Petherick, Carol" > wrote: > > > Stan and others > > This avoidance of the use of the word 'welfare' in favour of 'wellbeing' > is > > peculiar to N America - and more so in the US than Canada. In N America > the two > > words are used to mean the same thing. Everywhere else in the world the > word > > 'welfare' is used by the scientific and non-scientific community. My > understanding > > for the avoidance of the term 'welfare' in N America is, as you say > Stan, the > > connotations of human aid programs. > > > > I think the majority of animal welfare scientists accept (and have > always done so) > > that 'welfare' is a continuum ranging from very good to very poor; I > don't believe > > that any animal welfare scientist believes that the word welfare implies > or means a > > positive state. > > > > There is continued debate about the definition of welfare (and > wellbeing), but I > > don't think this means we should get rid of the word and use something > else about > > which, I don't doubt, there would also be debate as to its exact > meaning. > > > > The majority of the animal welfare stakeholders understand and use > 'welfare', and > > with all due respect Stan, what you seem to be suggesting is using words > that just > > locate animals at a specific point along the welfare continuum, and I'm > not sure > > that that helps us any when it comes to making regulatory or legislative > (or other) > > guidelines about the way animals should be treated - the reason being > that > > different people will have different ideas about what is acceptable and > > unacceptable. We need to determine what's acceptable and unacceptable > for the > > animal. > > > > Regards, > > > > Carol > > > > Carol Petherick > > Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > > Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries > > > > Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 > > Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au > > > > -----Original Message----- > > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > > Sent: Thursday, 21 October 2004 3:38 PM > > To: Anna Olsson; applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > > > > > > > Urbana, Illinois 20 October 2004 > > > > > > > > Anna Olsson and others- > > > > > > > > This is in response to Anna Olsson's implied invitation for me to > comment > > further as registered in her 20 October 2004 post to "Stanley and > others" on > > the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network- > > > > > > > > + + + > > > > > > > > DIGRESSION: STATE OF BEING > > > > A dictionary defines state as "mode or condition of being" and > being as > > "the quality or state of having existence". State of being, therefore, > > means "condition of existence". > > > > In terms of an animal's condition of existence, that condition may > be > > well, fair, or poor. In other words, an animal can experience > well-being, > > fair-being, or poor-being, can be in a condition of wellness, fairness, > or > > poorness. > > > > The term welfare refers to only one possible state of being, viz., > > well-being. A dictionary says so. Animals naturally exist from time to > > time in any of the three states of being, and therefore we should be > precise > > when we speak or write about an animal's condition and account for all > of > > these possibilities. Hence, the generic term should be state of being, > > neither welfare nor well-being. > > > > Moreover, as again a dictionary says, welfare often has > connotations > > having to do with aid in the form of money or necessities for those in > need > > or an agency or program through which such aid is distributed. So I > think > > some term other than welfare should be used in connection with a living > > entity's condition, so there will be no confusion with political > > entitlement. > > > > Bottom line: in context of the condition of an animal's > existence, > > well-being is but one of three possible states of being (viz., well-, > fair-, > > and poor-being-with the adverbial modifier very also sometimes being > > applicable to well- and poor-being [very-well-being), that state of > being is > > the appropriate categorical term, and that the word welfare ought not be > > used. > > > > Finally-insofar as agricultural animals are concerned--our goal in > > terms of ethical obligation and responsibility as well as economic > > rationality should be that an animal kept for agricultural purposes > should > > experience wellness most of the time, fairness some of the time, and > > poorness as infrequently as possible. It is unreasonable to expect that > any > > animal will be well all of the time. > > > > > > > > Stanley E. Curtis > > > > 12 May 2004 > > > > > > > > + + + > > > > > > > > > > > > This series of exchanges on the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network began > > several days ago with discussion of the need for careful use of terms > such > > as "sentience" and "sentient" with respect to the nature of nonhuman > animals > > and their needs and wants- It has evolved into discussion of the very > root > > of the worldwide issue of "animal rights" and "animal welfare"- I > repeat: > > What follows are the thoughts of animal scientist, animal husbandman, > > applied ecologist, applied ethologist; one who believes, as did James > Randl > > when he said: "Science is best defined as a careful, disciplined, > logical > > search for knowledge . , obtained by examination of the best available > > evidence and always subject to correction and improvement upon discovery > of > > better evidence. What's left is magic. And it doesn't work."- > > > > > > > > This particular human wants - in the context of nature and the web of > > life - what is best for each and every animal with which our kind shares > > this planet- Most of us keep animals for our own (selfish [not always a > > pejorative term]) purposes - companionship, food, biomedical research > and > > teaching models, recreation, security, assistance, whatever- We are > > responsible for the ethically acceptable support and treatment of any > animal > > we keep- Of course, right away, one of the problems here is that > individual > > humans' respective ethical views differ- Based on our history in terms > of > > coming together ecumenically, I think it is most likely that we shall > never > > completely agree with one another about what an animal needs- > > > > > > > > Having said that, nevertheless, many of the world's citizens seem to > be > > concerned about the matter of the care of the animals we keep to the > extent > > that there are calls for some sort of universality in our instructions > to > > and expectations of those who care for the animals we keep- If that > > universality cannot be based on any single philosophical base, then upon > > what will it be based?- > > > > > > > > The modern issue of kept-animal state of being started with Ruth > Harrison' > > s book published in London in the mid-1960s and the soon-ensuing > Brambell > > Report commissioned by the British Parliament- That Report gave > significant > > attention to what might be called the "feelings" of animals- Around > this > > time, a few people started the scientific study of animals feelings- > > Important among these was Ian Duncan, who eventually came to the > conclusion > > that "[animal (state of being) has all to do with how that animal > feels]) - > > the Duncan Axiom, if you will- I completely agree with the Duncan > Axiom- > > Alas, since Ian Duncan issued his axiom, we have advanced precious > little in > > our understanding of animal feelings- In fact, among quite a few > > experimental psychologists to this day, the very notion that animals > possess > > conscious awareness is still considered heresy- I do not concur- I > respect > > the evidence and thinking and writing of scientists such as Donald > Griffin > > and Marian Stamp Dawkins, and I accept (unless and until further > evidence > > suggests otherwise) that animals do think and do experience a variety of > > emotions- But those are qualitative notions- What about > quantification?- > > How much do those cognitive processes affect the state of being of an > > animal?- How much does an animal suffer when it experiences those > > respective emotions in specific life situations?- > > > > > > > > We now expect a lot of those in our midst who take it upon themselves > to > > keep animals- It is ultimately essential that animal keepers have at > hand > > the answers to these questions- This is because, for animals as for > humans, > > we usually do not possess sufficient resources to ensure that every > > individual will be provided every bit of support and protection it needs > to > > lead a perfect life (whatever that might be)- (Even Hans Selye was of > the > > opinion that the opposite of stress is not utopia; it is death-) > > > > > > > > So, if we are to hold its keeper accountable for ensuring a socially > > acceptable state of being in an animal, that caretaker must know what > and > > how much care is enough to meet the animal's needs- > > > > > > > > Now, because animal production, for example, is a business, it is > unlikely > > agricultural producers will choose to provide more support and > protection > > for their animals than those animals need: support and protection are > > expensive- > > > > > > > > Enter what Dennis Hardwick coined the "welfare plateau" - the > postulate > > (which I consider wise) that an ethically acceptable level of animal > state > > of being is not limited to one ideal set of circumstances, but rather > that > > it exists over a range of conditions provided by a variety of keeping > > systems- (Cf. S. E. Curtis. Veterinary Clinics of North America/Farm > > Animal Practice/Food Animal Behavior. 3(2):369-382, 1987. W. B. > Saunders > > Co., Philadelphia-) Once the animal keeper knows where that welfare > plateau > > starts, he/she can design and operate an animal-keeping system to honor > that > > point- But that the point of that start has to be a quantitative > value!- > > Where should the line be drawn?- > > > > > > > > I submit that - as for using an animal's feelings as the guide to > drawing > > that line-- as of today we do not have at hand the scientifically > determined > > quantitative value of the lower point of the welfare plateau for any > kept > > animal- I hope that some day we do have- In fact, I myself have > dabbled > > some in research on that facet of the pig's nature- But, truth be told, > > right now we do not have- > > > > > > > > What should we do between now and that day when we might have that > > knowledge available for application in animal husbandry?- Some would > say we > > should take laps of faith, jump to conclusions, decide by analogy to the > > human condition- I would no more want to see observations of human > feelings > > be the sole regulated bases for how we care for animals than I would > want to > > see observations of animal traits be the sole regulated bases for how we > > formulate pharmaceuticals for humans- > > > > > > > > I suggest that we continue - indeed, continue with renewed fervor - > our > > search for that sufficient understanding of the nature of animal > feelings > > that is utterly essential to using their feelings as a guide to how we > keep, > > handle, and treat animals- In the meantime, we should use our intuition > to > > apply those bits and pieces of insufficient understanding of those > things > > that we do already possess- But they should not be the bases for either > > public expectations or governmental regulations- > > > > > > > > And I further suggest that - as we wait until that crucial information > > just alluded to eventually emerges from scientists' workplaces - we base > our > > recommendations to and expectations of animal caretakers on the best > > evidence we actually have at our disposal- I suggest we take the > following > > course as we make progress in the meantime- > > > > > > > > FIRST BASIS: HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (AND THUS ATTENTION) > > > > My suggestion is based on my adaptation of Abraham Maslow's "hierarchy > of > > human needs" to nonhuman animals- (Cf. S. E. Curtis, loc.cit.-) > Basically, > > application of Maslow's scheme to kept animals results in a hierarchic > > organization of animal needs along the following lines (from lowest to > > highest): (1) physiologic needs; (2) safety needs; and (3) behavioral > > needs. Animals' physiologic needs (for food; shelter; and health care) > are > > reasonably well-understood and are being fulfilled reasonably well- The > > safety needs (for safe, well-designed equipment and facilities; > protection > > against predation and weather accidents) are somewhat less > well-understood > > and less well-attended to- The behavioral needs (which usually > ultimately > > translates into animals' subjective feelings) are (as we have just been > > discussing) not at all well-understood, so we cannot know whether or not > > they are being met- > > > > > > > > I suggest the bottom line in this respect is: We should be paying > more > > attention to those aspects of animal care over which we have the most > > control - numerous factors including nutrition, thermal and light > > environment, microbic environment, social environment, handling > procedures, > > and floor condition and other safety traits- > > > > > > > > (All that follows has been extracted/modified from the > script > > for the textbook several others and I are in the final > > stages of preparing- It is shared here for the purpose of > this > > APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network discussion only-) > > > > > > > > SECOND: ANIMALS' PRIORITIES OF RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION > > > > At the organism level there are three categories of life processes: > > > > · maintenance processes that sustain life, ensure individual survival; > > > > · reproductive processes that provide for perpetuation of the species; > and > > > > · performance or productive processes that humans cultivate to yield > > products, by-products and co-products, work, and other services (e. g., > > companionship and socializing, recreation, competitive athletics, human > > assistance and service) enjoyed by or useful to humans. > > > > > > > > At some times in some environments, all of an animal's life processes > can > > be completely supported. In other situations, however, available > resources > > may be so limited that the animal must exercise priorities. > > > > > > > > At any moment, for a particular animal, the various life processes are > > > differentially important to fitness, i. e., to individual survival and > > species propagation-any animal's top-two priorities. When the needs for > > bodily resources exceed their availability, some processes must be > > de-emphasized so currently more vital ones can be more fully supported. > In > > general, then, when bodily resources become ever more scarce, the prime > > goals of fitness-viz., individual survival (maintenance processes) and > > species perpetuation (reproductive processes)-progressively become an > animal > > 's primary priorities. A guinea pig, e. g., will experience a reduction > in > > growth rate in a hot environment, so certain bodily resources can be > > redirected to supporting higher-priority maintenance processes (e. g., > > panting). > > > > > > > > Productive processes in production animals result from bodily > functions > > that have been intensified or otherwise modified through genetic > > manipulation, nutrition, or other husbandry practices. But these > exaggerated > > functions may be critical to neither an individual's survival nor its > > reproduction. Processes not among these top priorities are, in times of > > stress, least protected and least spared. > > > > > > > > When an animal responds to adaptagent(s), its maintenance needs > invariably > > increase (although sometimes negligibly). Resource expenditures in > support > > of responsive maintenance functions increase progressively as the > animal's > > responses increase, so the animal's remaining functional capabilities > > progressively decrease. As stress intensity increases, life processes > become > > progressively imperiled in the order of their respective contributions > to > > productivity first, reproductivity second, survival last. > > > > > > > > THIRD: THE CURTIS AXIOM > > > > A dictionary defines an axiom as a statement accepted as true as the > basis > > for argument or inference. > > > > > > > > For performing animals, as many have asserted, appropriate complements > of > > indicators probably will best reflect an animal's overall state of > being. > > But our understanding of all of the many mechanisms involved is still > > inadequate, and so the task remains impossible. Moreover, although Ian > > Duncan has opined that an animal's state of being has all to do with > that > > animal's feelings, in fact at this point in time, we definitively know > > almost nothing about how an animal feels. We can speculate, we can > surmise, > > we can analogize, but we still do not know. > > > > > > > > As a consequence, the rate of performance usually today is the best > single > > indicator - in terms of availability, measurability, and sensitivity - > of > > the state of being of a performing animal. That is, of course, > providing > > that the animal is constitutionally fit in the first place. In this > > textbook, reference is made only to constitutionally fit animals. There > is > > no moral excuse for keeping constitutionally unfit creatures for > > profit-making or self-indulgent purposes. > > > > > > > > I have axiomized the following for agricultural, recreational, > companion, > > working, service, and laboratory animals alike: > > > > For a constitutionally fit performing animal of any kind -- unless and > > until we definitively know something about their conscious feelings -- > the > > best single indicator of that animal's state of being is its rate of > > biologic productive performance relative to its genetic potential. > > > > This axiom is based on the following premises: > > > > · The fact that any adaptate to any adaptagent requires an > > animal to expend various bodily resources. > > > > · The fact that these bodily resources often are limited > in > > availability to the animal, and, therefore, that the animal must > exercise > > priorities. > > > > · The generally accepted dogma (based on clinical, > empirical, > > and experimental observations) about an animal's priorities for > allocating > > limited resources, with maintenance and survival processes being > supported > > first, reproductive-performance processes second, and > productive-performance > > processes last. > > > > · The morality-based assumption that any animal being kept > for > > performance purposes will be constitutionally fit. > > > > · The notion that, when pathogenic agents bypass an animal's primary > > defenses, the host's immune cells are stimulated to secrete cytokines. > > Various adaptates then may be stimulated by these cytokines. But, in > any > > case, there is a shift in the partitioning of nutrients away from > productive > > and reproductive processes toward behavioral and metabolic responses > that > > support animal defenses and, thereby, top-priority animal maintenance > and > > survival processes. This shift in the balance between anabolic pressures > and > > natural, entropic, catabolic processes partly explains the frequent > > reductions in an animal's productive and even reproductive syntheses and > > yields. > > > > · The expectation that more about animals' conscious feelings will be > > learned scientifically, and that, as a consequence, this axiom might > > eventually be refined, modified, or outright rejected. > > > > > > > > FINALLY: SIXTY LAST WORDS > > > > So I submit for your consideration, comment, and discussion the > suggestion > > that, although we can have other ultimate goals, at this point in time > what > > those of us who are involved - today! -- in the care of animals ought to > be > > basing our decisions as to how to husband an animal on how that animal > > quantitatively performs productively and reproductively- > > > > > > > > + + + > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > > From: "Anna Olsson" > > To: "Stanley Curtis" ; > > > > Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 1:34 AM > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > > Dear Stanley and others, > > > > > > While I appreciate your critical view, I would be very interested in > > seeing > > > what approach you suggest as an alternative to the present > (combining > > the > > > best available scientific evidence and argument from analogy with > expert > > > opinion including consideration of benefit of the doubt) in > guidelines > > and > > > policy-making for animal husbandry. > > > > > > I am fully aware of the shortcomings of present research. Animal > welfare > > as > > > a discipline of research is fairly recent, and not much of the > research > > has > > > been directed at providing the scientific evidence for animal > subjective > > > mental states that you ask for. This matter is further complicated > by > > the > > > fact that neurobiology has only very recently started to give us a > > > significant insight in the neurobiology of human subjective mental > > state. > > > > > > It is not uncommon to have to legislate in situations of limited > > knowledge. > > > An important consideration to be made in these situations is that of > the > > > potential consequences of making the wrong decision. If we assume > that > > > vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we > have > > > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in > > production > > > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that > > > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we > have > > > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that > > sentience. > > > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than > the > > > first - but that is my view and I would welcome arguments supporting > > other > > > positions. > > > > > > The Rio Declaration (1992) says that lack of "full scientific > certainty > > > shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures > to > > > prevent environmental degradation" (cited from > > > http://www.biotech-info.net/science_and_PP.html which is recommended > for > > > those who want to read more about legislation and the precautionary > > > principle). I would argue that the well-being of sentient > individuals is > > a > > > matter of sufficient importance to take a similar position. > > > > > > It is obvious that we should not make decisions in the complete > absence > > of > > > scientific evidence, and equally obvious that we will never have the > > > complete unambiguous scientific evidence for anything, so the > question > > then > > > becomes how much scientific evidence should we ask for before making > a > > > decision? While humbly aware of the limitations of our knowledge, I > must > > say > > > that I find it worrying if someone would claim that the almost 40 > years > > of > > > scientific research over animal welfare since the Brambell report > had > > not > > > produced any information that can be useful in decision-making. > > > > > > Regards, > > > Anna Olsson > > > > > > Dr Anna Olsson > > > Researcher > > > Animal Behaviour & Welfare - Bioethics > > > > > > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > > > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > > > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal > > > Phone +351 22 607 4900 > > > Faz +351 22 609 9157 > > > > > > > > > > > > > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------- > -- > > ---- > > > > ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** > > The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages > > (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally > > privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity > > to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of > > disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken > > or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions > > contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions > > of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received > > this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and > > delete it from your computer system network. > > > > ............................................................. > Dr C.M. Sherwin > Senior Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > Centre for Behavioural Biology, > Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, > University of Bristol, > Langford House, > Langford, > BS40 5DU, U.K. > > > Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 > Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 > email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk > > > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- > ---- > > > ............................................................. Dr C.M. Sherwin Senior Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Centre for Behavioural Biology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, U.K. Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- From: IN%"clare@amerion.com" "Clare Lewandowski" 22-OCT-2004 10:26:00.59 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: pit bull ban http://www.deviantart.com/view/11454716/ This flash video points out the major problem with pit bulls--human behavior. There are some pit bulls that are badly bred. As Dr. K. Matznik pointed out, the dogs that were fought were selected to be non-aggressive to humans. This also applies to other bull breeds used as catch dogs for hogs and cattle, not to fight dogs. The best link I had on bull breeds used in this manner for centuries appears to be down for maintenance. Overall, this link described how hogs and cattle in Europe were not the rather placid easy to manage types they are now. Hogs were often free ranged and both hogs and cattle had to be able to defend against wolves until they were eradicated. Wolves went for the weak animals in a group. Bulldogs were used to control healthy agile hogs and cattle and keep humans safe before breeds became more docile and fencing, squeeze chutes and other management practices became common. Dogs showing aggression to their human owners were killed. The dogs had to hang on until the human came in and killed the animal selected for butchering without ever making a mistake and biting a human by accident. No redirected or accidental bites were tolerated. The following link has video clips of bulldogs being tested on hogs. It is not a bloodsport contest. It is a way to set up controlled testing situations, the hogs used are generally Russian boar or wild hogs rounded up. These dogs are being used on some hog farms in case an angry hog gets loose and also in areas where wild hogs are a problem, in the southern and southwestern US, this can be a large problem with crop damage and danger to people living there. The dogs must have high pain tolerance, stable nerves and great judgement under stress. Some of the clips show dogs playing with their family, doing protection work and obedience. Other clips show the dogs catching hogs. In these clips you will see the dogs in an extreme situation and never mistaking a human for a hog, even when the hog is caught and the dog is being taken off with a breaking stick. It is possible to train a dog to drop off a hog but the people who use them for hogs do not want to do so as if the dog anticipates the command and releases early, a human could be injured by a hog's tusks or bite. http://www.munozamericanbulldogs.com/multimedia.htm There are american bulldogs that have been tested on hogs and have not only obedience titles but are search and rescue and therapy dog certified. http://www.hardlydangerouskennels.com/zeke.html Dog problems start as human problems. Idiots breeding overly aggressive or weak tempered dogs. Golden retrievers are now some of the top biting dogs in N. America. Fear biters or dogs with low pain tolerance and touch/sight/sound sensitive. These idiot breeders selling poor quality dogs to idiot owners who know nothing about dog behavior in general, breed or type specific behavior, and proper management and training. They are irresponsible, do not have adequate fencing, no training to control the dogs in public or teach appropriate behavior. How many nasty little ankle biter dogs are there? Many toy breeds can be horrid beasts for the same reasons, bad breeding, bad raising and management and bad training. They can bite hard enough to sink teeth up to the gum line. Often they are not selected for pain tolerance and if a child steps on their foot the pain is so intense they bite the child. Other problems with dogs also come from dogs being in the wrong environment, Border Collies without appropriate outlets for exercise and mental needs become hyperactive, may chew, bark, pace and other undesirable behaviors. A friend who works with sporthorses said that the European Warmblood breeds are often considered aggressive. She said they are misunderstood. Bred originally as war horses, the flight response was selected against so the horses do not yield their bodyspace in the same manner as other breeds. With horse ownership, there is more expectation to match up the horse and the riders ability. Getting too much horse is dangerous. A few years ago, a stallion killed a child in the US. The parents in this situation I think were to blame. During spring breeding season, this stallion was in a small paddock with 6' high fencing. But the children were tormenting him, running around and dragging sticks on the fencing etc. In frustration the horse managed to grab one by the shoulder and tore it off. The child bled to death. There are already regulations about stallion management and fencing. It's possible this stallion was extremely aggressive but overall horses tolerate a lot of human stupidity and mismanagement without killing or severely injuring humans. Yet no one is trying to ban Arabians or Appaloosas as vicious horses. Puppy mills and back yard breeders are turning out too many dogs with poor temperaments as well as health problems. And prospective owners are also responsible for not educating themselves on choosing a good match for their situation and not learning about dogs. Many shelters and foster care programs now are doing wonderful jobs of giving dogs some house manners and finding appropriate homes. Until we find a way to ban human stupidity and ignorance, animals of all sorts are at risk of the consequences. When they lash out in fear or anger, look to the humans responsible. The human behavior needs to be managed and trained. Being proactive with education helps but stern and severe punishment is probably what is going to be needed to make idiots pay attention. I mean hard jail time for owners who do not have adequate fencing and training to control the dog and whose dog damages a human, other animals or property. I'd prefer public time in stocks with rotten tomatoes available for passersby as physical aversives do work in some situations. Many of the idiots do not have real property or insurance and would be judgement free if fines or a civil suit awarded monetary damages. All dogs can bite and will under some circumstances. Banning dogs of some breeds and size will only mean other breeds and smaller dogs will rise in popularity and suffer the same misbreeding and handling leading the banning of dogs overall. There is a great deal of information easily available now to dog owners. They are simply not behaving responsibly and other citizens suffer, either by dog bites or restrictive legislation even though their own dogs are models of stability and good behavior. Regrettably breed bans are coming out as an attempt to be proactive and protect the majority of citizens from the irresponsibility of a minority. Current laws and penalties are ineffective as reactive and this attempt to be proactive will probably not make much difference as other breeds will take the place of the banned ones. Education and widely advertised punishment as jail time for stupid owners would be better than banning. Clare From: IN%"coape@nildram.co.uk" "Robin Walker" 22-OCT-2004 10:27:11.03 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology Network" CC: Subj: Don Whathisname (?) Can you keep the noise down? This group is supposed to be boring! Anyhow - since you are here - I need help. What is the surname of that major anthropology guy whose first name is Don? He recently acceded to a leading academic position .... Help me here - (deep in the mists of damaged sentience). Robin Walker From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 22-OCT-2004 10:33:38.67 To: IN%"rbogle@sonic.net" "Rick Bogle" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Sentient; Rick and others- I suggest we can gain the evidence you are interested in by learning how to communicate with nonhuman animals- Colleagues and I (then at The Pennsylvania State University) generated good evidence, for example, that pigs are similar to chimpanzees in terms of video-game problem-solving ability, which is an important first step in devising ways and means to have back-and-forth communication with pigs as we already can have with chimpanzees- -Stanley Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: "Rick Bogle" Cc: Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 11:34 AM Subject: RE: Sentient; > "But let us all agree that -- until we have objective evidence about the > animal's conscious mental experiences -- such scenarios are but figments of > our imaginations." > > What would such evidence look like? How would we recognize it? > > Rick Bogle > Madison, WI > > > > > > -----Original Message----- > > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 6:04 AM > > To: Chris Sherwin; Petherick, Carol > > Cc: applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > > > > > Chris, Carol, and others- > > > > Chris introduces intresting possible scenarios- But let us all agree > > that -- until we have objective evidence about the animal's > > conscious mental > > experiences -- such scenarios are but figments of our imaginations- > > Reasonable, even probable, they may be, but still, in my opinion, not > > certain enough to serve as the basis of law- Who knows enough about what > > makes that hypothetical dog tick to be able to decide where to > > draw The Line > > mas to whether it ought to be let out to roam the countryside?- Here, I > > aubmit, we are guessing- And, until we have more science to go > > on, each of > > us is going to have a unique guess- And that is where The > > Problem comes in- > > If we are willing to base recommendations and regulations on speculative > > assumptions that have not been scientificually verified, then we should be > > just as willing -- nay, we should be eager -- to expplore those > > assumptions > > to learn whether or not they are verifiable- We are supposed to be, after > > all, seeking the truth, and we should be assuming that it is unlikely that > > that truth is going to somehow magically arise ought of the collective > > opinions of well-meaning, interested people- Alas, however, I > > see previous > > little research effort being aimed in the direction of animal cognition- > > > > -Stan Curtis > > > > > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > > From: "Chris Sherwin" > > To: "Petherick, Carol" > > Cc: > > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 4:14 AM > > Subject: RE: Sentient; > > > > > > > > Carol and others, > > > > I'm afraid avoidance of the word 'welfare', or at least an > > increase in the > > use of > > 'well-being' for what most people regard as 'welfare' is also possibly > > ocurring > > over here in the UK. I was recently discussing the (intended) useage of > > these > > words with members of the veterinary profession. > > > > We seemed to disagree when the issue is raised of humans intervening to > > protect > > animals. Consider letting your dog out the house to run free over the > > hills. She > > obviously enjoys this (discussions of sentience aside!), and is clearly > > highly > > motivated to be let out from the house to roam the hills. I would say > > that when > > she is running over the hills, her 'welfare' is high. However, some > > people think > > 'I should not let my dog out because she might get knocked over or > > injured', and > > as a consequence lock her in the house all day. If she is shut in the > > house and > > frustrated because she wants to go running, I would say that > > her 'welfare' > > is lower > > than if she was let out. The veterinary people I was discussing > > this with > > seemed to > > argue that for the dog shut in, her 'welfare' was higher because she was > > protected > > from harm, but her 'well-being' was better when she was running over the > > hills. > > Possibly, a distinction should be drawn here about the animals' > > perception > > of > > its 'state of being' and it's possible 'state of being' (i.e. > > when humans > > take > > precautionary actions). However, because I am of the > > 'feelings' camp with respect to welfare, I would still argue that what > > matters is > > the animal's feelings about itself and its surroundings. So, 'welfare' > > would be > > higher for the animal allowed to roam the hills...but I would have my > > fingers > > firmly crossed that she wouldn't come to any harm! > > > > Chris > > > > On Fri, 22 Oct 2004 08:19:20 +1000 "Petherick, Carol" > > wrote: > > > > > Stan and others > > > This avoidance of the use of the word 'welfare' in favour of > > 'wellbeing' > > is > > > peculiar to N America - and more so in the US than Canada. > > In N America > > the two > > > words are used to mean the same thing. Everywhere else in > > the world the > > word > > > 'welfare' is used by the scientific and non-scientific community. My > > understanding > > > for the avoidance of the term 'welfare' in N America is, as you say > > Stan, the > > > connotations of human aid programs. > > > > > > I think the majority of animal welfare scientists accept (and have > > always done so) > > > that 'welfare' is a continuum ranging from very good to very poor; I > > don't believe > > > that any animal welfare scientist believes that the word > > welfare implies > > or means a > > > positive state. > > > > > > There is continued debate about the definition of welfare (and > > wellbeing), but I > > > don't think this means we should get rid of the word and use something > > else about > > > which, I don't doubt, there would also be debate as to its exact > > meaning. > > > > > > The majority of the animal welfare stakeholders understand and use > > 'welfare', and > > > with all due respect Stan, what you seem to be suggesting is > > using words > > that just > > > locate animals at a specific point along the welfare > > continuum, and I'm > > not sure > > > that that helps us any when it comes to making regulatory or > > legislative > > (or other) > > > guidelines about the way animals should be treated - the reason being > > that > > > different people will have different ideas about what is > > acceptable and > > > unacceptable. We need to determine what's acceptable and unacceptable > > for the > > > animal. > > > > > > Regards, > > > > > > Carol > > > > > > Carol Petherick > > > Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > > > Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries > > > > > > Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 > > > Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au > > > > > > -----Original Message----- > > > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > > > Sent: Thursday, 21 October 2004 3:38 PM > > > To: Anna Olsson; applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Urbana, Illinois 20 October 2004 > > > > > > > > > > > > Anna Olsson and others- > > > > > > > > > > > > This is in response to Anna Olsson's implied invitation for me to > > comment > > > further as registered in her 20 October 2004 post to "Stanley and > > others" on > > > the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network- > > > > > > > > > > > > + + + > > > > > > > > > > > > DIGRESSION: STATE OF BEING > > > > > > A dictionary defines state as "mode or condition of being" and > > being as > > > "the quality or state of having existence". State of being, > > therefore, > > > means "condition of existence". > > > > > > In terms of an animal's condition of existence, that > > condition may > > be > > > well, fair, or poor. In other words, an animal can experience > > well-being, > > > fair-being, or poor-being, can be in a condition of wellness, > > fairness, > > or > > > poorness. > > > > > > The term welfare refers to only one possible state of > > being, viz., > > > well-being. A dictionary says so. Animals naturally exist > > from time to > > > time in any of the three states of being, and therefore we should be > > precise > > > when we speak or write about an animal's condition and account for all > > of > > > these possibilities. Hence, the generic term should be state > > of being, > > > neither welfare nor well-being. > > > > > > Moreover, as again a dictionary says, welfare often has > > connotations > > > having to do with aid in the form of money or necessities for those in > > need > > > or an agency or program through which such aid is distributed. So I > > think > > > some term other than welfare should be used in connection > > with a living > > > entity's condition, so there will be no confusion with political > > > entitlement. > > > > > > Bottom line: in context of the condition of an animal's > > existence, > > > well-being is but one of three possible states of being (viz., well-, > > fair-, > > > and poor-being-with the adverbial modifier very also sometimes being > > > applicable to well- and poor-being [very-well-being), that state of > > being is > > > the appropriate categorical term, and that the word welfare > > ought not be > > > used. > > > > > > Finally-insofar as agricultural animals are > > concerned--our goal in > > > terms of ethical obligation and responsibility as well as economic > > > rationality should be that an animal kept for agricultural purposes > > should > > > experience wellness most of the time, fairness some of the time, and > > > poorness as infrequently as possible. It is unreasonable to > > expect that > > any > > > animal will be well all of the time. > > > > > > > > > > > > Stanley E. Curtis > > > > > > 12 May 2004 > > > > > > > > > > > > + + + > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > This series of exchanges on the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail > > network began > > > several days ago with discussion of the need for careful use of terms > > such > > > as "sentience" and "sentient" with respect to the nature of nonhuman > > animals > > > and their needs and wants- It has evolved into discussion of the very > > root > > > of the worldwide issue of "animal rights" and "animal welfare"- I > > repeat: > > > What follows are the thoughts of animal scientist, animal husbandman, > > > applied ecologist, applied ethologist; one who believes, as did James > > Randl > > > when he said: "Science is best defined as a careful, disciplined, > > logical > > > search for knowledge . , obtained by examination of the best available > > > evidence and always subject to correction and improvement > > upon discovery > > of > > > better evidence. What's left is magic. And it doesn't work."- > > > > > > > > > > > > This particular human wants - in the context of nature and > > the web of > > > life - what is best for each and every animal with which our > > kind shares > > > this planet- Most of us keep animals for our own (selfish > > [not always a > > > pejorative term]) purposes - companionship, food, biomedical research > > and > > > teaching models, recreation, security, assistance, whatever- We are > > > responsible for the ethically acceptable support and treatment of any > > animal > > > we keep- Of course, right away, one of the problems here is that > > individual > > > humans' respective ethical views differ- Based on our > > history in terms > > of > > > coming together ecumenically, I think it is most likely that we shall > > never > > > completely agree with one another about what an animal needs- > > > > > > > > > > > > Having said that, nevertheless, many of the world's citizens seem to > > be > > > concerned about the matter of the care of the animals we keep to the > > extent > > > that there are calls for some sort of universality in our instructions > > to > > > and expectations of those who care for the animals we keep- If that > > > universality cannot be based on any single philosophical > > base, then upon > > > what will it be based?- > > > > > > > > > > > > The modern issue of kept-animal state of being started with Ruth > > Harrison' > > > s book published in London in the mid-1960s and the soon-ensuing > > Brambell > > > Report commissioned by the British Parliament- That Report gave > > significant > > > attention to what might be called the "feelings" of animals- Around > > this > > > time, a few people started the scientific study of animals feelings- > > > Important among these was Ian Duncan, who eventually came to the > > conclusion > > > that "[animal (state of being) has all to do with how that animal > > feels]) - > > > the Duncan Axiom, if you will- I completely agree with the Duncan > > Axiom- > > > Alas, since Ian Duncan issued his axiom, we have advanced precious > > little in > > > our understanding of animal feelings- In fact, among quite a few > > > experimental psychologists to this day, the very notion that animals > > possess > > > conscious awareness is still considered heresy- I do not concur- I > > respect > > > the evidence and thinking and writing of scientists such as Donald > > Griffin > > > and Marian Stamp Dawkins, and I accept (unless and until further > > evidence > > > suggests otherwise) that animals do think and do experience a > > variety of > > > emotions- But those are qualitative notions- What about > > quantification?- > > > How much do those cognitive processes affect the state of being of an > > > animal?- How much does an animal suffer when it experiences those > > > respective emotions in specific life situations?- > > > > > > > > > > > > We now expect a lot of those in our midst who take it upon > > themselves > > to > > > keep animals- It is ultimately essential that animal keepers have at > > hand > > > the answers to these questions- This is because, for animals as for > > humans, > > > we usually do not possess sufficient resources to ensure that every > > > individual will be provided every bit of support and > > protection it needs > > to > > > lead a perfect life (whatever that might be)- (Even Hans Selye was of > > the > > > opinion that the opposite of stress is not utopia; it is death-) > > > > > > > > > > > > So, if we are to hold its keeper accountable for ensuring a socially > > > acceptable state of being in an animal, that caretaker must know what > > and > > > how much care is enough to meet the animal's needs- > > > > > > > > > > > > Now, because animal production, for example, is a business, it is > > unlikely > > > agricultural producers will choose to provide more support and > > protection > > > for their animals than those animals need: support and protection are > > > expensive- > > > > > > > > > > > > Enter what Dennis Hardwick coined the "welfare plateau" - the > > postulate > > > (which I consider wise) that an ethically acceptable level of animal > > state > > > of being is not limited to one ideal set of circumstances, but rather > > that > > > it exists over a range of conditions provided by a variety of keeping > > > systems- (Cf. S. E. Curtis. Veterinary Clinics of North America/Farm > > > Animal Practice/Food Animal Behavior. 3(2):369-382, 1987. W. B. > > Saunders > > > Co., Philadelphia-) Once the animal keeper knows where that welfare > > plateau > > > starts, he/she can design and operate an animal-keeping > > system to honor > > that > > > point- But that the point of that start has to be a quantitative > > value!- > > > Where should the line be drawn?- > > > > > > > > > > > > I submit that - as for using an animal's feelings as the guide to > > drawing > > > that line-- as of today we do not have at hand the scientifically > > determined > > > quantitative value of the lower point of the welfare plateau for any > > kept > > > animal- I hope that some day we do have- In fact, I myself have > > dabbled > > > some in research on that facet of the pig's nature- But, > > truth be told, > > > right now we do not have- > > > > > > > > > > > > What should we do between now and that day when we might have that > > > knowledge available for application in animal husbandry?- Some would > > say we > > > should take laps of faith, jump to conclusions, decide by > > analogy to the > > > human condition- I would no more want to see observations of human > > feelings > > > be the sole regulated bases for how we care for animals than I would > > want to > > > see observations of animal traits be the sole regulated bases > > for how we > > > formulate pharmaceuticals for humans- > > > > > > > > > > > > I suggest that we continue - indeed, continue with renewed fervor - > > our > > > search for that sufficient understanding of the nature of animal > > feelings > > > that is utterly essential to using their feelings as a guide to how we > > keep, > > > handle, and treat animals- In the meantime, we should use > > our intuition > > to > > > apply those bits and pieces of insufficient understanding of those > > things > > > that we do already possess- But they should not be the bases > > for either > > > public expectations or governmental regulations- > > > > > > > > > > > > And I further suggest that - as we wait until that crucial > > information > > > just alluded to eventually emerges from scientists' > > workplaces - we base > > our > > > recommendations to and expectations of animal caretakers on the best > > > evidence we actually have at our disposal- I suggest we take the > > following > > > course as we make progress in the meantime- > > > > > > > > > > > > FIRST BASIS: HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (AND THUS ATTENTION) > > > > > > My suggestion is based on my adaptation of Abraham Maslow's > > "hierarchy > > of > > > human needs" to nonhuman animals- (Cf. S. E. Curtis, loc.cit.-) > > Basically, > > > application of Maslow's scheme to kept animals results in a hierarchic > > > organization of animal needs along the following lines (from lowest to > > > highest): (1) physiologic needs; (2) safety needs; and (3) behavioral > > > needs. Animals' physiologic needs (for food; shelter; and > > health care) > > are > > > reasonably well-understood and are being fulfilled reasonably > > well- The > > > safety needs (for safe, well-designed equipment and facilities; > > protection > > > against predation and weather accidents) are somewhat less > > well-understood > > > and less well-attended to- The behavioral needs (which usually > > ultimately > > > translates into animals' subjective feelings) are (as we have > > just been > > > discussing) not at all well-understood, so we cannot know > > whether or not > > > they are being met- > > > > > > > > > > > > I suggest the bottom line in this respect is: We should be paying > > more > > > attention to those aspects of animal care over which we have the most > > > control - numerous factors including nutrition, thermal and light > > > environment, microbic environment, social environment, handling > > procedures, > > > and floor condition and other safety traits- > > > > > > > > > > > > (All that follows has been extracted/modified from the > > script > > > for the textbook several others and I are in the final > > > stages of preparing- It is shared here for the purpose of > > this > > > APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network discussion only-) > > > > > > > > > > > > SECOND: ANIMALS' PRIORITIES OF RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION > > > > > > At the organism level there are three categories of life processes: > > > > > > · maintenance processes that sustain life, ensure > > individual survival; > > > > > > · reproductive processes that provide for perpetuation of > > the species; > > and > > > > > > · performance or productive processes that humans cultivate to yield > > > products, by-products and co-products, work, and other > > services (e. g., > > > companionship and socializing, recreation, competitive > > athletics, human > > > assistance and service) enjoyed by or useful to humans. > > > > > > > > > > > > At some times in some environments, all of an animal's life > > processes > > can > > > be completely supported. In other situations, however, available > > resources > > > may be so limited that the animal must exercise priorities. > > > > > > > > > > > > At any moment, for a particular animal, the various life > > processes are > > > > > differentially important to fitness, i. e., to individual survival and > > > species propagation-any animal's top-two priorities. When the > > needs for > > > bodily resources exceed their availability, some processes must be > > > de-emphasized so currently more vital ones can be more fully > > supported. > > In > > > general, then, when bodily resources become ever more scarce, > > the prime > > > goals of fitness-viz., individual survival (maintenance processes) and > > > species perpetuation (reproductive processes)-progressively become an > > animal > > > 's primary priorities. A guinea pig, e. g., will experience a > > reduction > > in > > > growth rate in a hot environment, so certain bodily resources can be > > > redirected to supporting higher-priority maintenance processes (e. g., > > > panting). > > > > > > > > > > > > Productive processes in production animals result from bodily > > functions > > > that have been intensified or otherwise modified through genetic > > > manipulation, nutrition, or other husbandry practices. But these > > exaggerated > > > functions may be critical to neither an individual's survival nor its > > > reproduction. Processes not among these top priorities are, > > in times of > > > stress, least protected and least spared. > > > > > > > > > > > > When an animal responds to adaptagent(s), its maintenance needs > > invariably > > > increase (although sometimes negligibly). Resource expenditures in > > support > > > of responsive maintenance functions increase progressively as the > > animal's > > > responses increase, so the animal's remaining functional capabilities > > > progressively decrease. As stress intensity increases, life processes > > become > > > progressively imperiled in the order of their respective contributions > > to > > > productivity first, reproductivity second, survival last. > > > > > > > > > > > > THIRD: THE CURTIS AXIOM > > > > > > A dictionary defines an axiom as a statement accepted as true as the > > basis > > > for argument or inference. > > > > > > > > > > > > For performing animals, as many have asserted, appropriate > > complements > > of > > > indicators probably will best reflect an animal's overall state of > > being. > > > But our understanding of all of the many mechanisms involved is still > > > inadequate, and so the task remains impossible. Moreover, > > although Ian > > > Duncan has opined that an animal's state of being has all to do with > > that > > > animal's feelings, in fact at this point in time, we definitively know > > > almost nothing about how an animal feels. We can speculate, we can > > surmise, > > > we can analogize, but we still do not know. > > > > > > > > > > > > As a consequence, the rate of performance usually today is the best > > single > > > indicator - in terms of availability, measurability, and sensitivity - > > of > > > the state of being of a performing animal. That is, of course, > > providing > > > that the animal is constitutionally fit in the first place. In this > > > textbook, reference is made only to constitutionally fit > > animals. There > > is > > > no moral excuse for keeping constitutionally unfit creatures for > > > profit-making or self-indulgent purposes. > > > > > > > > > > > > I have axiomized the following for agricultural, recreational, > > companion, > > > working, service, and laboratory animals alike: > > > > > > For a constitutionally fit performing animal of any kind -- > > unless and > > > until we definitively know something about their conscious > > feelings -- > > the > > > best single indicator of that animal's state of being is its rate of > > > biologic productive performance relative to its genetic potential. > > > > > > This axiom is based on the following premises: > > > > > > · The fact that any adaptate to any adaptagent > > requires an > > > animal to expend various bodily resources. > > > > > > · The fact that these bodily resources often are limited > > in > > > availability to the animal, and, therefore, that the animal must > > exercise > > > priorities. > > > > > > · The generally accepted dogma (based on clinical, > > empirical, > > > and experimental observations) about an animal's priorities for > > allocating > > > limited resources, with maintenance and survival processes being > > supported > > > first, reproductive-performance processes second, and > > productive-performance > > > processes last. > > > > > > · The morality-based assumption that any animal > > being kept > > for > > > performance purposes will be constitutionally fit. > > > > > > · The notion that, when pathogenic agents bypass an animal's primary > > > defenses, the host's immune cells are stimulated to secrete cytokines. > > > Various adaptates then may be stimulated by these cytokines. But, in > > any > > > case, there is a shift in the partitioning of nutrients away from > > productive > > > and reproductive processes toward behavioral and metabolic responses > > that > > > support animal defenses and, thereby, top-priority animal maintenance > > and > > > survival processes. This shift in the balance between > > anabolic pressures > > and > > > natural, entropic, catabolic processes partly explains the frequent > > > reductions in an animal's productive and even reproductive > > syntheses and > > > yields. > > > > > > · The expectation that more about animals' conscious > > feelings will be > > > learned scientifically, and that, as a consequence, this axiom might > > > eventually be refined, modified, or outright rejected. > > > > > > > > > > > > FINALLY: SIXTY LAST WORDS > > > > > > So I submit for your consideration, comment, and discussion the > > suggestion > > > that, although we can have other ultimate goals, at this point in time > > what > > > those of us who are involved - today! -- in the care of > > animals ought to > > be > > > basing our decisions as to how to husband an animal on how that animal > > > quantitatively performs productively and reproductively- > > > > > > > > > > > > + + + > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > > > From: "Anna Olsson" > > > To: "Stanley Curtis" ; > > > > > > Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 1:34 AM > > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > > > > > Dear Stanley and others, > > > > > > > > While I appreciate your critical view, I would be very > > interested in > > > seeing > > > > what approach you suggest as an alternative to the present > > (combining > > > the > > > > best available scientific evidence and argument from analogy with > > expert > > > > opinion including consideration of benefit of the doubt) in > > guidelines > > > and > > > > policy-making for animal husbandry. > > > > > > > > I am fully aware of the shortcomings of present research. Animal > > welfare > > > as > > > > a discipline of research is fairly recent, and not much of the > > research > > > has > > > > been directed at providing the scientific evidence for animal > > subjective > > > > mental states that you ask for. This matter is further complicated > > by > > > the > > > > fact that neurobiology has only very recently started to give us a > > > > significant insight in the neurobiology of human subjective mental > > > state. > > > > > > > > It is not uncommon to have to legislate in situations of limited > > > knowledge. > > > > An important consideration to be made in these situations > > is that of > > the > > > > potential consequences of making the wrong decision. If we assume > > that > > > > vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we > > have > > > > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in > > > production > > > > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we > > assume that > > > > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we > > have > > > > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that > > > sentience. > > > > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more > > serious than > > the > > > > first - but that is my view and I would welcome arguments > > supporting > > > other > > > > positions. > > > > > > > > The Rio Declaration (1992) says that lack of "full scientific > > certainty > > > > shall not be used as a reason for postponing > > cost-effective measures > > to > > > > prevent environmental degradation" (cited from > > > > http://www.biotech-info.net/science_and_PP.html which is > > recommended > > for > > > > those who want to read more about legislation and the > > precautionary > > > > principle). I would argue that the well-being of sentient > > individuals is > > > a > > > > matter of sufficient importance to take a similar position. > > > > > > > > It is obvious that we should not make decisions in the complete > > absence > > > of > > > > scientific evidence, and equally obvious that we will > > never have the > > > > complete unambiguous scientific evidence for anything, so the > > question > > > then > > > > becomes how much scientific evidence should we ask for > > before making > > a > > > > decision? While humbly aware of the limitations of our > > knowledge, I > > must > > > say > > > > that I find it worrying if someone would claim that the almost 40 > > years > > > of > > > > scientific research over animal welfare since the Brambell report > > had > > > not > > > > produced any information that can be useful in decision-making. > > > > > > > > Regards, > > > > Anna Olsson > > > > > > > > Dr Anna Olsson > > > > Researcher > > > > Animal Behaviour & Welfare - Bioethics > > > > > > > > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > > > > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > > > > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal > > > > Phone +351 22 607 4900 > > > > Faz +351 22 609 9157 > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------- > > -- > > > ---- > > > > > > ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** > > > The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages > > > (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally > > > privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity > > > to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of > > > disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken > > > or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions > > > contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions > > > of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received > > > this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and > > > delete it from your computer system network. > > > > > > > ............................................................. > > Dr C.M. Sherwin > > Senior Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > > Centre for Behavioural Biology, > > Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, > > University of Bristol, > > Langford House, > > Langford, > > BS40 5DU, U.K. > > > > > > Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 > > Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 > > email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk > > > > > > > > ------------------------------------------------------------------ > > ---------- > > ---- > > > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- From: IN%"rbogle@sonic.net" "Rick Bogle" 22-OCT-2004 11:17:12.37 To: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis", IN%"rbogle@sonic.net" "Rick Bogle" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Sentient; "I suggest we can gain the evidence you [me?] are interested in by learning how to communicate with nonhuman animals." This seems a rather tall order and one that appears convenient for those who argue that the status quo should not be altered until adequate evidence is readily at hand. The default societal position (in the US at least) is that nonhumans have no legal standing, are property, and can be treated as such without much concern for their subjective experiences or for any evidence that suggests such experiences. Here's a pretty good example: When Alvin visited the rich ecosystems surrounding the deep sea vents, one of the first things scientists did was to gather samples of the organisms found there. The large 'tube worms,' for one example, were entirely new to science. They were eventually given a new phylum: Vestimentifera. In other words, about all we could say about their evolutionary ancestry was that they were animals. In any event, knowing absolutely nothing about these very large exotic animals, 'we' simply grabbed them with a mechanical arm and ripped them from their moorings and took them to the surface to ponder their carcasses. (Lots of loaded terms here.) What this demonstrates to me, is society's default position: All animals' other than Homo are assumed in the face of data suggesting otherwise, or in the case of the Vestimentifera, in the absence of any data whatsoever, to either: a) not have a 'someone' experiencing life, or b) that this potential 'someone' simply does not matter in an ethical or moral sense. I simply can't get my brain around the notion that until we can talk to Vestimentifera that we should act, as we do now, that they are not sentient, have emotions, experience a life, or have any mental affect whatsoever that carries any moral weight. Such a position seems convenient, and the suggested acid test: this is the way we should act until we can ask them whether we have assumed correctly, seems anything but science based. The precautionary principle seems to be largely ignored when it comes to our relationships with other animal species. It seems to me, that if you act as if you are experiencing the world in a way that makes some sense to me, that I should assume that you are, and act accordingly toward you, until evidence to the contrary can demonstrate such is the case. This seems the only ethical and science-based course that one can choose. I must be missing something, because surely many people on the list act ethically from a science-based perspective and see no problem whatsoever in society's current relationship with other animal species. I'd love to read about these perspectives. Rick Bogle, Madison, WI > -----Original Message----- > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 10:33 AM > To: Rick Bogle > Cc: applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > Rick and others- > > I suggest we can gain the evidence you are interested in by learning how > to communicate with nonhuman animals- Colleagues and I (then at The > Pennsylvania State University) generated good evidence, for example, that > pigs are similar to chimpanzees in terms of video-game problem-solving > ability, which is an important first step in devising ways and > means to have > back-and-forth communication with pigs as we already can have with > chimpanzees- > > -Stanley Curtis > > From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 22-OCT-2004 12:09:22.92 To: IN%"rbogle@sonic.net" "Rick Bogle" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Sentient; Rick, Chris, Anna, Carol, and others- I shall keep my comments in reply to Rick Bogle's most recent e-massage focused on animals people keep nowadays for our various purposes- First- To generate evidence describing the nature of the mental experiences of nonhuman animals may indeed, as Rick Bogle writes, be a "tall order" (although, having myself dabbled some on that facet of scientific inquiry, I believe it is not nearly as tall an order as many seem to suspect and proclaim)- But I think, after all, it is the only rational way to go in a pluralistic world peopled by individuals of diverse beliefs, experiences, and consequent political opinions- In the USA, at least -- and regardless of scientists' hunches (regardless of how verifiable they may ultimately turn out to be) -- the vague, qualitative notion/opinion/argument-by-analogy that animals have feelings has not gained traction with specific respect to animal-protective legislation in the representative legislative bodies- From this we well might conclude that that notion/ ... / ... enjoys little understanding and support among the popular citizenry- Conclusion: If we want to make progress in drawing The Line (which will always be a work in progress), another approach is needed- I think the heretofore more-heat-than-light aura surrounding legislative attempts owes, more than anything else, to the fact that the root argument simply has not resonated with the masses- Second- I suggest that those of us interested in some kind of sensible regulation of the care of kept animals of all kinds appeal in ways the masses -- not to mention animal keepers and producers themselves -- can agree upon- I think that the most obvious way will be to appeal to the common sense of our fellow citizens along the line of quantifiable traits that reflect an animal's state of being- The same quantifiable traits that lie at the root of the Curtis Axiom- Many scientists have been peculiarly loathe to acknowledge the relationship between animal performance and animal state of being- No animal producer -- no one who works every day directly with animals -- I have ever discussed these matters with has ever doubted it- Indeed, most have spontaneously expressed surprise that anyone would doubt it- If -- for the sake of the animals -- we scientists want to enhance and expedite real progress on this front at the animal level, I think we should embrace the fundamental notion contained in the Curtis Axiom and meld it with spice-dashes of our arguments-by-analogy as we make recommendations to animal keepers and give advice to legislators- -Stanley Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: "Rick Bogle" To: "Stanley Curtis" ; "Rick Bogle" Cc: Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 1:16 PM Subject: RE: Sentient; > "I suggest we can gain the evidence you [me?] are interested in by learning > how to communicate with nonhuman animals." > > This seems a rather tall order and one that appears convenient for those who > argue that the status quo should not be altered until adequate evidence is > readily at hand. > > The default societal position (in the US at least) is that nonhumans have no > legal standing, are property, and can be treated as such without much > concern for their subjective experiences or for any evidence that suggests > such experiences. > > Here's a pretty good example: When Alvin visited the rich ecosystems > surrounding the deep sea vents, one of the first things scientists did was > to gather samples of the organisms found there. The large 'tube worms,' for > one example, were entirely new to science. They were eventually given a new > phylum: Vestimentifera. In other words, about all we could say about their > evolutionary ancestry was that they were animals. > > In any event, knowing absolutely nothing about these very large exotic > animals, 'we' simply grabbed them with a mechanical arm and ripped them from > their moorings and took them to the surface to ponder their carcasses. (Lots > of loaded terms here.) > > What this demonstrates to me, is society's default position: All animals' > other than Homo are assumed in the face of data suggesting otherwise, or in > the case of the Vestimentifera, in the absence of any data whatsoever, to > either: a) not have a 'someone' experiencing life, or b) that this potential > 'someone' simply does not matter in an ethical or moral sense. > > I simply can't get my brain around the notion that until we can talk to > Vestimentifera that we should act, as we do now, that they are not sentient, > have emotions, experience a life, or have any mental affect whatsoever that > carries any moral weight. > > Such a position seems convenient, and the suggested acid test: this is the > way we should act until we can ask them whether we have assumed correctly, > seems anything but science based. The precautionary principle seems to be > largely ignored when it comes to our relationships with other animal > species. > > It seems to me, that if you act as if you are experiencing the world in a > way that makes some sense to me, that I should assume that you are, and act > accordingly toward you, until evidence to the contrary can demonstrate such > is the case. This seems the only ethical and science-based course that one > can choose. I must be missing something, because surely many people on the > list act ethically from a science-based perspective and see no problem > whatsoever in society's current relationship with other animal species. I'd > love to read about these perspectives. > > Rick Bogle, > Madison, WI > > > -----Original Message----- > > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 10:33 AM > > To: Rick Bogle > > Cc: applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > > > Rick and others- > > > > I suggest we can gain the evidence you are interested in by learning how > > to communicate with nonhuman animals- Colleagues and I (then at The > > Pennsylvania State University) generated good evidence, for example, that > > pigs are similar to chimpanzees in terms of video-game problem-solving > > ability, which is an important first step in devising ways and > > means to have > > back-and-forth communication with pigs as we already can have with > > chimpanzees- > > > > -Stanley Curtis > > > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- From: IN%"joseph.stookey@usask.ca" "Joseph Stookey" 22-OCT-2004 12:35:28.89 To: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" CC: Subj: RE: Sentient; Hi Everyone, I think for scientists to debate definitions, semantics and where to draw lines along the animal welfare continuum is a fascinating exercise, especially for me to read and witness, since I am keenly interested in the topic. However, I always worry that the uncertainty scientists express about contentious issues may become additional fodder for the skeptics. There is already plenty of skepticism among livestock producers within North America who believe the need to make change in livestock production systems on welfare grounds is unnecessary, since animal welfare is not an exact science and "even scientists can not agree". As a scientists I can appreciate that every discipline surely undergoes similar discussion and debates about their unknowns, but unfortunately when those debates circle contentious issues the nay sayers have a picnic. Global warming is a classic example of where the uncertainty among scientists, in their projections, has led many industrial companies to lobby governments to weaken environmental laws or prevent further regulations. The environmental scientists' disagreements do not imply that man and industrialization has no bearing on global warming. However, there are plenty of politicians and lay people making that illogical connection. And of course they are being urged to think that way by companies reminding them that the scientist can not even agree. A similar scenario is unfolding within the livestock industries regarding animal welfare issues and the reluctance to change is being unfairly and broadly based on "scientific uncertainties". I have heard livestock industry leaders proclaim from the podium that "they are not opposed to change, providing the suggested change is based on science". The truth is that there is already plenty of undisputed science available today that can point the way towards more welfare friendly practices that would unquestionably be of benefit to the animal's well being. For example, it is an undisputed fact that routine procedures such as castration and dehorning in cattle (to name just a few routine procedures) cause behavioural and physiological changes indicative of pain. No scientific study has proven otherwise. The use of analgesics (which we know block pain) during these procedures eliminates the behavioural and physiological changes in treated animals and keeps them at baseline levels. The technology and compounds are available to mitigate pain, and for the most part the cattle industry in North America pretends pain associated with these procedures is not even an issue, since the animals survive the procedure. The cost of providing a cornual block to a calf prior to dehorning is less than $.40 Cdn a calf. In addtion, we have polled genes in all our beef breeds and no scientific study has proven them to be inferior to their horned counterparts in any production trait measured (while at least 8 studies have showed them to be no different) and yet many in the beef industry want to continue to breed horns onto their cattle and then knock them off without any attempt to mitigate pain. We have plenty of science for the livestock industry to use if they so choose. While I think these discussions are great and I want them to continue, from my perspective the only way to make real progress on animal welfare issues is for the livestock industries themselves to make a sincere effort and use the science already available. I just hope livestock industries embrace what we do know about science, instead of focusing on the fact we can not measure cognition, prove sentience or mutually agree on how to define animal welfare or what to call it. I think we need to continue to debate these issues as scientists, but I also think we need to remind industry whenever we have the opportunity of the information and science we do have available and how they can apply it. Sincerely, Joe Stookey -- Joseph M. Stookey Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicine 52 Campus Drive University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4 From: IN%"wrstrick@umd.edu" "Ray Stricklin" 22-OCT-2004 12:38:02.84 To: IN%"rbogle@sonic.net" "Rick Bogle", IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Sentient; can choose. I must be missing something, because surely many people on the list act ethically from a science-based perspective and see no problem whatsoever in society's current relationship with other animal species. I'd love to read about these perspectives. Rick Bogle, Madison, WI ------------------------ I wouldn't suggest that you are "missing something" (in the arguments). I would ask, however, if maybe you are seeking simple answers to complex issues. (There is the statement to the effect that, "All questions have simple answers and they are almost always wrong!") Several years ago (maybe 15 or so) someone from Michigan sent me a letter after hearing a presentation by me. The person said in the letter that my comments reminded him of the statement, "The cow would be the first to speak out in opposition to vegetarianism." I have since misplaced the letter and no longer remember who the author was of this quote (and if anyone knows the source, I would appreciate their letting me who wrote this. I tend to think that it was a British classics writer of the early 20th Century but cannot remember...) But I have thought about this idea quite a bit since. Regarding food animals, I argue that vegetarianism is not in fact a solution from the animal's viewpoint - for such a view is one that would eliminate the lives of animals, not bring about animals that experience a better quality of life. (Singer addresses this issue in "Animal Liberation" but I would argue that he sets up a spurious argument and then knocks it down. We do not create animal for the purpose of having them experience a good time - which is the basis he used to dismiss the argument. Rather, animals are brought into life in relationship to their serving some endpoint that is of utility to us. However, simply because the animal's life has an endpoint that is associated with some benefit to humans does NOT mean that the animal cannot experience a reasonable quality of life (and we can, and I would say should - in the appropriate forum, debate the definition or meaning of what constitutes "a reasonable quality of life.") Some persons are greatly opposed to the idea of animal life being created as a means to end - and contend that animal life should instead be viewed as having value of its own. Again, I do not agree that these are mutually exclusive ideas - provided we humans take seriously our obligation to ensure that the animals do in fact experience a reasonable quality of life. I tried to elaborate a bit on this idea at the 2004 Animal Sciences meeting in St Louis and the abstract can be found at: http://www.fass.org/2004/abstracts/390A.PDF (And as an aside - two nights ago, I had my TV turned to BBC World News but was not watching the screen. The story being reported was that of Britain's first "designer" baby - a baby that resulted from being selected from a number of possible embryos for the purpose of having blood from his umbilical cord be used to save the life of his older brother who had a rare blood disease . I heard what sounded to a "voice from the past." The person was saying, "What greater purpose could there be than bringing froth the birth of a child to save the life of another child?" When I turned and looked at the screen, it did appear to be an older Michael Fox - who I have not seen in some 8 to 10 years now. I do not know in fact if it was he, but I am curious if anyone else saw this news item or knows if it was Fox. If so - I would say there is some irony in his recent comments for in fact an ethical argument against creating the designer baby is that human life should not be treated as a means to an end, which is exactly the argument Fox and others have used at times in association with advocacy for animal rights in one form or another.) Ray Stricklin From: IN%"rbogle@sonic.net" "Rick Bogle" 22-OCT-2004 13:01:24.03 To: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis", IN%"rbogle@sonic.net" "Rick Bogle" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Sentient; Hum, I believe that high-quality data can and has been generated related to mental experiences of nonhuman animals. The convenient 'tall order' is the need to 'communicate with them.' These seem to be different matters. Evidence of mental affect need not rely on communication with another. If I watch a video of you laughing, crying, etc. I need not speak with you to have a fair notion of how you might be feeling. Rick Bogle Madison, WI > -----Original Message----- > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 12:09 PM > To: Rick Bogle > Cc: applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > Rick, Chris, Anna, Carol, and others- > > I shall keep my comments in reply to Rick Bogle's most recent e-massage > focused on animals people keep nowadays for our various purposes- > > First- > To generate evidence describing the nature of the mental experiences of > nonhuman animals may indeed, as Rick Bogle writes, be a "tall order" > (although, having myself dabbled some on that facet of scientific > inquiry, I > believe it is not nearly as tall an order as many seem to suspect and > proclaim)- But I think, after all, it is the only rational way to go in a > pluralistic world peopled by individuals of diverse beliefs, experiences, > and consequent political opinions- In the USA, at least -- and regardless > of scientists' hunches (regardless of how verifiable they may ultimately > turn out to be) -- the vague, qualitative > notion/opinion/argument-by-analogy > that animals have feelings has not gained traction with specific > respect to > animal-protective legislation in the representative legislative bodies- > From this we well might conclude that that notion/ ... / ... enjoys little > understanding and support among the popular citizenry- Conclusion: If we > want to make progress in drawing The Line (which will always be a work in > progress), another approach is needed- I think the heretofore > more-heat-than-light aura surrounding legislative attempts owes, more than > anything else, to the fact that the root argument simply has not resonated > with the masses- > > Second- > I suggest that those of us interested in some kind of sensible > regulation > of the care of kept animals of all kinds appeal in ways the > masses -- not to > mention animal keepers and producers themselves -- can agree > upon- I think > that the most obvious way will be to appeal to the common sense of our > fellow citizens along the line of quantifiable traits that reflect an > animal's state of being- The same quantifiable traits that lie > at the root > of the Curtis Axiom- Many scientists have been peculiarly loathe to > acknowledge the relationship between animal performance and > animal state of > being- No animal producer -- no one who works every day directly with > animals -- I have ever discussed these matters with has ever doubted it- > Indeed, most have spontaneously expressed surprise that anyone would doubt > it- > > If -- for the sake of the animals -- we scientists want to enhance and > expedite real progress on this front at the animal level, I think > we should > embrace the fundamental notion contained in the Curtis Axiom and meld it > with spice-dashes of our arguments-by-analogy as we make > recommendations to > animal keepers and give advice to legislators- > > -Stanley Curtis > > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Rick Bogle" > To: "Stanley Curtis" ; "Rick Bogle" > > Cc: > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 1:16 PM > Subject: RE: Sentient; > > > > "I suggest we can gain the evidence you [me?] are interested in by > learning > > how to communicate with nonhuman animals." > > > > This seems a rather tall order and one that appears > convenient for those > who > > argue that the status quo should not be altered until > adequate evidence > is > > readily at hand. > > > > The default societal position (in the US at least) is that nonhumans > have no > > legal standing, are property, and can be treated as such without much > > concern for their subjective experiences or for any evidence that > suggests > > such experiences. > > > > Here's a pretty good example: When Alvin visited the rich ecosystems > > surrounding the deep sea vents, one of the first things scientists did > was > > to gather samples of the organisms found there. The large > 'tube worms,' > for > > one example, were entirely new to science. They were > eventually given a > new > > phylum: Vestimentifera. In other words, about all we could say about > their > > evolutionary ancestry was that they were animals. > > > > In any event, knowing absolutely nothing about these very large exotic > > animals, 'we' simply grabbed them with a mechanical arm and > ripped them > from > > their moorings and took them to the surface to ponder their carcasses. > (Lots > > of loaded terms here.) > > > > What this demonstrates to me, is society's default position: All > animals' > > other than Homo are assumed in the face of data suggesting otherwise, > or in > > the case of the Vestimentifera, in the absence of any data whatsoever, > to > > either: a) not have a 'someone' experiencing life, or b) that this > potential > > 'someone' simply does not matter in an ethical or moral sense. > > > > I simply can't get my brain around the notion that until we > can talk to > > Vestimentifera that we should act, as we do now, that they are not > sentient, > > have emotions, experience a life, or have any mental affect whatsoever > that > > carries any moral weight. > > > > Such a position seems convenient, and the suggested acid test: this is > the > > way we should act until we can ask them whether we have assumed > correctly, > > seems anything but science based. The precautionary principle seems to > be > > largely ignored when it comes to our relationships with other animal > > species. > > > > It seems to me, that if you act as if you are experiencing > the world in > a > > way that makes some sense to me, that I should assume that > you are, and > act > > accordingly toward you, until evidence to the contrary can demonstrate > such > > is the case. This seems the only ethical and science-based course that > one > > can choose. I must be missing something, because surely many people on > the > > list act ethically from a science-based perspective and see no problem > > whatsoever in society's current relationship with other > animal species. > I'd > > love to read about these perspectives. > > > > Rick Bogle, > > Madison, WI > > > > > -----Original Message----- > > > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > > > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 10:33 AM > > > To: Rick Bogle > > > Cc: applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > > > > > > > Rick and others- > > > > > > I suggest we can gain the evidence you are interested in > by learning > how > > > to communicate with nonhuman animals- Colleagues and I (then at The > > > Pennsylvania State University) generated good evidence, for example, > that > > > pigs are similar to chimpanzees in terms of video-game > problem-solving > > > ability, which is an important first step in devising ways and > > > means to have > > > back-and-forth communication with pigs as we already can have with > > > chimpanzees- > > > > > > -Stanley Curtis > > > > > > > > > > > ------------------------------------------------------------------ > ---------- > ---- > > From: IN%"bjarne.braastad@iha.nlh.no" 22-OCT-2004 13:10:37.84 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: SV: Sentient - and welfare definition Dear all, Interesting discussion on sentience and definitions. Just now I chair work in Norway to develop a new research program on animal welfare - for production animals (on farm and in aquaculture) and pets. For this purpose we focus on cognition and sentience as background topics for basic and applied research. We have also discussed the definition of welfare and decided to adopt a new definition integrating the approaches of Broom and Duncan/Dawkins: Animal welfare is "the individual animal's subjective experience of its mental and physical state as regards the individual's attempt to cope with its environment". This is somewhat disputed, particularly from the aquaculture side. Of course, there are methodological problems of assessing the welfare level on the individual level in large populations of salmon. Some also hesitate to accept the existence of emotions in fish. However, we prefer to focus on an "ideal" definition, encouraging methodological efforts to cope with this definition in research applications. Another objection raised: Aren't there welfare issues that haven't come to the subjective mind of the animal? We say: If such "subliminal" welfare problems exist (e.g. pathogens working in the organism), they are only relevant if they potentially lead to subjective emotions at a later stage. If so, they should be termed potential welfare problems and not (actual) welfare problems. Comments? Bjarne O. Braastad ********************************************************** Bjarne O. Braastad (Dr.Philos.) Professor of Ethology Dept. of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway e-mail: bjarne.braastad@iha.nlh.no fax: +47 64 94 79 60 phone: +47 64 94 79 80 http://www.nlh.no/iha ********************************************************** -----Opprinnelig melding----- Fra: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk [mailto:Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk] Sendt: 22. oktober 2004 11:15 Til: Petherick, Carol Kopi: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Emne: RE: Sentient; Carol and others, I'm afraid avoidance of the word 'welfare', or at least an increase in the use of 'well-being' for what most people regard as 'welfare' is also possibly ocurring over here in the UK. I was recently discussing the (intended) useage of these words with members of the veterinary profession. We seemed to disagree when the issue is raised of humans intervening to protect animals. Consider letting your dog out the house to run free over the hills. She obviously enjoys this (discussions of sentience aside!), and is clearly highly motivated to be let out from the house to roam the hills. I would say that when she is running over the hills, her 'welfare' is high. However, some people think 'I should not let my dog out because she might get knocked over or injured', and as a consequence lock her in the house all day. If she is shut in the house and frustrated because she wants to go running, I would say that her 'welfare' is lower than if she was let out. The veterinary people I was discussing this with seemed to argue that for the dog shut in, her 'welfare' was higher because she was protected from harm, but her 'well-being' was better when she was running over the hills. Possibly, a distinction should be drawn here about the animals' perception of its 'state of being' and it's possible 'state of being' (i.e. when humans take precautionary actions). However, because I am of the 'feelings' camp with respect to welfare, I would still argue that what matters is the animal's feelings about itself and its surroundings. So, 'welfare' would be higher for the animal allowed to roam the hills...but I would have my fingers firmly crossed that she wouldn't come to any harm! Chris On Fri, 22 Oct 2004 08:19:20 +1000 "Petherick, Carol" wrote: > Stan and others > This avoidance of the use of the word 'welfare' in favour of 'wellbeing' is > peculiar to N America - and more so in the US than Canada. In N America the two > words are used to mean the same thing. Everywhere else in the world the word > 'welfare' is used by the scientific and non-scientific community. My understanding > for the avoidance of the term 'welfare' in N America is, as you say Stan, the > connotations of human aid programs. > > I think the majority of animal welfare scientists accept (and have always done so) > that 'welfare' is a continuum ranging from very good to very poor; I don't believe > that any animal welfare scientist believes that the word welfare implies or means a > positive state. > > There is continued debate about the definition of welfare (and wellbeing), but I > don't think this means we should get rid of the word and use something else about > which, I don't doubt, there would also be debate as to its exact meaning. > > The majority of the animal welfare stakeholders understand and use 'welfare', and > with all due respect Stan, what you seem to be suggesting is using words that just > locate animals at a specific point along the welfare continuum, and I'm not sure > that that helps us any when it comes to making regulatory or legislative (or other) > guidelines about the way animals should be treated - the reason being that > different people will have different ideas about what is acceptable and > unacceptable. We need to determine what's acceptable and unacceptable for the > animal. > > Regards, > > Carol > > Carol Petherick > Principal Scientist (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) > Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries > > Telephone +61 (0)7 4936 0331; Fax +61 (0)7 4936 0390 > Email carol.petherick@dpi.qld.gov.au > > -----Original Message----- > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > Sent: Thursday, 21 October 2004 3:38 PM > To: Anna Olsson; applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > Urbana, Illinois 20 October 2004 > > > > Anna Olsson and others- > > > > This is in response to Anna Olsson's implied invitation for me to comment > further as registered in her 20 October 2004 post to "Stanley and others" on > the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network- > > > > + + + > > > > DIGRESSION: STATE OF BEING > > A dictionary defines state as "mode or condition of being" and being as > "the quality or state of having existence". State of being, therefore, > means "condition of existence". > > In terms of an animal's condition of existence, that condition may be > well, fair, or poor. In other words, an animal can experience well-being, > fair-being, or poor-being, can be in a condition of wellness, fairness, or > poorness. > > The term welfare refers to only one possible state of being, viz., > well-being. A dictionary says so. Animals naturally exist from time to > time in any of the three states of being, and therefore we should be precise > when we speak or write about an animal's condition and account for all of > these possibilities. Hence, the generic term should be state of being, > neither welfare nor well-being. > > Moreover, as again a dictionary says, welfare often has connotations > having to do with aid in the form of money or necessities for those in need > or an agency or program through which such aid is distributed. So I think > some term other than welfare should be used in connection with a living > entity's condition, so there will be no confusion with political > entitlement. > > Bottom line: in context of the condition of an animal's existence, > well-being is but one of three possible states of being (viz., well-, fair-, > and poor-being-with the adverbial modifier very also sometimes being > applicable to well- and poor-being [very-well-being), that state of being is > the appropriate categorical term, and that the word welfare ought not be > used. > > Finally-insofar as agricultural animals are concerned--our goal in > terms of ethical obligation and responsibility as well as economic > rationality should be that an animal kept for agricultural purposes should > experience wellness most of the time, fairness some of the time, and > poorness as infrequently as possible. It is unreasonable to expect that any > animal will be well all of the time. > > > > Stanley E. Curtis > > 12 May 2004 > > > > + + + > > > > > > This series of exchanges on the APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network began > several days ago with discussion of the need for careful use of terms such > as "sentience" and "sentient" with respect to the nature of nonhuman animals > and their needs and wants- It has evolved into discussion of the very root > of the worldwide issue of "animal rights" and "animal welfare"- I repeat: > What follows are the thoughts of animal scientist, animal husbandman, > applied ecologist, applied ethologist; one who believes, as did James Randl > when he said: "Science is best defined as a careful, disciplined, logical > search for knowledge . , obtained by examination of the best available > evidence and always subject to correction and improvement upon discovery of > better evidence. What's left is magic. And it doesn't work."- > > > > This particular human wants - in the context of nature and the web of > life - what is best for each and every animal with which our kind shares > this planet- Most of us keep animals for our own (selfish [not always a > pejorative term]) purposes - companionship, food, biomedical research and > teaching models, recreation, security, assistance, whatever- We are > responsible for the ethically acceptable support and treatment of any animal > we keep- Of course, right away, one of the problems here is that individual > humans' respective ethical views differ- Based on our history in terms of > coming together ecumenically, I think it is most likely that we shall never > completely agree with one another about what an animal needs- > > > > Having said that, nevertheless, many of the world's citizens seem to be > concerned about the matter of the care of the animals we keep to the extent > that there are calls for some sort of universality in our instructions to > and expectations of those who care for the animals we keep- If that > universality cannot be based on any single philosophical base, then upon > what will it be based?- > > > > The modern issue of kept-animal state of being started with Ruth Harrison' > s book published in London in the mid-1960s and the soon-ensuing Brambell > Report commissioned by the British Parliament- That Report gave significant > attention to what might be called the "feelings" of animals- Around this > time, a few people started the scientific study of animals feelings- > Important among these was Ian Duncan, who eventually came to the conclusion > that "[animal (state of being) has all to do with how that animal feels]) - > the Duncan Axiom, if you will- I completely agree with the Duncan Axiom- > Alas, since Ian Duncan issued his axiom, we have advanced precious little in > our understanding of animal feelings- In fact, among quite a few > experimental psychologists to this day, the very notion that animals possess > conscious awareness is still considered heresy- I do not concur- I respect > the evidence and thinking and writing of scientists such as Donald Griffin > and Marian Stamp Dawkins, and I accept (unless and until further evidence > suggests otherwise) that animals do think and do experience a variety of > emotions- But those are qualitative notions- What about quantification?- > How much do those cognitive processes affect the state of being of an > animal?- How much does an animal suffer when it experiences those > respective emotions in specific life situations?- > > > > We now expect a lot of those in our midst who take it upon themselves to > keep animals- It is ultimately essential that animal keepers have at hand > the answers to these questions- This is because, for animals as for humans, > we usually do not possess sufficient resources to ensure that every > individual will be provided every bit of support and protection it needs to > lead a perfect life (whatever that might be)- (Even Hans Selye was of the > opinion that the opposite of stress is not utopia; it is death-) > > > > So, if we are to hold its keeper accountable for ensuring a socially > acceptable state of being in an animal, that caretaker must know what and > how much care is enough to meet the animal's needs- > > > > Now, because animal production, for example, is a business, it is unlikely > agricultural producers will choose to provide more support and protection > for their animals than those animals need: support and protection are > expensive- > > > > Enter what Dennis Hardwick coined the "welfare plateau" - the postulate > (which I consider wise) that an ethically acceptable level of animal state > of being is not limited to one ideal set of circumstances, but rather that > it exists over a range of conditions provided by a variety of keeping > systems- (Cf. S. E. Curtis. Veterinary Clinics of North America/Farm > Animal Practice/Food Animal Behavior. 3(2):369-382, 1987. W. B. Saunders > Co., Philadelphia-) Once the animal keeper knows where that welfare plateau > starts, he/she can design and operate an animal-keeping system to honor that > point- But that the point of that start has to be a quantitative value!- > Where should the line be drawn?- > > > > I submit that - as for using an animal's feelings as the guide to drawing > that line-- as of today we do not have at hand the scientifically determined > quantitative value of the lower point of the welfare plateau for any kept > animal- I hope that some day we do have- In fact, I myself have dabbled > some in research on that facet of the pig's nature- But, truth be told, > right now we do not have- > > > > What should we do between now and that day when we might have that > knowledge available for application in animal husbandry?- Some would say we > should take laps of faith, jump to conclusions, decide by analogy to the > human condition- I would no more want to see observations of human feelings > be the sole regulated bases for how we care for animals than I would want to > see observations of animal traits be the sole regulated bases for how we > formulate pharmaceuticals for humans- > > > > I suggest that we continue - indeed, continue with renewed fervor - our > search for that sufficient understanding of the nature of animal feelings > that is utterly essential to using their feelings as a guide to how we keep, > handle, and treat animals- In the meantime, we should use our intuition to > apply those bits and pieces of insufficient understanding of those things > that we do already possess- But they should not be the bases for either > public expectations or governmental regulations- > > > > And I further suggest that - as we wait until that crucial information > just alluded to eventually emerges from scientists' workplaces - we base our > recommendations to and expectations of animal caretakers on the best > evidence we actually have at our disposal- I suggest we take the following > course as we make progress in the meantime- > > > > FIRST BASIS: HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (AND THUS ATTENTION) > > My suggestion is based on my adaptation of Abraham Maslow's "hierarchy of > human needs" to nonhuman animals- (Cf. S. E. Curtis, loc.cit.-) Basically, > application of Maslow's scheme to kept animals results in a hierarchic > organization of animal needs along the following lines (from lowest to > highest): (1) physiologic needs; (2) safety needs; and (3) behavioral > needs. Animals' physiologic needs (for food; shelter; and health care) are > reasonably well-understood and are being fulfilled reasonably well- The > safety needs (for safe, well-designed equipment and facilities; protection > against predation and weather accidents) are somewhat less well-understood > and less well-attended to- The behavioral needs (which usually ultimately > translates into animals' subjective feelings) are (as we have just been > discussing) not at all well-understood, so we cannot know whether or not > they are being met- > > > > I suggest the bottom line in this respect is: We should be paying more > attention to those aspects of animal care over which we have the most > control - numerous factors including nutrition, thermal and light > environment, microbic environment, social environment, handling procedures, > and floor condition and other safety traits- > > > > (All that follows has been extracted/modified from the script > for the textbook several others and I are in the final > stages of preparing- It is shared here for the purpose of this > APPLIED-ETHOLOGY e-mail network discussion only-) > > > > SECOND: ANIMALS' PRIORITIES OF RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION > > At the organism level there are three categories of life processes: > > · maintenance processes that sustain life, ensure individual survival; > > · reproductive processes that provide for perpetuation of the species; and > > · performance or productive processes that humans cultivate to yield > products, by-products and co-products, work, and other services (e. g., > companionship and socializing, recreation, competitive athletics, human > assistance and service) enjoyed by or useful to humans. > > > > At some times in some environments, all of an animal's life processes can > be completely supported. In other situations, however, available resources > may be so limited that the animal must exercise priorities. > > > > At any moment, for a particular animal, the various life processes are > differentially important to fitness, i. e., to individual survival and > species propagation-any animal's top-two priorities. When the needs for > bodily resources exceed their availability, some processes must be > de-emphasized so currently more vital ones can be more fully supported. In > general, then, when bodily resources become ever more scarce, the prime > goals of fitness-viz., individual survival (maintenance processes) and > species perpetuation (reproductive processes)-progressively become an animal > 's primary priorities. A guinea pig, e. g., will experience a reduction in > growth rate in a hot environment, so certain bodily resources can be > redirected to supporting higher-priority maintenance processes (e. g., > panting). > > > > Productive processes in production animals result from bodily functions > that have been intensified or otherwise modified through genetic > manipulation, nutrition, or other husbandry practices. But these exaggerated > functions may be critical to neither an individual's survival nor its > reproduction. Processes not among these top priorities are, in times of > stress, least protected and least spared. > > > > When an animal responds to adaptagent(s), its maintenance needs invariably > increase (although sometimes negligibly). Resource expenditures in support > of responsive maintenance functions increase progressively as the animal's > responses increase, so the animal's remaining functional capabilities > progressively decrease. As stress intensity increases, life processes become > progressively imperiled in the order of their respective contributions to > productivity first, reproductivity second, survival last. > > > > THIRD: THE CURTIS AXIOM > > A dictionary defines an axiom as a statement accepted as true as the basis > for argument or inference. > > > > For performing animals, as many have asserted, appropriate complements of > indicators probably will best reflect an animal's overall state of being. > But our understanding of all of the many mechanisms involved is still > inadequate, and so the task remains impossible. Moreover, although Ian > Duncan has opined that an animal's state of being has all to do with that > animal's feelings, in fact at this point in time, we definitively know > almost nothing about how an animal feels. We can speculate, we can surmise, > we can analogize, but we still do not know. > > > > As a consequence, the rate of performance usually today is the best single > indicator - in terms of availability, measurability, and sensitivity - of > the state of being of a performing animal. That is, of course, providing > that the animal is constitutionally fit in the first place. In this > textbook, reference is made only to constitutionally fit animals. There is > no moral excuse for keeping constitutionally unfit creatures for > profit-making or self-indulgent purposes. > > > > I have axiomized the following for agricultural, recreational, companion, > working, service, and laboratory animals alike: > > For a constitutionally fit performing animal of any kind -- unless and > until we definitively know something about their conscious feelings -- the > best single indicator of that animal's state of being is its rate of > biologic productive performance relative to its genetic potential. > > This axiom is based on the following premises: > > · The fact that any adaptate to any adaptagent requires an > animal to expend various bodily resources. > > · The fact that these bodily resources often are limited in > availability to the animal, and, therefore, that the animal must exercise > priorities. > > · The generally accepted dogma (based on clinical, empirical, > and experimental observations) about an animal's priorities for allocating > limited resources, with maintenance and survival processes being supported > first, reproductive-performance processes second, and productive-performance > processes last. > > · The morality-based assumption that any animal being kept for > performance purposes will be constitutionally fit. > > · The notion that, when pathogenic agents bypass an animal's primary > defenses, the host's immune cells are stimulated to secrete cytokines. > Various adaptates then may be stimulated by these cytokines. But, in any > case, there is a shift in the partitioning of nutrients away from productive > and reproductive processes toward behavioral and metabolic responses that > support animal defenses and, thereby, top-priority animal maintenance and > survival processes. This shift in the balance between anabolic pressures and > natural, entropic, catabolic processes partly explains the frequent > reductions in an animal's productive and even reproductive syntheses and > yields. > > · The expectation that more about animals' conscious feelings will be > learned scientifically, and that, as a consequence, this axiom might > eventually be refined, modified, or outright rejected. > > > > FINALLY: SIXTY LAST WORDS > > So I submit for your consideration, comment, and discussion the suggestion > that, although we can have other ultimate goals, at this point in time what > those of us who are involved - today! -- in the care of animals ought to be > basing our decisions as to how to husband an animal on how that animal > quantitatively performs productively and reproductively- > > > > + + + > > > > > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Anna Olsson" > To: "Stanley Curtis" ; > > Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 1:34 AM > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > Dear Stanley and others, > > > > While I appreciate your critical view, I would be very interested in > seeing > > what approach you suggest as an alternative to the present (combining > the > > best available scientific evidence and argument from analogy with expert > > opinion including consideration of benefit of the doubt) in guidelines > and > > policy-making for animal husbandry. > > > > I am fully aware of the shortcomings of present research. Animal welfare > as > > a discipline of research is fairly recent, and not much of the research > has > > been directed at providing the scientific evidence for animal subjective > > mental states that you ask for. This matter is further complicated by > the > > fact that neurobiology has only very recently started to give us a > > significant insight in the neurobiology of human subjective mental > state. > > > > It is not uncommon to have to legislate in situations of limited > knowledge. > > An important consideration to be made in these situations is that of the > > potential consequences of making the wrong decision. If we assume that > > vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have > > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in > production > > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that > > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have > > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that > sentience. > > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the > > first - but that is my view and I would welcome arguments supporting > other > > positions. > > > > The Rio Declaration (1992) says that lack of "full scientific certainty > > shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to > > prevent environmental degradation" (cited from > > http://www.biotech-info.net/science_and_PP.html which is recommended for > > those who want to read more about legislation and the precautionary > > principle). I would argue that the well-being of sentient individuals is > a > > matter of sufficient importance to take a similar position. > > > > It is obvious that we should not make decisions in the complete absence > of > > scientific evidence, and equally obvious that we will never have the > > complete unambiguous scientific evidence for anything, so the question > then > > becomes how much scientific evidence should we ask for before making a > > decision? While humbly aware of the limitations of our knowledge, I must > say > > that I find it worrying if someone would claim that the almost 40 years > of > > scientific research over animal welfare since the Brambell report had > not > > produced any information that can be useful in decision-making. > > > > Regards, > > Anna Olsson > > > > Dr Anna Olsson > > Researcher > > Animal Behaviour & Welfare - Bioethics > > > > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal > > Phone +351 22 607 4900 > > Faz +351 22 609 9157 > > > > > > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- > ---- > > ********************************DISCLAIMER**************************** > The information contained in the above e-mail message or messages > (which includes any attachments) is confidential and may be legally > privileged. It is intended only for the use of the person or entity > to which it is addressed. If you are not the addressee any form of > disclosure, copying, modification, distribution or any action taken > or omitted in reliance on the information is unauthorised. Opinions > contained in the message(s) do not necessarily reflect the opinions > of the Queensland Government and its authorities. If you received > this communication in error, please notify the sender immediately and > delete it from your computer system network. > ............................................................. Dr C.M. Sherwin Senior Research Fellow (Animal Behaviour and Welfare) Centre for Behavioural Biology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, U.K. Tel: [44] (0)117 928 9486 Fax: [44] (0)117 928 9582 email: Chris.Sherwin@bristol.ac.uk From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 22-OCT-2004 13:15:02.23 To: IN%"wrstrick@umd.edu" "Ray Stricklin", IN%"rbogle@sonic.net" "Rick Bogle" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Sentient; Ray and others- Interesting commentary!- -Stanley Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: "Ray Stricklin" To: "Rick Bogle" ; "Stanley Curtis" Cc: Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 1:37 PM Subject: RE: Sentient; > > can choose. I must be missing something, because surely many people on the > list act ethically from a science-based perspective and see no problem > whatsoever in society's current relationship with other animal species. I'd > love to read about these perspectives. > > Rick Bogle, > Madison, WI > > ------------------------ > > I wouldn't suggest that you are "missing something" (in the arguments). I > would ask, however, if maybe you are seeking simple answers to complex > issues. (There is the statement to the effect that, "All questions have > simple answers and they are almost always wrong!") > > Several years ago (maybe 15 or so) someone from Michigan sent me a letter > after hearing a presentation by me. The person said in the letter that my > comments reminded him of the statement, "The cow would be the first to speak > out in opposition to vegetarianism." I have since misplaced the letter and > no longer remember who the author was of this quote (and if anyone knows the > source, I would appreciate their letting me who wrote this. I tend to think > that it was a British classics writer of the early 20th Century but cannot > remember...) But I have thought about this idea quite a bit since. > > Regarding food animals, I argue that vegetarianism is not in fact a solution > from the animal's viewpoint - for such a view is one that would eliminate > the lives of animals, not bring about animals that experience a better > quality of life. (Singer addresses this issue in "Animal Liberation" but I > would argue that he sets up a spurious argument and then knocks it down. We > do not create animal for the purpose of having them experience a good time - > which is the basis he used to dismiss the argument. Rather, animals are > brought into life in relationship to their serving some endpoint that is of > utility to us. However, simply because the animal's life has an endpoint > that is associated with some benefit to humans does NOT mean that the animal > cannot experience a reasonable quality of life (and we can, and I would say > should - in the appropriate forum, debate the definition or meaning of what > constitutes "a reasonable quality of life.") > > Some persons are greatly opposed to the idea of animal life being created as > a means to end - and contend that animal life should instead be viewed as > having value of its own. Again, I do not agree that these are mutually > exclusive ideas - provided we humans take seriously our obligation to ensure > that the animals do in fact experience a reasonable quality of life. I > tried to elaborate a bit on this idea at the 2004 Animal Sciences meeting in > St Louis and the abstract can be found at: > http://www.fass.org/2004/abstracts/390A.PDF > > (And as an aside - two nights ago, I had my TV turned to BBC World News but > was not watching the screen. The story being reported was that of Britain's > first "designer" baby - a baby that resulted from being selected from a > number of possible embryos for the purpose of having blood from his > umbilical cord be used to save the life of his older brother who had a rare > blood disease . I heard what sounded to a "voice from the past." The > person was saying, "What greater purpose could there be than bringing froth > the birth of a child to save the life of another child?" When I turned and > looked at the screen, it did appear to be an older Michael Fox - who I have > not seen in some 8 to 10 years now. I do not know in fact if it was he, but > I am curious if anyone else saw this news item or knows if it was Fox. If > so - I would say there is some irony in his recent comments for in fact an > ethical argument against creating the designer baby is that human life > should not be treated as a means to an end, which is exactly the argument > Fox and others have used at times in association with advocacy for animal > rights in one form or another.) > > Ray Stricklin From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 22-OCT-2004 13:19:45.04 To: IN%"rbogle@sonic.net" "Rick Bogle" CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" Subj: RE: Sentient; Rick- That's probably because you, too, are a human and therefore have a good basis for argument-by-analogy- Do you know for sure how an animal expresses happiness or pain?- More importatnly, even if you do know qualitatively how an animal expresses it various emotions: Do you know where The Line ought to be drawn in any of those instances?- The fact that we do not now have an answer to to such questions comprises The Dilemma- The Dilemma would, at least, be eased, I think, by relying more on the Curtis Axiom- -Stanley Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: "Rick Bogle" To: "Stanley Curtis" ; "Rick Bogle" Cc: Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 2:33 PM Subject: RE: Sentient; > Hum, > > I believe that high-quality data can and has been generated related to > mental experiences of nonhuman animals. The convenient 'tall order' is the > need to 'communicate with them.' > > These seem to be different matters. Evidence of mental affect need not rely > on communication with another. If I watch a video of you laughing, crying, > etc. I need not speak with you to have a fair notion of how you might be > feeling. > > Rick Bogle > Madison, WI > > > > > -----Original Message----- > > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 12:09 PM > > To: Rick Bogle > > Cc: applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > > > Rick, Chris, Anna, Carol, and others- > > > > I shall keep my comments in reply to Rick Bogle's most recent e-massage > > focused on animals people keep nowadays for our various purposes- > > > > First- > > To generate evidence describing the nature of the mental experiences of > > nonhuman animals may indeed, as Rick Bogle writes, be a "tall order" > > (although, having myself dabbled some on that facet of scientific > > inquiry, I > > believe it is not nearly as tall an order as many seem to suspect and > > proclaim)- But I think, after all, it is the only rational way to go in a > > pluralistic world peopled by individuals of diverse beliefs, experiences, > > and consequent political opinions- In the USA, at least -- and regardless > > of scientists' hunches (regardless of how verifiable they may ultimately > > turn out to be) -- the vague, qualitative > > notion/opinion/argument-by-analogy > > that animals have feelings has not gained traction with specific > > respect to > > animal-protective legislation in the representative legislative bodies- > > From this we well might conclude that that notion/ ... / ... enjoys little > > understanding and support among the popular citizenry- Conclusion: If we > > want to make progress in drawing The Line (which will always be a work in > > progress), another approach is needed- I think the heretofore > > more-heat-than-light aura surrounding legislative attempts owes, more than > > anything else, to the fact that the root argument simply has not resonated > > with the masses- > > > > Second- > > I suggest that those of us interested in some kind of sensible > > regulation > > of the care of kept animals of all kinds appeal in ways the > > masses -- not to > > mention animal keepers and producers themselves -- can agree > > upon- I think > > that the most obvious way will be to appeal to the common sense of our > > fellow citizens along the line of quantifiable traits that reflect an > > animal's state of being- The same quantifiable traits that lie > > at the root > > of the Curtis Axiom- Many scientists have been peculiarly loathe to > > acknowledge the relationship between animal performance and > > animal state of > > being- No animal producer -- no one who works every day directly with > > animals -- I have ever discussed these matters with has ever doubted it- > > Indeed, most have spontaneously expressed surprise that anyone would doubt > > it- > > > > If -- for the sake of the animals -- we scientists want to enhance and > > expedite real progress on this front at the animal level, I think > > we should > > embrace the fundamental notion contained in the Curtis Axiom and meld it > > with spice-dashes of our arguments-by-analogy as we make > > recommendations to > > animal keepers and give advice to legislators- > > > > -Stanley Curtis > > > > > > > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > > From: "Rick Bogle" > > To: "Stanley Curtis" ; "Rick Bogle" > > > > Cc: > > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 1:16 PM > > Subject: RE: Sentient; > > > > > > > "I suggest we can gain the evidence you [me?] are interested in by > > learning > > > how to communicate with nonhuman animals." > > > > > > This seems a rather tall order and one that appears > > convenient for those > > who > > > argue that the status quo should not be altered until > > adequate evidence > > is > > > readily at hand. > > > > > > The default societal position (in the US at least) is that nonhumans > > have no > > > legal standing, are property, and can be treated as such without much > > > concern for their subjective experiences or for any evidence that > > suggests > > > such experiences. > > > > > > Here's a pretty good example: When Alvin visited the rich ecosystems > > > surrounding the deep sea vents, one of the first things scientists did > > was > > > to gather samples of the organisms found there. The large > > 'tube worms,' > > for > > > one example, were entirely new to science. They were > > eventually given a > > new > > > phylum: Vestimentifera. In other words, about all we could say about > > their > > > evolutionary ancestry was that they were animals. > > > > > > In any event, knowing absolutely nothing about these very large exotic > > > animals, 'we' simply grabbed them with a mechanical arm and > > ripped them > > from > > > their moorings and took them to the surface to ponder their carcasses. > > (Lots > > > of loaded terms here.) > > > > > > What this demonstrates to me, is society's default position: All > > animals' > > > other than Homo are assumed in the face of data suggesting otherwise, > > or in > > > the case of the Vestimentifera, in the absence of any data whatsoever, > > to > > > either: a) not have a 'someone' experiencing life, or b) that this > > potential > > > 'someone' simply does not matter in an ethical or moral sense. > > > > > > I simply can't get my brain around the notion that until we > > can talk to > > > Vestimentifera that we should act, as we do now, that they are not > > sentient, > > > have emotions, experience a life, or have any mental affect whatsoever > > that > > > carries any moral weight. > > > > > > Such a position seems convenient, and the suggested acid test: this is > > the > > > way we should act until we can ask them whether we have assumed > > correctly, > > > seems anything but science based. The precautionary principle seems to > > be > > > largely ignored when it comes to our relationships with other animal > > > species. > > > > > > It seems to me, that if you act as if you are experiencing > > the world in > > a > > > way that makes some sense to me, that I should assume that > > you are, and > > act > > > accordingly toward you, until evidence to the contrary can demonstrate > > such > > > is the case. This seems the only ethical and science-based course that > > one > > > can choose. I must be missing something, because surely many people on > > the > > > list act ethically from a science-based perspective and see no problem > > > whatsoever in society's current relationship with other > > animal species. > > I'd > > > love to read about these perspectives. > > > > > > Rick Bogle, > > > Madison, WI > > > > > > > -----Original Message----- > > > > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > > > > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 10:33 AM > > > > To: Rick Bogle > > > > Cc: applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > > > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Rick and others- > > > > > > > > I suggest we can gain the evidence you are interested in > > by learning > > how > > > > to communicate with nonhuman animals- Colleagues and I (then at The > > > > Pennsylvania State University) generated good evidence, for example, > > that > > > > pigs are similar to chimpanzees in terms of video-game > > problem-solving > > > > ability, which is an important first step in devising ways and > > > > means to have > > > > back-and-forth communication with pigs as we already can have with > > > > chimpanzees- > > > > > > > > -Stanley Curtis From: IN%"wrstrick@umd.edu" "Ray Stricklin" 22-OCT-2004 13:53:50.87 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: IN%"joseph.stookey@usask.ca" Subj: RE: Sentient; (Joe - I think you intended to post to the group and therefore am including your message below.) Joe, I agree with that we need to be careful about what message we send in relation to this debate over definitions, etc. This point was driven home to me after the Wye River Conference some years ago that was entitled, "An International Farm Animal Welfare Conference: Ethical, Scientific, and Technological Perspectives." As you possibly remember we rounded up the same group of usual suspects for this 1991 meeting and had them give basically the same presentations that they are giving today with the format being that each of speakers defined animal welfare. But the outcome that had the biggest impact on me came as a result of my giving copies of the proceedings to my university administrators. One administrator came back to me with, "How do ever expect for your group to be taken seriously as scientists if you can't even agree on a definition among yourselves?" I have thought a lot about this since. I do believe, as you have said, that we need the discussion. But we need to be talking about concepts - not fighting over definitions. And I believe that most of what we see today is basically the "old bulls" fighting over turf - and doing so in a manner this not always associated with advancing concepts or ideas in relation to animal welfare. One other point - I don't think that we should believe that we MUST have a definition of Animal Welfare - or sentience for that matter. I would wager my next pay check that if one were to select five biologists at random and ask them to define "life" - which of course is what biologists are all supposed to be studying - one would come up with five different definitions! If biologists cannot agree on the definition of something so important to their science as "Life" - why should we be expected to have some universal definition of "animal welfare" in order to engage in its investigation? Ray Stricklin -----Original Message----- From: Joseph Stookey [mailto:joseph.stookey@usask.ca] Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 2:46 PM To: Stanley Curtis Subject: Re: Sentient; Hi Everyone, I think for scientists to debate definitions, semantics and where to draw lines along the animal welfare continuum is a fascinating exercise, especially for me to read and witness, since I am keenly interested in the topic. However, I always worry that the uncertainty scientists express about contentious issues may become additional fodder for the skeptics. There is already plenty of skepticism among livestock producers within North America who believe the need to make change in livestock production systems on welfare grounds is unnecessary, since animal welfare is not an exact science and "even scientists can not agree". As a scientists I can appreciate that every discipline surely undergoes similar discussion and debates about their unknowns, but unfortunately when those debates circle contentious issues the nay sayers have a picnic. Global warming is a classic example of where the uncertainty among scientists, in their projections, has led many industrial companies to lobby governments to weaken environmental laws or prevent further regulations. The environmental scientists' disagreements do not imply that man and industrialization has no bearing on global warming. However, there are plenty of politicians and lay people making that illogical connection. And of course they are being urged to think that way by companies reminding them that the scientist can not even agree. A similar scenario is unfolding within the livestock industries regarding animal welfare issues and the reluctance to change is being unfairly and broadly based on "scientific uncertainties". I have heard livestock industry leaders proclaim from the podium that "they are not opposed to change, providing the suggested change is based on science". The truth is that there is already plenty of undisputed science available today that can point the way towards more welfare friendly practices that would unquestionably be of benefit to the animal's well being. For example, it is an undisputed fact that routine procedures such as castration and dehorning in cattle (to name just a few routine procedures) cause behavioural and physiological changes indicative of pain. No scientific study has proven otherwise. The use of analgesics (which we know block pain) during these procedures eliminates the behavioural and physiological changes in treated animals and keeps them at baseline levels. The technology and compounds are available to mitigate pain, and for the most part the cattle industry in North America pretends pain associated with these procedures is not even an issue, since the animals survive the procedure. The cost of providing a cornual block to a calf prior to dehorning is less than $.40 Cdn a calf. In addtion, we have polled genes in all our beef breeds and no scientific study has proven them to be inferior to their horned counterparts in any production trait measured (while at least 8 studies have showed them to be no different) and yet many in the beef industry want to continue to breed horns onto their cattle and then knock them off without any attempt to mitigate pain. We have plenty of science for the livestock industry to use if they so choose. While I think these discussions are great and I want them to continue, from my perspective the only way to make real progress on animal welfare issues is for the livestock industries themselves to make a sincere effort and use the science already available. I just hope livestock industries embrace what we do know about science, instead of focusing on the fact we can not measure cognition, prove sentience or mutually agree on how to define animal welfare or what to call it. I think we need to continue to debate these issues as scientists, but I also think we need to remind industry whenever we have the opportunity of the information and science we do have available and how they can apply it. Sincerely, Joe Stookey -- Joseph M. Stookey Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicine 52 Campus Drive University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4 From: IN%"mappleby@hsus.org" "Michael Appleby" 22-OCT-2004 14:09:15.70 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Sentient; Dear All I symphathise with Joe Stookey's argument, but scientists have to know how to live with uncertainty and one of the most important things they can communicate to others is that science rarely comes up with definitive answers (to questions such as "How much space should animals have?", or "Should we do this?") - that, as Ray and David Fraser and others have argued cogently, the science has to be interpreted, not just used as an excuse (either for action or inaction). There have been many good thoughts in this thread. But one problem that has recurred now and again has been what has been called the Fallacy of Black-and-White thinking: action or inaction, Yes or No, all or nothing. The following questions are my cariacatures of issues that have come up, not direct quotes. "Are certain species sentient or not?" This just doesn't make sense to me. It makes more sense to think of sentience, and of feelings such as pain, being present to a greater or lesser extent in different species (and indeed different individuals, for example of different age), than of them being simply present or absent. The European Union has declared all animals - without exclusions - to be "sentient beings". That doesn't mean the EU thinks the feelings of worms are equivalent to those of, say, primates, but it does mean we should at least consider the consequences of what we do to worms. "Can we prove that animals need environmental enrichment?" There are at least three all-or-nothing aspects to this. First, the implication is that we need to prove that animals are animate - that they have feelings comparable in some way to those of humans. Let's consider vertebrates for now, which most of these issues primarily concern. It seems to me that the unspoken assumption that animals might effectively be unfeeling machines is just as unreasonable as any extreme anthropomorphic assumption that animals "are just the same as humans." Surely the most reasonable assumption is that the mental processes of animals have some characteristics in common with humans, but not all. Second, there is the implication that concrete proof is needed before any change is made in industry practices. I think that style of thinking is affected by the structure of our legal system: most of our laws are proscriptive - saying what is not allowed - rather than prescriptive - saying what is allowed. Hence we have to have extremely strong reasons for creating such a law. But that need not be the framework in which (in this case) appropriate conditions for animals are decided. Indeed, remember that Switzerland takes the opposite approach: any new development in livestock housing must be vetted for acceptability before it is approved. Third, the concept of proof itself is unscientific. Science does not provide proof. However, it provides plenty of evidence18. We can use this just as the jury in a court of law uses evidence to come to a conclusion, when there is no cast-iron proof of guilt or innocence. Best wishes, Mike Michael C. Appleby (Dr) Vice-President Farm Animals and Sustainable Agriculture The Humane Society of the United States 2100 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20037, USA Switchboard 1 202 452 1100 Direct 1 301 258 3111 Fax 1 301 258 3081 Email mappleby@hsus.org From: IN%"tirabasso.1@osu.edu" "Pat Tirabasso" 22-OCT-2004 15:01:51.59 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Farm animal motion sensors Hello, I'm trying to find a purchasing source for an activity sensors that will monitor sheep movement past a focal point. Am looking for something other than a camera, or a person sitting next to a pen all day and night long. Would anyone be able to give me a lead toward a website , paper, catalog, or anything to help my search? Thank you, Pat Pat Tirabasso Dept. Animal Sciences OARDC/OSU Wooster, Ohio 44691 tirabasso.1@osu.edu Phone: 330-263-3947 Fax: 330-263-3949 From: IN%"wrstrick@umd.edu" "Ray Stricklin" 22-OCT-2004 15:20:34.19 To: IN%"karolinarasid@seznam.cz" "=?us-ascii?Q?Karolina_Mikova?=", IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: allosuckling in camels Karolina, Quite possibly you are aware of the work of Dr. Kristina Dahlborn of the Swedish Agricultural University in Uppsala - and have had contact with her. If not, I think that she would be interested in your work and recommend that you contact her (Kristina.Dahlborn@djfys.slu.se). She has studied suckling behavior of camels in North Africa and maybe has some ideas regarding your topic. Good luck in your work. Ray Stricklin University of Maryland -----Original Message----- From: Karolina Mikova [mailto:karolinarasid@seznam.cz] Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 5:07 AM To: Applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca Subject: allosuckling in camels Hi, I am a czech PhD. student from Prague. I did my final work about camels behaviour and now I will continue my work with them. I was watching the camels in four zoos in Czech Republic, and allosuckling occured in two of the groups observed. I have tried to find some information about allosuckling in camels, but it seems to be very difficult. I will write my dissertation about this phenomenon, so if anybody is interested in this topic, please right me. I specialize mainly in two-humped camels in zoos, but I am interested in allosuckling in dromedary camels as well. Many thanks, Karolina From: IN%"gooddog@dodo.com.au" "Geiger" 22-OCT-2004 15:55:23.18 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Sentience and Olsson's comments The science is well in progress on animal sentience...my work on conscious control in dogs over yawning, sneezing, ear crinkles etc, and the recent work in Germany on Rico, the border collie which fast-maps, clearly indicate that dogs have higher mental capacities than current books indicate. Jackie Perkins Veterinary Behaviourist Australia www.good-dog.com.au This e-mail is for the use of the intended recipient(s) only. If you have received this e-mail in error, please notify the sender immediately and then delete it. If you are not the intended recipient, you must not use, disclose or distribute this e-mail without the author's prior permission. We have taken precautions to minimise the risk of transmitting software viruses, but we advise you to carry out your own virus checks on any attachment to this message. We cannot accept liability for any loss or damage caused by software viruses. -----Original Message----- From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] Sent: Thursday, October 21, 2004 12:51 PM To: Andy Beck; applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Subject: Re: Sentience and Olsson's comments Andy Beck and others- Prior to my having the opportunity to respond more fully to Anna Olsson's post addressed mostly (I presume) to me, I should comment that I agree with Andy Beck that theories, hypotheses, axioms, postulates, and so on all have their rightful place in the ferment of scientific discovery and confirmation knwon collectively as the scientific method- My comments in earlier posts these past few days should not be miscontrued to indicate that I think our current knowledge of the nature of animals and their feelings is wrong- I do think that, in many (if not most) cases, the scientific method has not been played out in these matters to the points that governmental regulations ought to be promulgated and enforced- In other words, I think much of the work is still only half-baked -- not that the eventual cake might not (not even that it probably won't) be grand- My caution at this point is simply this: It's not yet time to take to the table this cake; its center is still gooey- I support a more conservative approach before we become too rigid in thinking about what's right and what's wrong in terms of supporting a high state of being in what Henry Beston called "[members of] other nations", "living by voices we shall never hear". More soon- -Stanley Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: "Andy Beck" To: Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 9:33 PM Subject: RE: Sentience and Olsson's comments > It seems to me that this type of requirement restricts scientific > development. Before we get to the stage where evidence is weighed and a > consensus achieved there has first to be a period during which a hypothesis > is created in the rough - then refined by further discussion - and, after > these stages, testing of the hypothesis can begin. > > It can reasonably be argued that the process of developing new hypothesis > may be intuitive in nature, which is to say that not only inductive or > deductive reasoning has to apply. In fact it can surely be argued that some > of the greatest leaps forward have had an intuitive birth! > > If an ethologist (or any other scientist for that matter) constructs a good > hypothesis (and by good I mean one that can be disproved) why should he or > she not be able to give an opinion on the basis of that hypothesis? Having > done so it would be hoped that their peers would have an opportunity to > subject the hypothesis to scrutiny - and to test it to breaking point. > Should it be disproved then a new, perhaps better constructed, hypothesis > might rise from the ashes of the old. > > Whatever the outcome there can be no real growth in science without a > certain degree of bravery in being prepared to argue ideas that have so far > resisted attempts to marshal sufficient or absolute evidential proof. There > are enough well documented cases (particularly in the field of astronomy) to > justify giving a qualified opinion that something does in fact exist prior > to absolute proof. > > I also think that the quote from Dr Ollson: > > "If we assume that vertebrate animals > are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in production > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that sentience. > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the > first." > > is one that a good percentage of society (rather than a small minority) > would have no problem with - and one with which I strongly agree. However, > in terms of what is or is not ethical the percentage of people that agree > does not alter the validity of the statement - and I think it is fair to say > that this one has been very well argued by an impressive number of renowned > ethicists. > > Regards > Andy Beck > White Horse Equine Ethology Project > 433 Wharepunga Rd > RD3 Kaikohe > Northland 0400 > Aotearoa - New Zealand > http://www.equine-behavior.com > http://www.equine-ethology.ac.nz > > > > > -----Original Message----- > From: Rick Bogle [mailto:rbogle@sonic.net] > Sent: Thursday, 21 October 2004 2:31 p.m. > To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca > Subject: RE: Sentience and Olsson's comments > > I hope that many list members, especially the academics, will respond to Dr. > Olsson's questions. > > In the spirit of promoting discussion on this matter, I offer the following: > > As a lay person, I want scientists to be very clear about the evidence that > they would want before them prior to professing an opinion on a matter > related to their expertise. [physical scientists do this routinely.] > > Here's an example: a scientist says something such as: "Unless and until we > have scientific evidence at hand that objectively quantifies ... the nature > of the conscious experience a nonhuman animal has ... we should not apply > that term [sentience, sentient, feelings, emotions, pain, 'and the like'] > when discussing that animal's nature- In most cases with regard to animal > cognition, we do not have that much-needed information." > > If a chemist were to say something like this, I would simply assume that > they were speaking from a position of ignorance. When an ethologist says > something like this, I, as a lay person, might assume either a) my own > reading of the literature regarding animal mind/cognition/emotion is faulty; > or b) that perhaps no evidence could ever be offered that would satisfy > someone holding such a position. > > In the first case, I'd like to understand why a study like Masserman et al's > 1964 study, "'Altruistic' Behavior in Rhesus Monkeys" is deemed insufficient > evidence that rhesus monkeys have feelings we can fairly consider as akin to > our own. And, if Masserman is deemed insufficient, in and of itself, I'd > like to know what sort of evidence would someone require in order to reverse > themselves regarding the position that there is an absence of information > regarding emotions 'and the like' in at least some species. > > I worry about Dr. Olsson's comment: "If we assume that vertebrate animals > are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in production > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that sentience. > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the > first." > > I worry that Dr. Olsson is in the tiny minority, and that her view may be > the opposite of that held by the majority of society. In any event, I hope > many people on the list will think about her comments and respond carefully > and thoughtfully to them. > > Rick Bogle > Madison, WI > > > -----Original Message----- > > From: Anna Olsson [mailto:olsson@ibmc.up.pt] > > Sent: Wednesday, October 20, 2004 12:35 AM > > To: Stanley Curtis; applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > Dear Stanley and others, > > > > While I appreciate your critical view, I would be very interested > > in seeing > > what approach you suggest as an alternative to the present (combining the > > best available scientific evidence and argument from analogy with expert > > opinion including consideration of benefit of the doubt) in guidelines and > > policy-making for animal husbandry. > > > > I am fully aware of the shortcomings of present research. Animal > > welfare as > > a discipline of research is fairly recent, and not much of the > > research has > > been directed at providing the scientific evidence for animal subjective > > mental states that you ask for. This matter is further complicated by the > > fact that neurobiology has only very recently started to give us a > > significant insight in the neurobiology of human subjective mental state. > > > > It is not uncommon to have to legislate in situations of limited > > knowledge. > > An important consideration to be made in these situations is that of the > > potential consequences of making the wrong decision. If we assume that > > vertebrate animals are sentient and it turns out they are not, we have > > caused economic harm to those that could have made more profit in > > production > > system not subject to animal welfare restrictions. If we assume that > > vertebrate animals are not sentient and it turns out they are, we have > > caused suffering to sentient beings by failing to consider that sentience. > > To me, there is no doubt that the second error is more serious than the > > first - but that is my view and I would welcome arguments supporting other > > positions. > > > > The Rio Declaration (1992) says that lack of "full scientific certainty > > shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to > > prevent environmental degradation" (cited from > > http://www.biotech-info.net/science_and_PP.html which is recommended for > > those who want to read more about legislation and the precautionary > > principle). I would argue that the well-being of sentient individuals is a > > matter of sufficient importance to take a similar position. > > > > It is obvious that we should not make decisions in the complete absence of > > scientific evidence, and equally obvious that we will never have the > > complete unambiguous scientific evidence for anything, so the > > question then > > becomes how much scientific evidence should we ask for before making a > > decision? While humbly aware of the limitations of our knowledge, > > I must say > > that I find it worrying if someone would claim that the almost 40 years of > > scientific research over animal welfare since the Brambell report had not > > produced any information that can be useful in decision-making. > > > > Regards, > > Anna Olsson > > > > Dr Anna Olsson > > Researcher > > Animal Behaviour & Welfare - Bioethics > > > > Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology > > Rua Campo Alegre 823 > > 4150-180 Porto, Portugal > > Phone +351 22 607 4900 > > Faz +351 22 609 9157 > > > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- From: IN%"gooddog@dodo.com.au" "Geiger" 22-OCT-2004 16:03:39.56 To: IN%"rbogle@sonic.net" "'Rick Bogle'", IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Sentient; Communicating across the species boundary is a very tricky thing...a great rapport with the animal is a prerequisite in my opinion. I believe that it is possible to communicate with dogs as living thing to living thing, and evidence of such a rapport is for example when your dog imitates you. I have several confirmed examples of this. Dogs are well situated for this kind of task. Jackie Perkins This e-mail is for the use of the intended recipient(s) only. If you have received this e-mail in error, please notify the sender immediately and then delete it. If you are not the intended recipient, you must not use, disclose or distribute this e-mail without the author's prior permission. We have taken precautions to minimise the risk of transmitting software viruses, but we advise you to carry out your own virus checks on any attachment to this message. We cannot accept liability for any loss or damage caused by software viruses. -----Original Message----- From: Rick Bogle [mailto:rbogle@sonic.net] Sent: Saturday, October 23, 2004 5:34 AM To: Stanley Curtis; Rick Bogle Cc: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca Subject: RE: Sentient; Hum, I believe that high-quality data can and has been generated related to mental experiences of nonhuman animals. The convenient 'tall order' is the need to 'communicate with them.' These seem to be different matters. Evidence of mental affect need not rely on communication with another. If I watch a video of you laughing, crying, etc. I need not speak with you to have a fair notion of how you might be feeling. Rick Bogle Madison, WI > -----Original Message----- > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 12:09 PM > To: Rick Bogle > Cc: applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > Rick, Chris, Anna, Carol, and others- > > I shall keep my comments in reply to Rick Bogle's most recent e-massage > focused on animals people keep nowadays for our various purposes- > > First- > To generate evidence describing the nature of the mental experiences of > nonhuman animals may indeed, as Rick Bogle writes, be a "tall order" > (although, having myself dabbled some on that facet of scientific > inquiry, I > believe it is not nearly as tall an order as many seem to suspect and > proclaim)- But I think, after all, it is the only rational way to go in a > pluralistic world peopled by individuals of diverse beliefs, experiences, > and consequent political opinions- In the USA, at least -- and regardless > of scientists' hunches (regardless of how verifiable they may ultimately > turn out to be) -- the vague, qualitative > notion/opinion/argument-by-analogy > that animals have feelings has not gained traction with specific > respect to > animal-protective legislation in the representative legislative bodies- > From this we well might conclude that that notion/ ... / ... enjoys little > understanding and support among the popular citizenry- Conclusion: If we > want to make progress in drawing The Line (which will always be a work in > progress), another approach is needed- I think the heretofore > more-heat-than-light aura surrounding legislative attempts owes, more than > anything else, to the fact that the root argument simply has not resonated > with the masses- > > Second- > I suggest that those of us interested in some kind of sensible > regulation > of the care of kept animals of all kinds appeal in ways the > masses -- not to > mention animal keepers and producers themselves -- can agree > upon- I think > that the most obvious way will be to appeal to the common sense of our > fellow citizens along the line of quantifiable traits that reflect an > animal's state of being- The same quantifiable traits that lie > at the root > of the Curtis Axiom- Many scientists have been peculiarly loathe to > acknowledge the relationship between animal performance and > animal state of > being- No animal producer -- no one who works every day directly with > animals -- I have ever discussed these matters with has ever doubted it- > Indeed, most have spontaneously expressed surprise that anyone would doubt > it- > > If -- for the sake of the animals -- we scientists want to enhance and > expedite real progress on this front at the animal level, I think > we should > embrace the fundamental notion contained in the Curtis Axiom and meld it > with spice-dashes of our arguments-by-analogy as we make > recommendations to > animal keepers and give advice to legislators- > > -Stanley Curtis > > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Rick Bogle" > To: "Stanley Curtis" ; "Rick Bogle" > > Cc: > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 1:16 PM > Subject: RE: Sentient; > > > > "I suggest we can gain the evidence you [me?] are interested in by > learning > > how to communicate with nonhuman animals." > > > > This seems a rather tall order and one that appears > convenient for those > who > > argue that the status quo should not be altered until > adequate evidence > is > > readily at hand. > > > > The default societal position (in the US at least) is that nonhumans > have no > > legal standing, are property, and can be treated as such without much > > concern for their subjective experiences or for any evidence that > suggests > > such experiences. > > > > Here's a pretty good example: When Alvin visited the rich ecosystems > > surrounding the deep sea vents, one of the first things scientists did > was > > to gather samples of the organisms found there. The large > 'tube worms,' > for > > one example, were entirely new to science. They were > eventually given a > new > > phylum: Vestimentifera. In other words, about all we could say about > their > > evolutionary ancestry was that they were animals. > > > > In any event, knowing absolutely nothing about these very large exotic > > animals, 'we' simply grabbed them with a mechanical arm and > ripped them > from > > their moorings and took them to the surface to ponder their carcasses. > (Lots > > of loaded terms here.) > > > > What this demonstrates to me, is society's default position: All > animals' > > other than Homo are assumed in the face of data suggesting otherwise, > or in > > the case of the Vestimentifera, in the absence of any data whatsoever, > to > > either: a) not have a 'someone' experiencing life, or b) that this > potential > > 'someone' simply does not matter in an ethical or moral sense. > > > > I simply can't get my brain around the notion that until we > can talk to > > Vestimentifera that we should act, as we do now, that they are not > sentient, > > have emotions, experience a life, or have any mental affect whatsoever > that > > carries any moral weight. > > > > Such a position seems convenient, and the suggested acid test: this is > the > > way we should act until we can ask them whether we have assumed > correctly, > > seems anything but science based. The precautionary principle seems to > be > > largely ignored when it comes to our relationships with other animal > > species. > > > > It seems to me, that if you act as if you are experiencing > the world in > a > > way that makes some sense to me, that I should assume that > you are, and > act > > accordingly toward you, until evidence to the contrary can demonstrate > such > > is the case. This seems the only ethical and science-based course that > one > > can choose. I must be missing something, because surely many people on > the > > list act ethically from a science-based perspective and see no problem > > whatsoever in society's current relationship with other > animal species. > I'd > > love to read about these perspectives. > > > > Rick Bogle, > > Madison, WI > > > > > -----Original Message----- > > > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > > > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 10:33 AM > > > To: Rick Bogle > > > Cc: applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > > > > > > > Rick and others- > > > > > > I suggest we can gain the evidence you are interested in > by learning > how > > > to communicate with nonhuman animals- Colleagues and I (then at The > > > Pennsylvania State University) generated good evidence, for example, > that > > > pigs are similar to chimpanzees in terms of video-game > problem-solving > > > ability, which is an important first step in devising ways and > > > means to have > > > back-and-forth communication with pigs as we already can have with > > > chimpanzees- > > > > > > -Stanley Curtis > > > > > > > > > > > ------------------------------------------------------------------ > ---------- > ---- > > From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 22-OCT-2004 16:19:04.36 To: IN%"wrstrick@umd.edu" "Ray Stricklin", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: IN%"joseph.stookey@usask.ca" Subj: RE: Sentient; Ray- I am surprised to find you minimizing the importance of the very discussion we are having right now in this network- All al9ong, I have thought we were making progress (albeit perhaps only a tiny bit) towrad coming together so when we converse with the all important (nay, essential) outside world, they will b e able to follow the conversation simply because they won't have to go to the library or online reference back to gather up all the definitions and divine which one the speaker is intending at the moment- I think we have been discussing concepts all along, but at the level olf knowing what is meant -- in discussing animal state of with scientists and nonscientists alike -- by a particular word used to categorize this concept or that- -Stan Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: "Ray Stricklin" To: Cc: Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 2:53 PM Subject: RE: Sentient; > (Joe - I think you intended to post to the group and therefore am including > your message below.) > > Joe, I agree with that we need to be careful about what message we send in > relation to this debate over definitions, etc. > > This point was driven home to me after the Wye River Conference some years > ago that was entitled, "An International Farm Animal Welfare Conference: > Ethical, Scientific, and Technological Perspectives." As you possibly > remember we rounded up the same group of usual suspects for this 1991 > meeting and had them give basically the same presentations that they are > giving today with the format being that each of speakers defined animal > welfare. But the outcome that had the biggest impact on me came as a result > of my giving copies of the proceedings to my university administrators. One > administrator came back to me with, "How do ever expect for your group to be > taken seriously as scientists if you can't even agree on a definition among > yourselves?" > > I have thought a lot about this since. I do believe, as you have said, that > we need the discussion. But we need to be talking about concepts - not > fighting over definitions. And I believe that most of what we see today is > basically the "old bulls" fighting over turf - and doing so in a manner this > not always associated with advancing concepts or ideas in relation to animal > welfare. > > One other point - I don't think that we should believe that we MUST have a > definition of Animal Welfare - or sentience for that matter. I would wager > my next pay check that if one were to select five biologists at random and > ask them to define "life" - which of course is what biologists are all > supposed to be studying - one would come up with five different definitions! > If biologists cannot agree on the definition of something so important to > their science as "Life" - why should we be expected to have some universal > definition of "animal welfare" in order to engage in its investigation? > > Ray Stricklin > > -----Original Message----- > From: Joseph Stookey [mailto:joseph.stookey@usask.ca] > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 2:46 PM > To: Stanley Curtis > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > Hi Everyone, > > I think for scientists to debate definitions, semantics and where to > draw lines along the animal welfare continuum is a fascinating exercise, > especially for me to read and witness, since I am keenly interested in > the topic. However, I always worry that the uncertainty scientists > express about contentious issues may become additional fodder for the > skeptics. There is already plenty of skepticism among livestock > producers within North America who believe the need to make change in > livestock production systems on welfare grounds is unnecessary, since > animal welfare is not an exact science and "even scientists can not > agree". As a scientists I can appreciate that every discipline surely > undergoes similar discussion and debates about their unknowns, but > unfortunately when those debates circle contentious issues the nay > sayers have a picnic. Global warming is a classic example of where the > uncertainty among scientists, in their projections, has led many > industrial companies to lobby governments to weaken environmental laws > or prevent further regulations. The environmental scientists' > disagreements do not imply that man and industrialization has no bearing > on global warming. However, there are plenty of politicians and lay > people making that illogical connection. And of course they are being > urged to think that way by companies reminding them that the scientist > can not even agree. > > A similar scenario is unfolding within the livestock industries > regarding animal welfare issues and the reluctance to change is being > unfairly and broadly based on "scientific uncertainties". I have heard > livestock industry leaders proclaim from the podium that "they are not > opposed to change, providing the suggested change is based on > science". The truth is that there is already plenty of undisputed > science available today that can point the way towards more welfare > friendly practices that would unquestionably be of benefit to the > animal's well being. > > For example, it is an undisputed fact that routine procedures such as > castration and dehorning in cattle (to name just a few routine > procedures) cause behavioural and physiological changes indicative of > pain. No scientific study has proven otherwise. The use of analgesics > (which we know block pain) during these procedures eliminates the > behavioural and physiological changes in treated animals and keeps them > at baseline levels. The technology and compounds are available to > mitigate pain, and for the most part the cattle industry in North > America pretends pain associated with these procedures is not even an > issue, since the animals survive the procedure. The cost of providing a > cornual block to a calf prior to dehorning is less than $.40 Cdn a > calf. In addtion, we have polled genes in all our beef breeds and no > scientific study has proven them to be inferior to their horned > counterparts in any production trait measured (while at least 8 studies > have showed them to be no different) and yet many in the beef industry > want to continue to breed horns onto their cattle and then knock them > off without any attempt to mitigate pain. We have plenty of science for > the livestock industry to use if they so choose. While I think these > discussions are great and I want them to continue, from my perspective > the only way to make real progress on animal welfare issues is for the > livestock industries themselves to make a sincere effort and use the > science already available. > > I just hope livestock industries embrace what we do know about science, > instead of focusing on the fact we can not measure cognition, prove > sentience or mutually agree on how to define animal welfare or what to > call it. > > I think we need to continue to debate these issues as scientists, but I > also think we need to remind industry whenever we have the opportunity > of the information and science we do have available and how they can > apply it. > > Sincerely, > > Joe Stookey > > -- > Joseph M. Stookey > Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences > Western College of Veterinary Medicine > 52 Campus Drive > University of Saskatchewan > Saskatoon, SK > S7N 5B4 > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 22-OCT-2004 16:38:34.47 To: IN%"mappleby@hsus.org" "Michael Appleby", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Sentient; Mike- Ten-4- I think if all parties concerned with these things would forget about some of the natural biases we bring to the discussion because of our various value systems, beliefs, education, experiences (both with animals and otherwise), then we could make real progress in terms of what we claim to be interested in -- namely, improving the state of being of the animals we keep- So what if it takes 10 years to get that accomplished- Look at what a pitifully short disctance we have come in the 40 years since Ruth Harrison first raised the issue in an attention-getting way- More from here soon (maybe -- in view of prior commitments -- as late as the middle of next week)- -Stan Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: "Michael Appleby" To: Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 3:03 PM Subject: RE: Sentient; > Dear All > > I symphathise with Joe Stookey's argument, but scientists have to know > how to live with uncertainty and one of the most important things they > can communicate to others is that science rarely comes up with > definitive answers (to questions such as "How much space should animals > have?", or "Should we do this?") - that, as Ray and David Fraser and > others have argued cogently, the science has to be interpreted, not just > used as an excuse (either for action or inaction). > > There have been many good thoughts in this thread. But one problem that > has recurred now and again has been what has been called the Fallacy of > Black-and-White thinking: action or inaction, Yes or No, all or nothing. > > > The following questions are my cariacatures of issues that have come up, > not direct quotes. > > "Are certain species sentient or not?" This just doesn't make sense to > me. It makes more sense to think of sentience, and of feelings such as > pain, being present to a greater or lesser extent in different species > (and indeed different individuals, for example of different age), than > of them being simply present or absent. The European Union has declared > all animals - without exclusions - to be "sentient beings". That > doesn't mean the EU thinks the feelings of worms are equivalent to those > of, say, primates, but it does mean we should at least consider the > consequences of what we do to worms. > > "Can we prove that animals need environmental enrichment?" There are at > least three all-or-nothing aspects to this. First, the implication is > that we need to prove that animals are animate - that they have feelings > comparable in some way to those of humans. Let's consider vertebrates > for now, which most of these issues primarily concern. It seems to me > that the unspoken assumption that animals might effectively be unfeeling > machines is just as unreasonable as any extreme anthropomorphic > assumption that animals "are just the same as humans." Surely the most > reasonable assumption is that the mental processes of animals have some > characteristics in common with humans, but not all. > Second, there is the implication that concrete proof is needed > before any change is made in industry practices. I think that style of > thinking is affected by the structure of our legal system: most of our > laws are proscriptive - saying what is not allowed - rather than > prescriptive - saying what is allowed. Hence we have to have extremely > strong reasons for creating such a law. But that need not be the > framework in which (in this case) appropriate conditions for animals are > decided. Indeed, remember that Switzerland takes the opposite approach: > any new development in livestock housing must be vetted for > acceptability before it is approved. > Third, the concept of proof itself is unscientific. Science does > not provide proof. However, it provides plenty of evidence18. We can > use this just as the jury in a court of law uses evidence to come to a > conclusion, when there is no cast-iron proof of guilt or innocence. > > Best wishes, > > Mike > > > > > Michael C. Appleby (Dr) > Vice-President > Farm Animals and Sustainable Agriculture > The Humane Society of the United States > 2100 L Street, NW Washington, DC 20037, USA > Switchboard 1 202 452 1100 > Direct 1 301 258 3111 > Fax 1 301 258 3081 > Email mappleby@hsus.org ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- From: IN%"joseph.stookey@usask.ca" "Joseph Stookey" 22-OCT-2004 17:12:08.08 To: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Curtis' axiom Dr. Stanley Curtis wrote: " For a constitutionally fit performing animal of any kind -- unless and until we definitively know something about their conscious feelings -- the best single indicator of that animal's state of being is its rate of biologic productive performance relative to its genetic potential." Dear Stan, This is not unlike the sentiment expressed by many in the livestock industries, claiming that the welfare of their animals must indeed be good because the performance of their animals is so great. Apparently welfare, as defined by producers, is okay as long as production is high. However, this train of thought already presents some problems for industries in setting spacing requirements. There are studies in both poultry and swine where the optimum biological performance is reached at a spacing requirement that exceeds current industry standards. In other words, there are production strategies that win economically by crowding animals even though the individual animals perform at a level less than their potential. By their own definition of what constitutes good welfare producers routinely sacrifice good welfare and high production for efficiency in space and economic return. It just seems a bit ironic to me to have parties apparently agree on what constitutes good welfare, but then choose to ignore it when convenient. Back to Stan's comment: I think the example of creating a single dairy cow with the genetic potential to produce enough milk for all of Saskatoon (as Ray Stricklin once remarked) would surely constitute a welfare problem for such a cow, though for many years the dairy industry's runaway selection for increased milk production seemed geared towards that kind of cow. Now we have the average longevity of dairy cows and sows down to just a few lactations due to selection for maximum productivity, as early as possible. I guess their biologic productive performance relative to their genetic potential is great, but somewhere along that selection line, I believe, the animal's "state of being" has been derailed. I don't think you can leave "longevity" out of the production argument without running amuck. Stan you also wrote: " Finally-insofar as agricultural animals are concerned--our goal in terms of ethical obligation and responsibility as well as economic rationality should be that an animal kept for agricultural purposes should experience wellness most of the time, fairness some of the time, and poorness as infrequently as possible. It is unreasonable to expect that any animal will be well all of the time." Stan, if this were to become the standard mantra by which we determine if a certain practice is acceptable, then I fear we would never make progress on such issues as transportation, humane slaughter, weaning, regrouping or routine management procedures like castration, etc. All of those experiences, since they occur seldom or only once during an animal's lifetime could be justified, even if conducted poorly, since they occur "infrequently as possible". While your approach sounds logical, it could be used as a shield to be held up by those resisting change and may not be the formula for improvement as you might hope. I am not trying to sound so argumentative, but just trying to play the devil's advocate. Surely, you would expect nothing less of your past and present students!! :) Wishing you the best. Joe Stookey -- Joseph M. Stookey Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicine 52 Campus Drive University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4 From: IN%"jo_eq@hotmail.com" "Samantha Gierveld" 22-OCT-2004 19:43:08.50 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Ontario Pit Bull Ban I hope I haven't offended anyone by joining this discussion. I am still learning about ethology, and usually I really enjoy reading the discussions but don't participate because of my lack of knowledge. This discussion is something that I feel quite strongly about, so I thought I'd have a go. Sorry! Is it actually possible to breed acceptance of humans but aggression towards other dogs? I can understand training (that was my original point), but would not this aggresion towards dogs be also towards humans without training? Thanks. Please correct me if I say something which is not right, I have learnt heaps from this forum and hope to continue learning. Sam >From: Janice Koler-Matznick >To: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca >Subject: Re: Ontario Pit Bull Ban >Date: Thu, 21 Oct 2004 22:05:23 -0700 > >Sam, Please explain your comment "People buy these big, scary looking dogs > > as gaurd dogs, and assume that because of their looks they will be >effective > > at deterring burglars etc. They fail to realise that, in their history, > > these dogs were never required to look scary, but stop before injuring!" > >Are you referring to the Pit Bull/Am staff ancestral history of staged dog >fights? These dogs were bred and trained to be neutral/accepting toward >humans, so they could be handled during fights, but they certainly were >"required" to injure their opponent if possible. > >I agree completely with what Suzanne said. Behavior-specific laws are the >only equitable solution, and there has to be a solution or we all will bein >trouble some day just owning dogs. Even very small dogs can be dangerous >if >they aggressively attack people and cause them to fall as they try to avoid >the dog's tiny teeth! > >Jan Koler-Matznick > From: IN%"wrstrick@umd.edu" "Ray Stricklin" 22-OCT-2004 19:52:26.85 To: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: IN%"joseph.stookey@usask.ca" Subj: RE: Sentient; Stan, I was not trying to minimize the importance of discussing the concepts related to animal welfare - and I was not saying that the group had ignored discussing concepts. My point was that I think that it is somewhat a waste of time to try and establish one universal definition of animal welfare - and there are some persons in ISAE and not necessarily part of the current discussion who have invested considerably in this in both time and effort. (And my comments were not directed to either you or anyone else in the current discussion. After I sent the last message, I thought about this and realized that you might think that I was calling you an old bull. I don't think of you as old bull. Indeed, I think of you as an old boar.) I remember when I was first at University of Saskatchewan and H.B. Graves came up for a visit. We met with a person who founded a society and a journal both near and dear to many persons currently active in research in behavior/welfare. H.B. came out from the meeting and made a comment that I will always remember which was to the effect, "I find it amazing that a person at his stage in his career would be spending so much time trying to work out definitions." And having said this, I have a paper that I am trying to finish wherein I spend a lot of effort on defining animal welfare and it bothers me that I could not seem to get around doing so. Anyway, what I was trying to say was that just like biologists can - and do - continue on with their work when in fact not one of them can define "Life" - persons who study animal welfare should get on with their work and not get too bogged down in trying to define the concept. And again, Yes - I very much that discussion about the concepts IS important, but I agree with Stookey, we need to be careful not to send the wrong impression to others when we engage in this discussion. Hope that this is clear. Best regards, Ray -----Original Message----- From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 6:19 PM To: Ray Stricklin; applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca Cc: joseph.stookey@usask.ca Subject: Re: Sentient; Ray- I am surprised to find you minimizing the importance of the very discussion we are having right now in this network- All al9ong, I have thought we were making progress (albeit perhaps only a tiny bit) towrad coming together so when we converse with the all important (nay, essential) outside world, they will b e able to follow the conversation simply because they won't have to go to the library or online reference back to gather up all the definitions and divine which one the speaker is intending at the moment- I think we have been discussing concepts all along, but at the level olf knowing what is meant -- in discussing animal state of with scientists and nonscientists alike -- by a particular word used to categorize this concept or that- -Stan Curtis ----- Original Message ----- From: "Ray Stricklin" To: Cc: Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 2:53 PM Subject: RE: Sentient; > (Joe - I think you intended to post to the group and therefore am including > your message below.) > > Joe, I agree with that we need to be careful about what message we send in > relation to this debate over definitions, etc. > > This point was driven home to me after the Wye River Conference some years > ago that was entitled, "An International Farm Animal Welfare Conference: > Ethical, Scientific, and Technological Perspectives." As you possibly > remember we rounded up the same group of usual suspects for this 1991 > meeting and had them give basically the same presentations that they are > giving today with the format being that each of speakers defined animal > welfare. But the outcome that had the biggest impact on me came as a result > of my giving copies of the proceedings to my university administrators. One > administrator came back to me with, "How do ever expect for your group to be > taken seriously as scientists if you can't even agree on a definition among > yourselves?" > > I have thought a lot about this since. I do believe, as you have said, that > we need the discussion. But we need to be talking about concepts - not > fighting over definitions. And I believe that most of what we see today is > basically the "old bulls" fighting over turf - and doing so in a manner this > not always associated with advancing concepts or ideas in relation to animal > welfare. > > One other point - I don't think that we should believe that we MUST have a > definition of Animal Welfare - or sentience for that matter. I would wager > my next pay check that if one were to select five biologists at random and > ask them to define "life" - which of course is what biologists are all > supposed to be studying - one would come up with five different definitions! > If biologists cannot agree on the definition of something so important to > their science as "Life" - why should we be expected to have some universal > definition of "animal welfare" in order to engage in its investigation? > > Ray Stricklin > > -----Original Message----- > From: Joseph Stookey [mailto:joseph.stookey@usask.ca] > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 2:46 PM > To: Stanley Curtis > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > Hi Everyone, > > I think for scientists to debate definitions, semantics and where to > draw lines along the animal welfare continuum is a fascinating exercise, > especially for me to read and witness, since I am keenly interested in > the topic. However, I always worry that the uncertainty scientists > express about contentious issues may become additional fodder for the > skeptics. There is already plenty of skepticism among livestock > producers within North America who believe the need to make change in > livestock production systems on welfare grounds is unnecessary, since > animal welfare is not an exact science and "even scientists can not > agree". As a scientists I can appreciate that every discipline surely > undergoes similar discussion and debates about their unknowns, but > unfortunately when those debates circle contentious issues the nay > sayers have a picnic. Global warming is a classic example of where the > uncertainty among scientists, in their projections, has led many > industrial companies to lobby governments to weaken environmental laws > or prevent further regulations. The environmental scientists' > disagreements do not imply that man and industrialization has no bearing > on global warming. However, there are plenty of politicians and lay > people making that illogical connection. And of course they are being > urged to think that way by companies reminding them that the scientist > can not even agree. > > A similar scenario is unfolding within the livestock industries > regarding animal welfare issues and the reluctance to change is being > unfairly and broadly based on "scientific uncertainties". I have heard > livestock industry leaders proclaim from the podium that "they are not > opposed to change, providing the suggested change is based on > science". The truth is that there is already plenty of undisputed > science available today that can point the way towards more welfare > friendly practices that would unquestionably be of benefit to the > animal's well being. > > For example, it is an undisputed fact that routine procedures such as > castration and dehorning in cattle (to name just a few routine > procedures) cause behavioural and physiological changes indicative of > pain. No scientific study has proven otherwise. The use of analgesics > (which we know block pain) during these procedures eliminates the > behavioural and physiological changes in treated animals and keeps them > at baseline levels. The technology and compounds are available to > mitigate pain, and for the most part the cattle industry in North > America pretends pain associated with these procedures is not even an > issue, since the animals survive the procedure. The cost of providing a > cornual block to a calf prior to dehorning is less than $.40 Cdn a > calf. In addtion, we have polled genes in all our beef breeds and no > scientific study has proven them to be inferior to their horned > counterparts in any production trait measured (while at least 8 studies > have showed them to be no different) and yet many in the beef industry > want to continue to breed horns onto their cattle and then knock them > off without any attempt to mitigate pain. We have plenty of science for > the livestock industry to use if they so choose. While I think these > discussions are great and I want them to continue, from my perspective > the only way to make real progress on animal welfare issues is for the > livestock industries themselves to make a sincere effort and use the > science already available. > > I just hope livestock industries embrace what we do know about science, > instead of focusing on the fact we can not measure cognition, prove > sentience or mutually agree on how to define animal welfare or what to > call it. > > I think we need to continue to debate these issues as scientists, but I > also think we need to remind industry whenever we have the opportunity > of the information and science we do have available and how they can > apply it. > > Sincerely, > > Joe Stookey > > -- > Joseph M. Stookey > Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences > Western College of Veterinary Medicine > 52 Campus Drive > University of Saskatchewan > Saskatoon, SK > S7N 5B4 > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- From: IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis" 22-OCT-2004 21:09:52.17 To: IN%"wrstrick@umd.edu" "Ray Stricklin", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: IN%"joseph.stookey@usask.ca" Subj: RE: Sentient; Ray- Ten-4- More soon- All the best- -Stan ----- Original Message ----- From: "Ray Stricklin" To: "Stanley Curtis" ; Cc: Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 8:52 PM Subject: RE: Sentient; > Stan, I was not trying to minimize the importance of discussing the concepts > related to animal welfare - and I was not saying that the group had ignored > discussing concepts. My point was that I think that it is somewhat a waste > of time to try and establish one universal definition of animal welfare - > and there are some persons in ISAE and not necessarily part of the current > discussion who have invested considerably in this in both time and effort. > (And my comments were not directed to either you or anyone else in the > current discussion. After I sent the last message, I thought about this and > realized that you might think that I was calling you an old bull. I don't > think of you as old bull. Indeed, I think of you as an old boar.) > > I remember when I was first at University of Saskatchewan and H.B. Graves > came up for a visit. We met with a person who founded a society and a > journal both near and dear to many persons currently active in research in > behavior/welfare. H.B. came out from the meeting and made a comment that I > will always remember which was to the effect, "I find it amazing that a > person at his stage in his career would be spending so much time trying to > work out definitions." And having said this, I have a paper that I am > trying to finish wherein I spend a lot of effort on defining animal welfare > and it bothers me that I could not seem to get around doing so. > > Anyway, what I was trying to say was that just like biologists can - and > do - continue on with their work when in fact not one of them can define > "Life" - persons who study animal welfare should get on with their work and > not get too bogged down in trying to define the concept. And again, Yes - I > very much that discussion about the concepts IS important, but I agree with > Stookey, we need to be careful not to send the wrong impression to others > when we engage in this discussion. > > Hope that this is clear. > > Best regards, > > Ray > > -----Original Message----- > From: Stanley Curtis [mailto:securtis@uiuc.edu] > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 6:19 PM > To: Ray Stricklin; applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca > Cc: joseph.stookey@usask.ca > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > Ray- > > I am surprised to find you minimizing the importance of the very > discussion we are having right now in this network- All al9ong, I have > thought we were making progress (albeit perhaps only a tiny bit) towrad > coming together so when we converse with the all important (nay, essential) > outside world, they will b e able to follow the conversation simply because > they won't have to go to the library or online reference back to gather up > all the definitions and divine which one the speaker is intending at the > moment- > > I think we have been discussing concepts all along, but at the level olf > knowing what is meant -- in discussing animal state of with scientists and > nonscientists alike -- by a particular word used to categorize this concept > or that- > > -Stan Curtis > > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "Ray Stricklin" > To: > Cc: > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 2:53 PM > Subject: RE: Sentient; > > > > (Joe - I think you intended to post to the group and therefore am > including > > your message below.) > > > > Joe, I agree with that we need to be careful about what message we send > in > > relation to this debate over definitions, etc. > > > > This point was driven home to me after the Wye River Conference some > years > > ago that was entitled, "An International Farm Animal Welfare Conference: > > Ethical, Scientific, and Technological Perspectives." As you possibly > > remember we rounded up the same group of usual suspects for this 1991 > > meeting and had them give basically the same presentations that they are > > giving today with the format being that each of speakers defined animal > > welfare. But the outcome that had the biggest impact on me came as a > result > > of my giving copies of the proceedings to my university administrators. > One > > administrator came back to me with, "How do ever expect for your group > to be > > taken seriously as scientists if you can't even agree on a definition > among > > yourselves?" > > > > I have thought a lot about this since. I do believe, as you have said, > that > > we need the discussion. But we need to be talking about concepts - not > > fighting over definitions. And I believe that most of what we see today > is > > basically the "old bulls" fighting over turf - and doing so in a manner > this > > not always associated with advancing concepts or ideas in relation to > animal > > welfare. > > > > One other point - I don't think that we should believe that we MUST have > a > > definition of Animal Welfare - or sentience for that matter. I would > wager > > my next pay check that if one were to select five biologists at random > and > > ask them to define "life" - which of course is what biologists are all > > supposed to be studying - one would come up with five different > definitions! > > If biologists cannot agree on the definition of something so important > to > > their science as "Life" - why should we be expected to have some > universal > > definition of "animal welfare" in order to engage in its investigation? > > > > Ray Stricklin > > > > -----Original Message----- > > From: Joseph Stookey [mailto:joseph.stookey@usask.ca] > > Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 2:46 PM > > To: Stanley Curtis > > Subject: Re: Sentient; > > > > > > Hi Everyone, > > > > I think for scientists to debate definitions, semantics and where to > > draw lines along the animal welfare continuum is a fascinating exercise, > > especially for me to read and witness, since I am keenly interested in > > the topic. However, I always worry that the uncertainty scientists > > express about contentious issues may become additional fodder for the > > skeptics. There is already plenty of skepticism among livestock > > producers within North America who believe the need to make change in > > livestock production systems on welfare grounds is unnecessary, since > > animal welfare is not an exact science and "even scientists can not > > agree". As a scientists I can appreciate that every discipline surely > > undergoes similar discussion and debates about their unknowns, but > > unfortunately when those debates circle contentious issues the nay > > sayers have a picnic. Global warming is a classic example of where the > > uncertainty among scientists, in their projections, has led many > > industrial companies to lobby governments to weaken environmental laws > > or prevent further regulations. The environmental scientists' > > disagreements do not imply that man and industrialization has no bearing > > on global warming. However, there are plenty of politicians and lay > > people making that illogical connection. And of course they are being > > urged to think that way by companies reminding them that the scientist > > can not even agree. > > > > A similar scenario is unfolding within the livestock industries > > regarding animal welfare issues and the reluctance to change is being > > unfairly and broadly based on "scientific uncertainties". I have heard > > livestock industry leaders proclaim from the podium that "they are not > > opposed to change, providing the suggested change is based on > > science". The truth is that there is already plenty of undisputed > > science available today that can point the way towards more welfare > > friendly practices that would unquestionably be of benefit to the > > animal's well being. > > > > For example, it is an undisputed fact that routine procedures such as > > castration and dehorning in cattle (to name just a few routine > > procedures) cause behavioural and physiological changes indicative of > > pain. No scientific study has proven otherwise. The use of analgesics > > (which we know block pain) during these procedures eliminates the > > behavioural and physiological changes in treated animals and keeps them > > at baseline levels. The technology and compounds are available to > > mitigate pain, and for the most part the cattle industry in North > > America pretends pain associated with these procedures is not even an > > issue, since the animals survive the procedure. The cost of providing a > > cornual block to a calf prior to dehorning is less than $.40 Cdn a > > calf. In addtion, we have polled genes in all our beef breeds and no > > scientific study has proven them to be inferior to their horned > > counterparts in any production trait measured (while at least 8 studies > > have showed them to be no different) and yet many in the beef industry > > want to continue to breed horns onto their cattle and then knock them > > off without any attempt to mitigate pain. We have plenty of science for > > the livestock industry to use if they so choose. While I think these > > discussions are great and I want them to continue, from my perspective > > the only way to make real progress on animal welfare issues is for the > > livestock industries themselves to make a sincere effort and use the > > science already available. > > > > I just hope livestock industries embrace what we do know about science, > > instead of focusing on the fact we can not measure cognition, prove > > sentience or mutually agree on how to define animal welfare or what to > > call it. > > > > I think we need to continue to debate these issues as scientists, but I > > also think we need to remind industry whenever we have the opportunity > > of the information and science we do have available and how they can > > apply it. > > > > Sincerely, > > > > Joe Stookey > > > > -- > > Joseph M. Stookey > > Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences > > Western College of Veterinary Medicine > > 52 Campus Drive > > University of Saskatchewan > > Saskatoon, SK > > S7N 5B4 > > > > > > > > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- > ---- > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- From: IN%"ewj@uiuc.edu" "E. Wayne Johnson" 22-OCT-2004 23:24:56.81 To: IN%"joseph.stookey@usask.ca" "Joseph Stookey", IN%"securtis@uiuc.edu" "Stanley Curtis", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Curtis' axiom Interesting that you should mention Longevity, I have been thinking about longevity of sows all this past week. I cannot satisfactorily address all the issues in dairy cow longevity. I would agree that sow longevity can be an issue for a farm and an excessive removal rate is a sign that the "state of being" of the breeding females in a sow herd is suboptimal. I would also insist that it would behoove the producer to address quickly a longevity problem as it would be to his economic advantage as well as service to the ethical issue of consideration for the animals in his care. Curtis' axiom seems to hold well in the case of sow longevity. Dr. Curtis did indeed use the term "rate" of performance but I think the "rate" is not only gain per unit time, or gain per unit feed, or similar immediate rate measures of productivity, but also lifetime productivity which is a rate measure dependent upon longevity and sustained repeated productivity. I don't think that "high productivity" per se is the direct cause of a short productive life. We have seen some top producing sows that stayed in herd for 12 to 14 litters. High productivity and mismatched or inadequate diets will lead to a very short life for a sow. Many producers learned that in the 1980's when the industry transitioned from durable rotational cross sows that included generally two colored breeds, and switched to more productive white breed crosses. The white sows produced more pigs and a lot more milk, but would literally fall apart if fed the diets that worked just fine for less productive sows. The really productive ones will sacrifice their own bodies for their piglets if they don't get enough of the right stuff to eat. Generally nowadays most of the dietary issues should be well under control provided that sows receive sufficient attention to their individualized feeding and nutriture. We could probably stand to do some more fine-tuning of nutrients and feeding and hope to do so but there should be no reason to see the sort of nutritional disasters that we used to see when we did not know how to feed the highly productive sow. In my opinion most of the suboptimal longevity in sows sometimes seen nowadays is due to: 1) Lack of structural soundness in feet and legs 2) Excessive emphasis on carcass leanness and carcass conformation 3) Lack of selection for traits related to fertility 4) Improper worker training 5) Lack of genetic selection for robustness 6) Inadequate program for gilt development It looks like I am saying that 4 out of 6 problems with longevity are related to genetics and two of 6 are related to husbandry issues. Every farm is different and could have different longevity related issues. The most important tire on my bicycle at any one time is the one that is flat. Some herds are getting good longevity. Some have issues. I have seen herds where sows are kept too long. They will eventually get old or too big to handle or both. If kept too long, sows will begin to produce poor quality pigs. Producers would like to remove an aged sow just one litter before the poor one that marks the end of the productive life. That is not easy to know, but usually it is at about the 8th to 10th litter, although many specialists advise culling after the 6th parity. The genetic traits are interrelated/correlated. Pigs with rapid growth and extreme leanness and heavy muscling will Tend To Have structural problems in their feet and legs. Breeders have to exert selection for better foot and leg structure and conformation. When the feet and legs are not sound, the animal often becomes dysfunctional reproductively as well from a locomotory standpoint. Good productivity and good longevity are not mutually exclusive, but they require work and discipline in selection. As breeders select for carcass leanness and lean tissue growth rate, there is a tendency for fertility-related traits to decline. If you select only for fertility the pigs will tend to become fatter and slow growing, but they will also tend to have better feet and legs. If you select for better feet and legs, longevity and fertility tend to improve. About 30+% of the sows that are culled early in life are removed because they were not found to be in estrus, failed to conceive, or failed to farrow after a confirmed pregnancy. Some of the reproductive trouble is related to the husbandry skill and application of the worker but there is genetics involved in the fertility traits. Gilts have to be properly developed on good quality diets and need special attention to their immune development, care, management, and feeding during their first parity and rebreeding. In some herds, a high percentage of the premature removals are accrued in the culling of gilts and 1st parity sows. You don't want the accounting department formulating the gilt diets unless you can get them to appreciate the outcome. The breeding companies have not always considered longevity to be important. It was a great revelation to me when I was told by a retired battery factory manager that the flashlight battery companies (within some limits) can determine how long a battery can last and will adjust the amount of "good stuff" they put into a battery according to how much you will pay for a battery and how much life you expect for your money. I am sure we have heard that the light bulb manufacturers do about the same thing. Whether you are talking about toasters, refrigerators, flashlight batteries, or breeding swine, if they last too long the supplier does not get to sell more. It has been jokingly remarked of one breeding company, that if the sows are found to last too long, the company will send out a serviceman to correct the problem. * "Goods are produced so shoddily that Artificial Fruit rots in the bowl" - Ivan Stang "A good marketing program will convince you that this is Desirable" - "AL" Litherland "With long life will I satisfy him and show him my salvation" - Psalm 91.16 At 06:23 PM 10/22/2004, Joseph Stookey wrote: >Now we have the average longevity of dairy >cows and sows down to just a few lactations due to selection for maximum >productivity, as early as possible. I guess their biologic productive >performance relative to their genetic potential is great, but somewhere >along that selection line, I believe, the animal's "state of being" has >been derailed. I don't think you can leave "longevity" out of the >production argument without running amuck. From: IN%"clare@amerion.com" "Clare Lewandowski" 23-OCT-2004 00:28:27.52 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Ontario Pit Bull Ban Samantha, There are quite a few types of aggression with different triggering drives. I think the term drives is over used by some dog trainers but it is a shorthand term to help people think about motivation or root causes of behavior both wanted and unwanted. A herding dog could be said to show controlled aggression to sheep or other livestock, it works in prey drive. I believe Janice Koler-Matznick described a Singer tested on sheep showed eye and other driving/stalking type behaviors used by herding dogs. At times herding dogs do go over the line and become sheep killers. Many companion dogs that are permitted to run loose may not show aggression to humans but will chase and kill anything from rodents, cats to large animals like cattle or horses. At the other end of the spectrum would be a livestock guardian dog. Not at all aggressive to livestock--showing eye or stalking behaviors is inhibited, but very bonded to the flock or herd and protecting from predators and some dogs will warn off or bite strange humans--some breed and individual differences here, training may or may not alter it much. Some breeds like Brazilian Filas, are very loving and non-dominant to their family members but absolutely will not tolerate non-family. And not a breed to go into a home that is irresponsible. But in some remote or very high risk areas, invaluable. Some dogs will fight if another dog signals any sort of dominance display or doesn't show the appropriate appeasement displays. They may fight over resources such as food, toys, territory, attention from the owner, breeding partners and so on. The triggers for the various types of aggression may be not be ones that humans send. Like a scent pheromone, anal gland secretions, raised lip, low growl, stiff erect tail, raised hackles. For dogs that are highly suspicious of non family, the triggers could be as basic as distance or location, too close to the fence or coming through a door. Other dogs will be somewhere in-between, accepting humans unless they start to act suspiciously. Dogs can detect changes in sweat or breath that signal arousal and potential aggression, hear changes in breathing and heartbeat and notice details like changes in balance, muscle tension, and movement that could be preparations for a human to attack. Police, military, security and personal protection dogs may all need to have different levels of different types of aggression. A police or military K9 may often need to chase and stop someone running away that the handler indicates even though the person is not directly threatening the handler or dog. This is usually considered prey drive--like a GSD going out and grabbing a misbehaving sheep by the fleece. A security dog behind a fence might need to go towards someone coming over a fence or through a gate and towards the dog or the dog's territory. Territorial/defense aggression would be more the motivation here. Some personal protection dogs are not territorial--if the owner is not at home the dog may not stop someone coming through the door. But yet are bonded to the owners and like a bitch guarding puppies or a male guarding his mate will fight to the death to stop an intruder when the family is home. Trainers usually call this defense or perhaps pack drive--to protect members of the social unit. In top working dogs of any type, herding, hunting, sporting, livestock guarding, police work, training can enhance the innate drives and abilities but it can't put in what isn't there. That includes levels of different types of aggression and also control. The horse trainers I know say the same about horses with cow sense. A Quarterhorse with agility but no cow sense may make a reining horse but not a cutting horse. Breeders and trainers of working Border Collies fought against AKC acceptance as they saw that almost immediately the first trait to go was 'eye'. It looks freaky to conformation judges and is selected against. This immediately impairs the dogs' ability to herd. More or less the dogs have lost some controlled aggression to sheep. Just as it is possible to breed dogs with selective aggression to sheep but not humans as in Border Collies, it is possible to select for dog or other animal aggression but not human aggression. Then there are subsets of human aggression such as aggression to all strangers, some strangers--friendly tolerated but loud aggressive strangers warned off, aggression to handlers/owners--more of a dominance type or could be redirected aggression--dog overly excited barking at the window and owner comes up and touches the dog and dog bites hand--like a friend about to get into a bar fight and you try to stop it but get punched when your friend swings first and looks later. This last one is where the dogs worked as catch dogs on stock are never permitted to make a mistake. The dog must always in the heat of a catch be aware of the humans and never redirect a bite. If only humans had such control and discrimination. Clare ----- Original Message ----- From: "Samantha Gierveld" To: Sent: Friday, October 22, 2004 6:42 PM Subject: Re: Ontario Pit Bull Ban > I hope I haven't offended anyone by joining this discussion. I am still > learning about ethology, and usually I really enjoy reading the discussions > but don't participate because of my lack of knowledge. This discussion is > something that I feel quite strongly about, so I thought I'd have a go. > Sorry! > > Is it actually possible to breed acceptance of humans but aggression towards > other dogs? I can understand training (that was my original point), but > would not this aggresion towards dogs be also towards humans without > training? > > Thanks. Please correct me if I say something which is not right, I have > learnt heaps from this forum and hope to continue learning. > > Sam > > >From: Janice Koler-Matznick > >To: Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca > >Subject: Re: Ontario Pit Bull Ban > >Date: Thu, 21 Oct 2004 22:05:23 -0700 > > > >Sam, Please explain your comment "People buy these big, scary looking dogs > > > as gaurd dogs, and assume that because of their looks they will be > >effective > > > at deterring burglars etc. They fail to realise that, in their history, > > > these dogs were never required to look scary, but stop before injuring!" > > > >Are you referring to the Pit Bull/Am staff ancestral history of staged dog > >fights? These dogs were bred and trained to be neutral/accepting toward > >humans, so they could be handled during fights, but they certainly were > >"required" to injure their opponent if possible. > > > >I agree completely with what Suzanne said. Behavior-specific laws are the > >only equitable solution, and there has to be a solution or we all will bein > >trouble some day just owning dogs. Even very small dogs can be dangerous > >if > >they aggressively attack people and cause them to fall as they try to avoid > >the dog's tiny teeth! > > > >Jan Koler-Matznick > > > > From: IN%"coape@nildram.co.uk" "Robin Walker" 23-OCT-2004 10:11:06.16 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology Network" CC: Subj: Revenge of the Wild Sow This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_o/axZSEkPa9PExps/OpBnw) Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Sow 1 Hound 0 Something I found in Saint David's Cathedral, Wales UK --Boundary_(ID_o/axZSEkPa9PExps/OpBnw) Content-type: image/jpeg; name="Pig Misericord.jpg" Content-transfer-encoding: BASE64 Content-disposition: attachment; filename="Pig Misericord.jpg" /9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQEBLAEsAAD/2wBDAAUDBAQEAwUEBAQFBQUGBwwIBwcHBw8L CwkMEQ8SEhEPERETFhwXExQaFRERGCEYGh0dHx8fExciJCIeJBweHx7/2wBDAQUF BQcGBw4ICA4eFBEUHh4eHh4eHh4eHh4eHh4eHh4eHh4eHh4eHh4eHh4eHh4eHh4e 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