From: IN%"harrism@sask.usask.ca" 1-SEP-1995 12:58:46.95 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "etho-list" CC: Subj: human circumcision The analogy with circumcision of human males, while slightly off topic, is an interesting one. As some of you may know, this barbaric and probably pointless procedure is still commonly inflicted on newborns in North America. Apparently some doctors will administer a local anesthetic if the parents request it - but it is not routine. As far as I can see, the rationale for no anesthetic is not that babies do not feel pain - but that an anesthetic is somehow dangerous to newborns. Interestingly, I have heard (no documentary evidence, though) that other surgical procedures performed on babies and young children have historically been done with either little or no anesthetic. Adults who were circumcised as newborns apparently retain no memory of their suffering - although techniques such as hypnotism have been used to aid recall. How much, and for how long, do babies suffer when circumcised - and does any country have regulations concerning this kind of non-anesthetised surgery? A friend who recently had her baby circumcised heard him screaming through a closed door; she rationalised that he was protesting being held down. It would be interesting to compare (Dan Weary style), the cries of infants held down to be circumcised, with those subjected to a sham circumcision (holding down but no cutting) procedure. - Moira Harris From: IN%"katz@AESOP.RUTGERS.EDU" "Dr. Larry S. Katz" 1-SEP-1995 14:11:15.81 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "applied ethology" CC: IN%"wohlt@AESOP.RUTGERS.EDU" "wohlt" Subj: dehorning heifer calves Dear Colleagues: As recent discussion of painful procedures has included some literature citations, I thought I would add a short list of papers that have not been mentioned and bear directly on the subject. Best wishes, Larry Katz Ladden, Wohlt, Zajac and Carsia. 1985. Effects of stress from electrical dehorning on feed intake, growth and blood constituents in Holstein heifer calves. J. Dairy Sci 68:3062. Boandl, Wohlt and Carsia. 1989. Effects of handling, administration of a local anesthetic and electrical dehorning on plasma cortisol in Holstein calves. J. Dairy Sci 72:2193. Wohlt, Allyn, Zajac and Katz. 1994. Cortisol increases in plasma of Holstein heifer calves from handling and method of electrical dehorning. J. Dairy Sci 77:3725. From: IN%"SMILLMAN@APS.UoGuelph.CA" "Suzanne Millman" 1-SEP-1995 14:47:59.97 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: dehorning Hello all, I have been following the discussion on the dehorning of livestock with interest and thus far no one has mentioned an area of concern to me. Being a goat owner and enthusiast, I have found that dehorned kids often regrow their horns as adults and the common practice I've come across in Ontario ( Canada ) is for these horns to be "trimmed". The horn is cut with a saw or wire several inches from poll and this is done without anesthetic. Although the horn does not bleed, the animals often bleat and struggle. I am told this is no more painful than trimming hooves. Has anyone come across research in this area? Is this problem particular to goats or do calves also often regrow their horns when "debudded" at an early age? Cheers, Suzanne Millman ( PhD student ) Dept. of Animal and Poultry Science University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario Canada From: IN%"D.B.MORTON@BHAM.ac.uk" 2-SEP-1995 08:24:43.44 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Pain, age, castration and dehorning -REPONSE I wonder if people have read Mria Fitzgerald's work. Here is an abstract from a chapter I am writing on docking puppies tails which is relevant for many neonatal animals. ""Although immaturity of the nervous system has been advanced as a reason why puppies do not feel pain when their tails are docked others have argued the reverse, that is puppies feel more pain because of the immaturity. Those that say the animal does not feel pain admit that the immaturity would simply slow down the speed of reaction, not that pain would be absent (Fritsch) Those that argue for the young feeling more pain extrapolate from work in rats that shows that the pain inhibiting fibres in adults are not present at birth and take some weeks to develop (Fitzgerald, 1994). Therefore, until they have developed neonatal animals are likely to feel more pain than adults for a given stimulus. "" Fritsch, Prof. Dr. R. (1984) Justus-Liebeg-University personal communication to the German Kennel Club Fritsch, R (1984,1992) various letters to the German Kennel Club on docking which apparently were influential in forming the German Government's views before signing the Convention (and entering a derogation on docking). Fitzgerald, M. (1994) Neurobiology of fetal and neonatal pain. In: Textbook of Pain, Eds. Wall,p. & Melzack, R. pp. 153-163. 3rd Edition, ISBN 0-443-04757-X. The work of David Mellor at Massey, and Vince Maloney at Edinburgh covers work on castration, docking, disbuddinga and dehorning in (where relevant for the species) calves, lambs and cattle and is worth reading. My view is there is good evidence for pain and 'dystress' as evidenced by the raised cortisol levels and behavioural changes and the effect of analgesics/anti-inflammatories. David M. Prof.David.B.Morton | Janet: D.B.Morton@uk.ac.bham Biomedical Science and Ethics | Internet: D.B.Morton@bham.ac.uk The Medical School | University of Birmingham | Birmingham | Tel: +44 - (0)121 414 3616 B15 2TT, UK Fax: +44 - (0)121 414 6979 From: IN%"ABECK@vm.cc.purdue.edu" "ALAN M. BECK" 3-SEP-1995 19:05:17.03 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: need citation I have seen reference to the psychological term "Fundemental Attribution Error" such as the positives attributes assumed of a person with a pet, or the politician kissing the baby or puppy. Would you know of any citation or reference--perhaps the original so I can track it down. Thank you very much for helping. School of Veterinary Medicine phone 317/494-0854 West Lafayette, IN 47907-1243 fax 317/494-9830 From: IN%"robin@coape.win-uk.net" "ROBIN E WALKER" 4-SEP-1995 05:12:50.00 To: IN%"ABECK@vm.cc.purdue.edu", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: need citation >I have seen reference to the psychological term "Fundemental Attribution >Error" such as the positives attributes assumed of a person with a pet, >or the politician kissing the baby or puppy. Would you know of any >citation or reference--perhaps the original so I can track it down. >Thank you very much for helping. > >School of Veterinary Medicine phone 317/494-0854 >West Lafayette, IN 47907-1243 Fax 317/494-9830 > It is F Heider, (1958) The psychology of interpersonal relations, New York, I will fax more details. Robin Walker From: IN%"K.PLAXTON@elsevier.nl" 5-SEP-1995 06:14:10.04 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: APPLAN CONTENTS 44/1 Please find below contents for Applied Animal Behaviour Science Vol. 44/1. Vol. 44, No. 1 August 1995 CONTENTS Acute effects of cow-calf separation on heart rate, plasma cortisol and behaviour in multiparous dairy cows H. Hopster (Zeist, Netherlands), J.M. O'Connell (Fermoy, Ireland) and H.J. Blokhuis (Zeist, Netherlands). . . . . . . . . . .1 Occurrence and characteristics of unsuccessful nursings in minipigs during the first week of life G. Illmann and J. Madlafousek (Prague-Uhrineves, Czech Republic). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Stereotypies in pregnant sows: indications of influence of the housing system on the patterns expressed by the animals C. Vieuille-Thomas (Nouzilly, France), G. Le Pape (Tours, France) and J.P. Signoret (Nouzilly, France) . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Behavior of the Murciano-Granadina goat in the hour before parturition A. Ramirez, A. Quiles, M. Hevia and F. Sotillo (Murcia, Spain) . . 29 Comparative foraging strategies of sheep and goats in a T-maze apparatus E. Hosoi, D.M. Swift, L.R. Rittenhouse and R.W. Richards (Fort Collins, CO, USA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Effects of regular handling and exposure to an outside area on subsequent fearfulness and dispersal in domestic hens P.N. Grigor, B.O. Hughes (Roslin, Midlothian, UK) and M.C. Appleby (Edinburgh, UK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Effects of repeated changes in group composition on immune response, behaviour, adrenal activity and liveweight gain in farmed red deer yearlings A.J. Hanlon, S.M. Rhind (Aberdeen, AB9 2QL, UK), H.W. Reid, C. Burrells (Edinburgh, UK) and A.B. Lawrence (Penicuik, UK) . . . 57 Effects of predictable versus unpredictable feeding schedules on chimpanzee behavior M.A. Bloomsmith and S.P. Lambeth (Bastrop, TX, USA). . . . . . . . 65 ********************************** Andrea Harkness Elsevier Science B.V. Animal/Veterinary Sciences Section P.O. Box 181 1000 AD Amsterdam Tel: +31 20 485 3334 E.Mail: a.harkness@elsevier.nl ********************************** From: IN%"CROWELL-DAVIS.S@calc.vet.uga.edu" "Sharon Crowell-Davis" 5-SEP-1995 07:39:43.20 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: age & castration > Date: Tue, 29 Aug 1995 16:52:35 -0600 (CST) > From: christison@admin.usask.ca > Subject: Re: age & castration > To: GJM10@phoenix.cambridge.ac.uk > Cc: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca > In addition to perception of pain, memory of pain may be relevant to the > non-use of anaesthetic at a young age. Humans who were circumcised as > adults have unpleasant memories of the event although anaesthetic was > used, whereas those mutilated without anaesthetic as newborns do not. Is > this a worthwhile consideration for other species? > > Iain Christison > Christison@admin.usask.ca Does the fact that there are no unpleasant memories "of the event" mean that the young do not experience the pain or have less specific memories of the pain? I don't know what the current status of research the subject of circumcision and analgesia in human infants is, but I reviewed a number of articles several years ago regarding research that determined that there were significant behavioral differences between circumcised and uncircumcised boy babies. There were a number of researchers and physicians who interpreted the differences as indicating that there were detrimental psychological effects of experiencing the pain of circumcision without analgesia. Sharon Crowell-Davis ****************************************************** Sharon L. Crowell-Davis, DVM, PhD Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Behaviorists College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 30602 706-542-8343 FAX 706-542-0051 crowell-davis.s@calc.vet.uga.edu ****************************************************** From: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" 7-SEP-1995 08:05:47.09 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" Subj: Candace Lawrence on cats- citation needed Dear all, I urgently need the correct citation for the PH D thesis of Candace Lawrence on cats. I would be very grateful to anyone who could send me the details. Jeff Rushen rushenj@em.agr.ca From: IN%"D.B.MORTON@BHAM.ac.uk" 8-SEP-1995 04:24:05.98 To: IN%"APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Dog stereotypies and caging/housing I should be most grateful for any help on the housing and caging of dogs from the viewpoint of literature reviews, inpublished observations or original articles. I'm particularly interested in the welfare aspects and their measurement. Surprisingly perhaps, my request has stemmed from a pet owner and the way some breeders keep toy breeds, rather than the usual get at animal research facilities. Thanks for any help. I suggest I summarise it for the list at the end of 2 weeks. David Prof.David.B.Morton | Janet: D.B.Morton@uk.ac.bham Biomedical Science and Ethics | Internet: D.B.Morton@bham.ac.uk The Medical School | University of Birmingham | Birmingham | Tel: +44 - (0)121 414 3616 B15 2TT, UK Fax: +44 - (0)121 414 6979 From: IN%"Ernest.Olfert@sask.usask.ca" "ERNEST OLFERT" 8-SEP-1995 16:23:21 To: IN%"APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Seeking NFU Publication Hi, I am interested in getting an address for the National Farmers Union of Britain, to order the 1995 report: Caring For Livestock - Report of the Animal Welfare Working Group. National Farmers Union, London, 1995. I would like to order that report but don't have an address or contact. Thank you. Bye for now. Ernest D. Olfert ========================================================== \ Ernest D. Olfert, Director, Animal Resources \ /\ Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 ( ) Maintenance Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada .( o ). S7N 5C4 Telephone: 306-966-4124 Fax: 306-966-8850 Ernest.Olfert@Sask.Usask.Ca ========================================================== From: IN%"H.Randle@plymouth.ac.uk" 11-SEP-1995 03:59:33.29 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Sociograms Hello everyone, Does anyone know of a program available for constructing Sociograms? Any information would be much appreciated. Thanks- Hayley p.s. if anyone still requires receipts for the ISAE95 conference then please let me know as soon as possible. From: IN%"menke@ezinfo.vmsmail.ethz.ch" 11-SEP-1995 07:27:21.28 To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: distance measuring instrument Dear all We are looking for an instrument - not too expensive - to measure the avoidance- and approach-distance of animals. Is there anybody who has some ideas to this question? Christoph Menke From: IN%"Ruediger.Beer@uni-bayreuth.de" 11-SEP-1995 08:35:51.70 To: IN%"APPLIED-ETHOLOGY@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: Sociograms >Does anyone know of a program available for constructing=20 >Sociograms? Any information would be much appreciated. Dear Hayley, try Snapgrafics it=B4s for free. You can obtain it from every Cica-mirror: snapgrfx.zip 940730 Micrografx ABC SnapGraphics Free Graphics app [1.39m] In Directory: ~ftp/pub/pc/win3/desktop On Archive: ftp.cica.indiana.edu [129.79.26.27] Last Updated: Wed Sep 06 1995 at 12:45:40 AM EST Visio and other flow-chart-programs should also do the job. Hope this helps Ruediger ************************************************************************ * Ruediger D. Beer * * Department of Animal-Physiology Voice: -0921-552468 * * University of Bayreuth FAX: -0921-552794 * * 95440 Bayreuth Internet: Ruediger.Beer@uni-bayreuth.de * * Germany btb305@btr0x1.hrz.uni-bayreuth.de * ************************************************************************ From: IN%"robin@coape.win-uk.net" "ROBIN E WALKER" 11-SEP-1995 12:55:27.86 To: IN%"Applied-Ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: RE: age & castration and puppy tails >British dog breeders are making similar arguments for tail-docking of >puppies, on the grounds that some breeds regularly damage their tails >if they are left entire and that tail docking is a major trauma for an adult >dog. They claim that docking puppies causes very little trauma, >backing this by quoting information on the relatively undeveloped >nervous system of the altricial puppy. > >Mike Appleby > A Historical Note. A Pembroke Corgi breederfirst asked me to dock her puppies' tails in 1970. Even then Veterinary students were not taught any particular technique for this and the high risks of haemorrhage dterred many. When I asked why she did not atend to it herself, as did the huge majority of breeders of "customarily docked" breeds until the recent legislation, she replied that using rubber rings caused a check to the weight gain of puppies and induced curvature of the spine. As a show judge she could distinguish the "topline" of a sugically docked Pembroke from a rubber ringed individual. I was intrigued and devised a method of docking which involved using very blunt clippers closed slowly onto the tail and held for one and a half minutes. The distal tail was then rotated without pulling until it came away whilst the clippers remained clamped. A few seconds pause enabled the clippers to be removed and the puppy tails did not bleed. The procedure elicited a piercing cry from the puppy which necessitated doing it out of the hearing of the bitch and if possible other clients. Interestingly the cry invariably stopped a few seconds after closure of the clippers and was not resumed until the tail was twisted off. I have always felt that the cry was an alarm call of some adaptive value in (for example) the overlain pup. The operated pups would go and snuggle back among their fellows and sleep quietly immediately. The rubber banded puppies reportedly kept their tails clamped tighly down over the perineum and it seemed to me that such a posture might well cause a postural deformity during several days of explosive growth. Such litters certainly did not seem as comfortable. I have always felt that there was ongoing pain with this method. I often thought that this could be tested by weighing puppies treated by the different methods and perhaps photographing them against graph paper to demonstrate any curvature. Such plans always cooled with the bath water. Ethically we no longer do this as veterinarians. Those that do such procedures in spite of the ethical contraints tend to use bands. My breeder tells me that she is seeing docked litters with the slight curve in the rump these days. Presumably this could all be tested where it is allowed and were anyone would want to. I am personally happy with Pembroke Corgies with tails. The Cardigan Corgies have always had them! As to the memory of pain this seems to require a limbic system that has a fully wired hippocampus with connections to the orbitofrontal and temporal lobes. In rats this is a period of neonatal days, in dogs a few weeks, and humans a couple of years (I believe). For pain to be a troublesome emotional memory it must be stored with associations and significance. I think puppies can do this by 6 to 8 weeks judging by the anger and fear that I see at these ages. I suspect that the ungulate brain is ahead of the game since it has to be up and running in minutes. This could be worrying. Robin Walker... P.S. I do not remember anything done to me as a baby (including "that" necessarily) I do remember as a youngster having a tooth removed without anaesthetic and a splinter dug from under my thumbnail (full length) also without anaesthetic. I can describe the practioners and their furnishings and the verbal exchanges in the minutest detail! From: IN%"IDUNCAN@APS.UoGuelph.CA" 11-SEP-1995 14:29:47.92 To: IN%"Applied-Ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: Alternatives to cat dissection Dear All, Does anyone know of any alternative excercises (videotapes, interactive multimedia modules, etc.) to a cat disssection? Yours sincerely, Ian Duncan From: IN%"jmorrow@hub.ansc.purdue.edu" 11-SEP-1995 15:30:16.14 To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" CC: Subj: alternatives to dissection I have been asking a similar question about alternatives to dissection. One excellent resource is th National Agricultural Library, I am waiting for information to arrive right now. They probably have info on specific species as well. NAL, United States Department of Agriculture, 10301 Baltimore Boulevard, Beltsville, MD 20705-2351. Check with Tim Allen at the Animal Welfare Information Center 301-504-5174. Julie Morrow-Tesch jmorrow@hub. ansc.purdue.edu